Lenisaphelenchus ulomae n. gen., n. sp. (Rhabditida: Aphelenchoididae) isolated from the body cavity of Uloma marseuli Nakane (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from Japan

Nematology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 961-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsumi Kanzaki ◽  
Keiko Hamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Contour ◽  
Tenebrionid Beetle ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Dome Shape ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae ◽  
Male Genital

Summary A new aphelenchoidid entomoparasitic nematode was isolated from the body cavity of overwintering individuals of a tenebrionid beetle, Uloma marseuli, collected at Shiga, Japan. The nematode is characterised by its six equal-sized lips forming a dome shape continuous with body contour. It has a moderately thick stylet, with wide lumen, a long two-part long (conus + conophore) and elongate oval or pear-shaped metacorpus with glandular anterior part. The male spicules are separate with a well-developed condylus, triangular rostrum and smoothly and strongly curved calomus-lamina complex. A gubernaculum or apophysis is absent. There are two pairs of papilliform male genital papillae. Females lack a post-vulval uterine sac, have a seemingly vestigial rectum and anus, and conical tail. The combination of the typological characters of the species does not fit any currently accepted aphelenchoidid genus and is somewhat intermediate between the Ektaphelenchinae and Entaphelenchinae. The molecular phylogenetic analysis also suggested that the nematode is close to both Ektaphelenchoides (Ektaphelenchinae) and Peraphelenchus (Entaphelenchinae). Thus, the nematode is described and illustrated as Lenisaphelenchus ulomae n. gen., n. sp. and tentatively placed in the Ektaphelenchinae.

scholarly journals Black spicules from a new interstitial opheliid polychaete Thoracophelia minuta sp. nov. (Annelida: Opheliidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoto Jimi ◽  
Shinta Fujimoto ◽  
Mami Takehara ◽  
Satoshi Imura
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Ecological Diversity ◽  
Coelomic Cavity ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

AbstractThe phylum Annelida exhibits high morphological diversity coupled with its extensive ecological diversity, and the process of its evolution has been an attractive research subject for many researchers. Its representatives are also extensively studied in fields of ecology and developmental biology and important in many other biology related disciplines. The study of biomineralisation is one of them. Some annelid groups are well known to form calcified tubes but other forms of biomineralisation are also known. Herein, we report a new interstitial annelid species with black spicules, Thoracophelia minuta sp. nov., from Yoichi, Hokkaido, Japan. Spicules are minute calcium carbonate inclusions found across the body and in this new species, numerous black rod-like inclusions of calcium-rich composition are distributed in the coelomic cavity. The new species can be distinguished from other known species of the genus by these conspicuous spicules, shape of branchiae and body formula. Further, the new species’ body size is apparently smaller than its congeners. Based on our molecular phylogenetic analysis using 18S and 28S sequences, we discuss the evolutionary significance of the new species’ spicules and also the species' progenetic origin.

scholarly journals Balantidium grimi n. sp. (Ciliophora, Litostomatea), a new species inhabiting the rectum of the frog Quasipaa spinosa from Lishui, China

Parasite ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weishan Zhao ◽  
Can Li ◽  
Dong Zhang ◽  
Runqiu Wang ◽  
Yingzhen Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Ssu Rdna ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Scanning Electron

Balantidium grimi n. sp. is described from the rectum of the frog Quasipaa spinosa (Amphibia, Dicroglossidae) from Lishui, Zhejiang Province, China. The new species is described by both light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a molecular phylogenetic analysis is also presented. This species has unique morphological features in that the body shape is somewhat flattened and the vestibulum is “V”-shaped, occupying nearly 3/8 to 4/7 of the body length. Only one contractile vacuole, situated at the posterior body, was observed. The phylogenetic analysis based on SSU-rDNA indicates that B. grimi groups together with B. duodeni and B. entozoon. In addition, the genus Balantidium is clearly polyphyletic.

scholarly journals Molecular and morphological characterisation of Rotylenchus vitis n. sp. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) infectinggrapevine in southern Spain

Nematology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Cantalapiedra-Navarrete ◽  
Gracia Liébanas ◽  
Antonio Archidona-Yuste ◽  
Juan E. Palomares-Rius ◽  
Pablo Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Body Contour ◽  
Morphological Characterisation ◽  
Pharyngeal Region ◽  
Stylet Length

