The Rise of Confessional Tension in Brandenburg's Relations with Sweden in the Late-seventeenth Century

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-592
Author(s):  
Daniel Riches
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
The North ◽  
Political Cooperation ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Edict Of Nantes ◽  
South Of Europe

Thediplomatic and religious climate in Protestant Northern Europe during the era of Louis XIV was filled with competing and at times contradictory impulses, and the repercussions of Louis's expansionist and anti-Protestant policies on the relations between the Protestant states were varied and complex. Taken in conjunction with the ascension of Catholic James II in Britain in February 1685 and the succession of the Catholic House of Neuburg in the Palatinate following the death of the last Calvinist elector in May of that year, Louis's reintroduction of the mass ins the “reunited” territories and his increasing persecution of the Huguenots in France added to an acute sense among European Protestants that the survival of their religion was threatened. It is a well-established theme in the standard literature on seventeenth-century Europe that the culmination of Louis's attack on the Huguenots in his revocation of the Edict of Nantes in October 1685 galvanized the continents Protestant powers in a common sense of outrage and united them in a spirit of political cooperation against France. Indeed, such an astute contemporary observer as Leibniz was to write in the early 1690s that it appeared now “as if all of the north is opposed to the south of Europe; the great majority of the Germanic peoples are opposed to the Latins.” Even Bossuet had to declare that “your so-called Reformation … was never more powerful nor more united. All of the Protestants have joined forces. From the outside, the Reformation is very cohesive, more haughty and more menacing than ever.”

Hands across the Water: The Making and Breaking of Marriage between Dutch and Scots in the Mid-Eighteenth Century

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rab Houston ◽  
Manon van der Heijden
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
University Of Leiden ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
The North ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
International Reputation ◽  
The North Sea

At the time of the Reformation in the 1560s Scotland and the Netherlands already had long-established commercial links. Scots soldiers fought in the wars that ravaged the Low Countries and much of northern Europe in the two centuries after Calvinism gained a foothold. Goods, people, and ideas were readily exchanged in the North Sea basin. With the foundation in 1575 of the avowedly Protestant University of Leiden, academic and intellectual intercourse were added to trading ties. By the mid-seventeenth century Leiden had an international reputation for legal and medical education. Expatriate Protestant churches were established in the early seventeenth century, notably the Scots kirk, Rotterdam. There were nineteen English and Scottish religious communities in the Dutch Republic by the end of the seventeenth century.

Effect of Interleukin-6 promoter polymorphisms in survivors of myocardial infarction and matched controls in the North and South of Europe

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 1122-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kelberman ◽  
E. Hawe ◽  
L. A. Luong ◽  
Vidya Mohamed-Ali ◽  
Pia Lundman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Regional Difference ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
The South ◽  
Promoter Polymorphisms ◽  
The North ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
North And South ◽  
South Of Europe ◽  
European Group

SummaryElevated plasma IL-6 levels have been implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease. We have investigated the association of two polymorphisms in the promoter of IL-6 (-572G>C and -174G>C) with levels of inflammatory markers and risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in a European study of MI survivors and age-matched controls from two high-risk centres in the North of Europe, and two low risk centres in the South. IL-6 and CRP levels were similar in controls in both regions, but were higher in cases. For the -174G>C polymorphism the rare -174C allele showed a regional difference in allele frequency, being more common in the North European group (0.43 vs 0.28; p < 0.0005), where -174C allele carriers showed an apparent reduced risk of MI compared to -174GG homozygotes (OR 0.53, 95%CI 0.32, 0.86). No such effect was observed in the South or with the -572G>C in either group. Neither genotype was associated with a significant effect on plasma IL-6 levels in either cases or controls. Furthermore, no regional difference was observed in the frequency of the -572G>C SNP, suggesting that these polymorphisms are unlikely to be contributing to the observed increased risk of cardiovascular disease in Northern Europe.

scholarly journals Cultural colonialism as a result of commercial activities: the linguistic perspective