Rotylenchus vitis n. sp., a new amphimictic species infesting soil and roots of commercial vineyards in southern Spain, is described. Rotylenchus vitis n. sp. is characterised by a truncate lip region with 7-9 annuli and continuous with the body contour, lateral fields areolated at pharyngeal region only, body without longitudinal striations, stylet length of 36-48 μm, vulva position at 47-57%, tail rounded to hemispherical with 13-21 annuli. Morphologically, this species is related to R. cazorlaensis, R. capitatus, R. elegans, R. fabalus, R. iranicus, R. labiodiscus, R. montanus and R. troncapitatus. The results of the phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of the D2-D3 expansion regions of the 28S and ITS1-rRNA genes confirmed the species differentiation and the close molecular relationship between R. eximius and R. montanus, respectively.

scholarly journals Memoirs: Nephridia and Body-cavity of some Decapod Crustacea

1893 ◽  
Vol s2-34 (136) ◽  
pp. 403-426
Author(s):  
EDGAR J. ALLEN
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Shell Gland ◽  
Central Cavity ◽  
Typical Structure ◽  
Pericardial Cavity ◽  
Dorsal Sac

1. The green gland of Palæmonetes (and Palæmon) at the time of hatching of the larva has not developed a lumen, although the external opening can be detected. When the larva leaves the egg the lumen commences to open, and the gland consists of an end-sac and a U-shaped tube, of which the distal portion gives rise to the bladder. The bladder then enlarges greatly, growing at first inwards towards the middle ventral line, then upwards, within the oesophageal nerve-ring and anterior to the oesophagus, to the middle dorsal line, where it meets its fellow of the opposite side. The two bladders grow backwards over the stomach and beneath the dorsal sac, subsequently fusing together in the middle line to form the unpaired nephro-peritoneal sac. 2. The shell-glands are the functional excretory organs at the time of hatching and during the latter part of the embryonal period. They open at the bases of the second maxillæ, and each consists of an end-sac and a Y-shaped renal tube, which have the typical structure of a crustacean nephridium. 3. A dorsal sac, which is completely enclosed by an epithelial lining, persists in adults of Palsem on, Palæmonetes, and Crangon. This sac, which does not contain blood, lies upon the nephro-peritoneal sac and the front end of the ovary, being much enlarged at its posterior end. The cephalic aorta (ophthalmic artery) lies within the dorsal sac. 4. At its anterior end the dorsal sac is surrounded by a mass of tissue which appears to be producing blood-corpuscles. 5. The dorsal sac is formed as a hollowing out in masses of mesoderm-cells, which lie on either side of the cephalic aorta. Two lateral cavities are thus formed, which increase in size and unite below the aorta. Taking into account this mode of development, a comparison with Peripatus shows that the dorsal sac is homologous with the dorsal portions of the mesoblastic somites of that animal, and must therefore be regarded as a true cœlom. 6. The body-cavity of these Crustaceans varies in different regions. (a) In the anterior part of the thorax it consists of a true cœlom (the dorsal sac and nephridia) and a hæmocœle. The hæmocœle consists of (1) a central cavity, in which the stomach and intestine, the liver and the nerve-cord lie; (2) two lateral cavities, which contain the end-sac and proximal end of the tube of the shell-gland, and which communicate with the central cavity and with the cavities of the legs; and (3) these leg-cavities, which, in the second maxillæ, contain the tube of the shell-gland. (b) In the posterior part of the thorax the body-cavity is entirely a hæmocœle. It consists of (1) the pericardial cavity, in which lies (2) the heart, and which is separated by the pericardial septum from (3) the central cavity of the body, which contains the genital organs, liver, intestine, and nerve-cord; (4) the lateral cavities, which communicate with the central cavity and with (5) the cavities of the legs. (c) In the abdomen the body-cavity is entirely a hæmocœle. It consists of a dorsal and a ventral sinus, which communicate with one another by lateral sinuses.

scholarly journals Extreme miniaturization of a new amniote vertebrate and insights into the evolution of genital size in chameleons

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Glaw ◽  
Jörn Köhler ◽  
Oliver Hawlitschek ◽  
Fanomezana M. Ratsoavina ◽  
Andolalao Rakotoarison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Reptile Species ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Reversed Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

AbstractEvolutionary reduction of adult body size (miniaturization) has profound consequences for organismal biology and is an important subject of evolutionary research. Based on two individuals we describe a new, extremely miniaturized chameleon, which may be the world’s smallest reptile species. The male holotype of Brookesia nana sp. nov. has a snout–vent length of 13.5 mm (total length 21.6 mm) and has large, apparently fully developed hemipenes, making it apparently the smallest mature male amniote ever recorded. The female paratype measures 19.2 mm snout–vent length (total length 28.9 mm) and a micro-CT scan revealed developing eggs in the body cavity, likewise indicating sexual maturity. The new chameleon is only known from a degraded montane rainforest in northern Madagascar and might be threatened by extinction. Molecular phylogenetic analyses place it as sister to B. karchei, the largest species in the clade of miniaturized Brookesia species, for which we resurrect Evoluticauda Angel, 1942 as subgenus name. The genetic divergence of B. nana sp. nov. is rather strong (9.9‒14.9% to all other Evoluticauda species in the 16S rRNA gene). A comparative study of genital length in Malagasy chameleons revealed a tendency for the smallest chameleons to have the relatively largest hemipenes, which might be a consequence of a reversed sexual size dimorphism with males substantially smaller than females in the smallest species. The miniaturized males may need larger hemipenes to enable a better mechanical fit with female genitals during copulation. Comprehensive studies of female genitalia are needed to test this hypothesis and to better understand the evolution of genitalia in reptiles.

scholarly journals Mitogenome and Phylogenetic Analysis of Typhlocybine Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Jiang ◽  
Xiaoxiao Chen ◽  
Can Li ◽  
Yuehua Song
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Active Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Insect Phylogeny ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Phylogeny And Evolution ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Mitogenomes play an active role in determining the relationship between insect phylogeny and evolution and solve some problems encountered in traditional morphological classification. In order to increase the mitogenome data of leafhoppers the mitogenomes of Cassianeura cassiae and C. bimaculata were sequenced in this study and found to be 15,423 bp and 14,597 bp in length respectively. The gene structure was found to be similar to other published leafhopper mitogenomes, but we found the length of the control region of C. bimaculata to be the shortest in existing studies. The phylogenetic analysis of 13 PCGs resulted in a well-supported tree topology but species in Typhlocybini and Zyginellini were mixed. Meanwhile, this study also provided the phylogenetic analysis based on the body external morphology, female genitalia morphology and male genitalia morphology of 9 species of Typhlocybinae. The results showed that the female sternite VII of different species is quite different, but the female valvulae of different species in the same genus shows a certain consistency. The morphological phylogenetic tree is basically the same structure as the molecular phylogenetic tree. In the two different kinds of phylogenetic trees, Typhlocybini and Zyginellini clustered into one clade, showing a more closed relationship.

scholarly journals Morphology and phylogenetic analysis of two new deep-sea species of Chrysogorgia (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae) from Kocebu Guyot (Magellan seamounts) in the Pacific Ocean

ZooKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 881 ◽  
pp. 91-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Xu ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Zifeng Zhan ◽  
Kuidong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
The Body ◽  
Magellan Seamounts ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

Two new species of Chrysogorgia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 collected from Kocebu Guyot in the Magellan seamounts of the Pacific Ocean are described and illustrated: Chrysogorgia ramificanssp. nov. collected from a depth of 1831 m and Chrysogorgia binatasp. nov. collected from a depth of 1669 m. Chrysogorgia ramificanssp. nov. belongs to the Chrysogorgia “group A, Spiculosae” with rods distributed in body wall and tentacles, and C. binatasp. nov. belongs to the “group C, Squamosae typicae” with rods and/or spindles not present but only scales. Chrysogorgia ramificanssp. nov. differs from congeners by its main stem with 2/5R branching sequence at the bottom forming two large bottlebrush-shaped branches with 1/3R branching sequence at the top. Chrysogorgia binatasp. nov. is similar to C. scintillans Bayer & Stefani, 1988, but differs by its larger polyps, larger sclerites in the body wall, and different scales in the upper part of polyps. The mtMutS genetic distances between C. ramificanssp. nov. and C. binatasp. nov. and congeners are in the range of 0.33%–2.28% and 0.33%–2.94%, respectively, while the intraspecific distances are in the range of 0–0.16%. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that C. ramificanssp. nov. is clustered with C. monticola Cairns, 2007 and C. binatasp. nov. is clustered with C. chryseis Bayer & Stefani, 1988, both with high support indicating close relationships.