AmS-Skrifter ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 163-174
Author(s):  
Alessia Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Cultural Colonialism

The Hanse played not only a prominent economical role in the North Atlantic but the Germans also consistently influenced the culture of the people with whom they interacted and traded. Their presence led to a sort of cultural colonialism in Northern Europe, which, among others things, substantially shaped the Scandinavian languages. For several reasons, the Icelandic language was not influenced in the same way as the other Scandinavian languages; yet, one can find some traces of German in administrative language dating back to the Middle Ages. Furthermore, ‘cultural colonization’ by the Germans also certainly took place through the Reformation in Iceland. It was the German merchants who took the first seeds of the new faith with them to Iceland and marked their ‘conquest’ by building a Lutheran church. In this way, the merchants – like colonialists – claimed a space on foreign ground for themselves, where language played a very central role. 

The First Modern Refugees? Charity, Entitlement, and Persuasion in the Huguenot Immigration of the 1680s

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Hintermaier
Keyword(s):  
Louis Xiv ◽  
Religious Attitudes ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Edict Of Nantes

When Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes, he perpetuated the long tradition of foreign Protestants seeking shelter in England. England’s place as a religious refuge began after the Reformation; the resulting foundations of Stranger churches meant that a pre-existing community could advocate for the refugees. Yet, the religious attitudes that previously fostered an economy of entitlement for religious exiles no longer exercised the influence they once had. This meant that there was a distinct possibility that the Huguenot refugees of the 1680s could have become the first modern refugees.

Niels Hemmingsen and the Construction of a Seventeenth-Century Protestant Memory

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattias Skat Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
The South ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Western Perspective

AbstractDanish reformer Niels Hemmingsen was a Lutheran, but owing to Pan-Protestant sentiments that became apparent in his later writings, he found an appreciative audience in non-Lutheran Western Europe during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. This article argues that the early modern European reception of Hemmingsen and his theology should be seen as an attempt to construct him as part of a Protestant memory. It also argues that in order to understand the dynamics behind the reception of Hemmingsen’s ideas, one has to consider the geopolitics of early modern Denmark. Due to her strategic setting in Northern Europe, Denmark played a vital role in controlling commerce and politics between the North and Baltic Seas. Arguing for a “Western” perspective, the article shows how Hemmingsen’s case substantiates that the Danish Reformation involved both importing Lutheranism from the South (Saxony), and exporting it to the West (The Low Countries, England).

Correspondence Fraternelle;The SPCK, The SPG, and the Churches of Switzerland in the War of the Spanish Succession

1979 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 251-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eamon Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
William Iii ◽  
Edict Of Nantes

Throughout the last quarter of the seventeenth century a spectre was haunting Europe, the spectre of Catholicism. The Savoyard invasion of the Vaudois, the accession of a catholic elector in the Palatinate, the ill-judged policies of James II in England, above all the revocation of the edict of Nantes in France, served to persuade protestants of the dangers besetting the reformation. The nine years war, therefore, could be looked on as a crusade, and William III as God’s instrument for the preservation of the Gospel,Ezechias Alterus, Europae totius tutelaris Pater, Hostium veritatis Flagellum. The peace which followed the treaty of Ryswick did not materially alter this view; refugees from France, Orange and Piedmont provided uncomfortable reminders that the Beast was not dead, but sleeping.

scholarly journals THE ABIDING LEGACY OF THE REFORMATION’S CONFESSIONAL ORTHODOXY: THE REQUIRED VOWS OF WESTMINSTER SEMINARY PROFESSORS AND NAPARC MINISTERS

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-132
Author(s):  
Peter Lillback
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
North American ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Historical Survey ◽  
Theological Seminary ◽  
The North ◽  
The Reformation

This article revisits how Christians since almost two millenniums have made use of creeds and confessions. Especially confessional vows used at Westminster Theological Seminary, also refer to the vows of the churches who are members of NAPARC (The North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council). First, it examines the historical overview of various Reformed confessions, and historical survey of Reformed confessions from the Reformation to the present. Then, Westminster seminary's Presbyterian and Reformed heritage, and finally, authority of and subscription to the confessions. To define Reformed confessional theology which arose in the sixteenth and seventeenth century, this article include the table of the confessions of Westminster seminary or the NAPARC churches. KEYWORDS: creeds, confessions, Westminster, Reformed.