Morphological and molecular characterization of an enigmatic clinostomid trematode (Digenea: Clinostomidae) parasitic as metacercariae in the body cavity of freshwater fishes (Cichlidae) across Middle America

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 (04) ◽  
pp. 461-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Briosio-Aguilar ◽  
M. García-Varela ◽  
D.I Hernández-Mena ◽  
M. Rubio-Godoy ◽  
G. Pérez-Ponce de León
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Middle America ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

AbstractThe family Clinostomidae Lühe, 1901 contains 29 species allocated to seven genera, of whichClinostomumLeidy, 1856 is the most diverse, withc.14 valid species. The diversity ofClinostomumhas been assessed, combining morphological and molecular data. The genetic library for species in this genus has increased steadily, although there is little or no information for the other genera included in the family. Molecular phylogenetic relationships among the genera of clinostomids have not been assessed, and their classification is still based on morphological traits. The monotypicIthyoclinostomumwas described from a fish-eating bird in Brazil, and its metacercariae have been found in several locations in South America, parasitizing erythrinid freshwater fishes. We collected unusually large metacercariae from the body cavity of cichlids in several locations across Middle America. These metacercariae exhibited some resemblance toIthyoclinostomum, although several differences prevent their inclusion inIthyoclinostomum dimorphum, casting doubt on their taxonomic identification. The main objective of this paper was to characterize the metacercariae collected in cichlids using both morphology and molecular data from three molecular markers, and to assess the molecular phylogenetic relationships among the genera of Clinostomidae to establish the position of the newly generated sequences. We took a conservative position and tentatively placed the metacercariae as belonging toIthyoclinostomum.

Molecular phylogeny of Diphtherophora de Man, 1880 (Nematoda: Diphtherophoridae), with description of a new species

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4851 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-385
Author(s):  
REZA GHADERI ◽  
ABAS MOKARAM HESAR ◽  
AKBAR KAREGAR ◽  
TIAGO JOSÉ PEREIRA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Body Contour ◽  
Sister Relationship ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
The Usa ◽  
A New Species

The poorly-known nematodes of the genus Diphtherophora are soil inhabitants often found in the vicinity of plant roots. In the present study, we characterize a new species belonging to the genus Diphtherophora, named D. eldarica n. sp., from Iran using both morphological and molecular approaches. The new species is characterized by striated cuticle at the anterior end of the body, head offset from the body contour, spear 15–17 µm in length, rod-shaped sperm, overhanging cuticle on the anterior lip of the anus, and a conical tail bent dorsally near the terminus. Diphterophora eldarica n. sp. also lacks ventromedian neck papillae whereas male specimens bear two precloacal ventromedian supplements at the level of the spicules. Additionally, we provide morphological and molecular data for four known Diphtherophora species including D. geraerti, D. caudata, D. perplexans, and D. tenera collected from soils of different plants and localities in Iran. Using the D2–D3 expansion segments of the 28S ribosomal (rRNA) gene including D. eldarica n. sp. and additional known species from Iran, we explore for the first time species relationships in the genus Diphtherophora within a molecular phylogenetic framework. Our results support: 1) the monophyly of the genus Diphtherophora with respect to the outgroup taxa (Tylolaimophorus and representatives of Trichodoridae), 2) the existence of six strongly supported clades within Diphtherophora, and 3) a sister relationship between D. eldarica n. sp. and a clade formed by D. perplexans and Diphtherophora sp. from the USA. Finally, this study emphasizes the diversity of the genus Diphtherophora in Iran. 

scholarly journals DETERMINASI NEMATODA PARASIT Aphelenchoides sp. PENYEBAB PENYAKIT HAWAR DAUN SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata)

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
S. RETNO DJIWANTI ◽  
SUPRIADI SUPRIADI
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Nematode ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
Body Contour ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Aphelenchoides Fragariae

ABSTRAK<br />Nematoda hawar daun Aphelenchoides sp. telah dilaporkan<br />menyerang dan menyebabkan gugur daun pada sambiloto (Andrographis<br />paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees) (Acanthaceae). Penelitian yang<br />bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi spesies Aphelenchoides sp. tersebut<br />telah dilakukan di laboratorium, rumah kaca dan kebun percobaan Balai<br />Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan Aromatik pada tahun 2005-2006.<br />Identifikasi dilakukan dengan mengamati gejala khas pada tanaman sakit<br />dan karakteristik morfologi nematoda secara mikroskopik pada preparat<br />semi-permanen Aphelenchoides sp. yang difiksasi dengan larutan<br />triethanolamine formaldehyde (TAF). Gejala khas hawar daun merupakan<br />bercak klorotik yang meluas yang kemudian berubah berwarna kehitaman<br />atau kadang-kadang keunguan yang dibatasi tulang-tulang daun. Secara<br />mikroskopik bentuk tubuh betina Aphelenchoides sp. ramping dengan<br />panjang tubuh berkisar 0,46 – 0,70 mm dan lebar tubuh rata-rata 15 µm;<br />daerah vulva terletak 2/3 dari panjang tubuh diukur dari bagian anterior;<br />stilet ramping, panjangnya 10 µm dengan “basal knobs” kecil tetapi jelas;<br />metakorpus besar, menempati ¾ atau lebih dari lebar esophagus; daerah<br />bibir tampak halus, menonjol, dan bagian depannya rata, dengan kontur<br />hampir menyatu/bersambung dengan kontur tubuh; ujung ekornya<br />berbentuk kerucut tajam memanjang dengan ujung meruncing seperti duri<br />tumpul. Bentuk tubuh jantan pada dasarnya sama dengan ukuran dan<br />bentuk betinanya; ekor agak melengkung kearah 45º - 90º ketika dalam<br />keadaan relaks dan bentuk ujungnya meruncing seperti duri tumpul; spikul<br />berbentuk duri mawar (“rose-thorne”). Persentase jumlah jantan dalam<br />satu populasi umumnya banyak berkisar 34,7 – 38,9% dari populasi<br />seluruhnya (jantan dan betina). Karakter-karakter gejala serangan,<br />morfologi nematoda, dan ratio jantan-betina tersebut merupakan karakter<br />spesies Aphelenchoides fragariae (RITZEMA BOS, 1891) CHRISTIE<br />1932. Deteksi adanya spesies nematoda A. fragariae merupakan yang<br />pertama kali dilaporkan di Indonesia, dan sambiloto sebagai inang A.<br />fragariae juga pertama kali dilaporkan baik di Indonesia maupun di dunia.<br />Kata kunci : Sambiloto, Andrographis paniculata, Aphelenchoides<br />fragariae, identifikasi, nematoda parasit<br />ABSTRACT<br />Determination of parasitic nematode Aphelenchoides sp.<br />causing leaf blotch disease of sambiloto (Andrographis<br />paniculata)<br />Leaf blotch disease by parasitic nematode Aphelenchoides sp. have<br />been reported infected and causedleaf drops on sambiloto (Andrographis<br />paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees) (Acanthaceae). Experiments of<br />species determination of the nematode have been carried out in<br />laboratorium, greenhouse and fields of IMACRI during the year 2005-<br />2006. Identification were done by observing its typical symptoms of the<br />infected plants caused by the nematode and its nematode morphological<br />characteristics microscopically on the semi-permanent preparats fixed by<br />TAF (triethanolamine formaldehyde) solution. Typical symptoms of leaf<br />blotch were began as chlorotic vein-deliminated areas which later changed<br />to light brown, then dark brown and finally black; or sometimes purplish<br />under field condition. Microscopically, the female was slender, 0.46 –<br />0.70 mm long and 15 µm width in average, the vulval region cited about<br />2/3 of the body length sized from anterior part; spear slender, 10 µm long<br />with small and distinct basal knobs; large metacorpus occupying ¾ or<br />more of the width of the esophagus; lip region almost continuous with<br />body contour; the tail tip was elongate-conoid ending in a simple blunt<br />spike. The male was abundant and essentially similar to size and shape of<br />the female; tail arcuate through 45º to 90 when relaxed, with a simple<br />blunt terminal spine; spicules rose-thorn shaped. Those described<br />symptoms and morphological characters mentioned above were the typical<br />characters of the species Aphelenchoides fragariae (RITZEMA BOS,<br />1891) CHRISTIE 1932. Detection of species A. fragariae was the first<br />report in Indonesia; and sambiloto as the natural host of A. fragariae was<br />the first report in Indonesia and internationally.<br />Key words: King of bitter, Andrographis paniculata, Aphelenchoides<br />fragariae, parasitic nematode, identification

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