The Relations Between England and the Northern Powers, 1689–1697.: Part I.—Denmark

1911 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 157-191
Author(s):  
M. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
The North ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
William Iii ◽  
Bear Witness

A notable feature of Baltic politics at the close of the seventeenth century was the rivalry of Sweden and Denmark, which had fought with each other during several centuries for supremacy, or even for existence. To the permanence and strength of this feeling, and its importance in the politics of the North, contemporary and modern authorities, the correspondence of Louis XIV and William III and their ministers, with Ranke, Bain, and the ‘Cambridge Modern History,’ equally bear witness. At this period, however, Denmark hankered after an alliance with Sweden, of course on her own terms. The explanation is that Denmark was a more purely Baltic Power than Sweden; If there had been peace in the Baltic, Denmark could have become powerful and wealthy; but her ministers, themselves wretchedly poor, were actuated by mercenary motives. Hence the dangerous policy of fleecing the merchants who passed the Oresund. Unfortunately, the refusal of Sweden to come to terms with her rival made it possible for the English and Dutch, especially the latter, to maintain a balance of power in the Baltic, and thus diminish Denmark's gains. Griffenfeld, who has been regarded as Denmark's greatest statesman, had seen how beneficial an alliance with Sweden, with the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp (whose efforts against Danish absorption were vigorously supported by Sweden) and France, the rival of the Sea Powers, would be to Denmark, provided she, and not Sweden, manipulated the policy of the league for her own benefit.

scholarly journals Reformed Scholastic Philosophy in the Seventeenth-Century Scottish Universities

2020 ◽  
pp. 94-110
Author(s):  
Giovanni Gellera
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scholastic Philosophy ◽  
Edict Of Nantes ◽  
United Provinces

The Reformation influenced most aspects of Scottish culture, including philosophy. The Scottish regents produced an original synthesis of scholastic philosophy (especially Scotism) and Reformed views. The synthesis is centred on the relevance of the doctrine of the Fall in epistemology, a ‘Calvinist’ division of science (chiefly, of theology from philosophy), and a reductionist (meta)physics of the Eucharist developed against transubstantiation. Scottish Reformed philosophy was influential abroad via the intellectual network of the Scots working in the Protestant Academies in France, until the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685), and in the universities in the United Provinces. The history of Scottish Reformed scholastic philosophy is about its place within the European Reformation, late scholasticism, and the arrival of the ‘new’ philosophies.

scholarly journals Supplements to Johannes Gutslaff’s term creation

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-296
Author(s):  
Kristiina Ross
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Written Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Missed Opportunity

After the Reformation, two written languages developed in the Estonian territory: one was based on the South-Estonian dialects, and the other on the North-Estonian dialects. By the 1630s, year-round pericope books had finally been printed in both language versions. The new aim in the mid-seventeenth century was to translate the whole Bible, as well as to homogenise and systematise the already existing work. Term creation became especially important. At that point, Estonian lacked equivalents of many essential abstract notions, the terminology of the Old Testament was hopelessly fragmentary, and the usage of a number of terms was unstable. The first person to undertake the translation of the whole Bible was Pastor Johannes Gutslaff, who worked in Urvaste in South-Estonia. His translation remained in manuscript and later Bible versions show no traces which would indicate that his work was used. Gutslaff’s translation is an interesting and instructive example of a missed opportunity in the history of the Estonian written language. The following characterises Gutslaff’s language creation in general and describes his search for Estonian equivalents of two New Testament terms (βλασφημία ‘blasphemy’ and τελώνης‘publican’). The matches suggested for the first term are quite transparent, whereas those for the second have a vaguer etymology.

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