Field variations in mass at metamorphosis in a stream frog, Odorrana splendida, and their relationship with the stream environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-310
Author(s):  
Noriko Iwai ◽  
Kiyomi Yasumiba
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Multiple Streams ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Size At Metamorphosis ◽  
Natural Streams ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Animals with complex life cycles, such as amphibians, shift their habitats when they metamorphose. Metamorphosing traits (e.g., size at, and timing of, metamorphosis) at an early stage can affect the growth, reproduction, and survival in the adult stage. Thus, metamorphosing traits are important factors that affect the fitness of the individuals. Although size at metamorphosis in the field has been investigated in amphibians, its relationship with environmental factors has been scarce. We aimed to quantify variations in the mass at metamorphosis of a stream frog, Odorrana splendida, among multiple streams, and show the relationship of these variations with environmental conditions. We searched for metamorphs in 11 field streams and measured their body size. We then examined the relationship between environmental conditions of each stream and the mass at metamorphosis to reveal the factors determining the mass. We found 229 metamorphs over three years. The estimated mass at metamorphosis ranged from 0.17 g to 1.44 g, with a coefficient of variation among streams of 0.38. The size at metamorphosis significantly differed among streams, and was found to be positively affected by water temperature and chlorophyll a concentration, and negatively affected by altitude, slope gradient, and the number of adult calls. We showed that O. splendida has a large variation in mass at metamorphosis within and among natural streams. A lower mass at metamorphosis may correlate with scarce food resources in the stream and higher competition during the larval stages, resulting from a higher number of mating adults.

A Method of distinguishing the larval Stages of Agriotes sputator (L.) (Col., Elaterid.)

1950 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan F. Basden
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Optimum Size ◽  
Quick Method ◽  
Stage Number ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Number Of Teeth ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The different instars of Agriotes sputator larvae cannot be distinguished by measurements of total length or of various parts of the wireworm.The number of teeth on the mesothoracic and abdominal spiracles increases with age, and an examination of 700 wireworms showed that the average numbers of teeth on the two thoracic or on all the abdominal spiracles fell into eight groups. These criteria were valid for populations collected at different times of the year.The number of teeth on the thoracic spiracles of a larva in any particular group approximates to that on the abdominal spiracles of a larva in the next larger group.The eight groups formed by counting either the thoracic or the abdominal spiracle teeth represent growth stages and not necessarily instars.The larvae may sometimes moult without growth, a phenomenon probably caused by an inadequate supply of food. At such an ecdysis the number of spiracle teeth does not increase.The larvae pupate after attaining an optimum size, and reach this size in seven or eight growth stages.A quick method of determining the growth stage to which a larva belongs is given, whereby more than 80 per cent, of the larvae are placed in their correct growth stages by counting the teeth on one spiracle only ; for less than 1 per cent, of the larvae is it necessary to examine as many as five spiracles ; an accuracy of more than 97 per cent, can be maintained.The possibility of determining the relationship of growth stage and age is discussed.The division of the larvae into those which will pupate after seven, and those which will pupate after eight growth stages is apparent at a very early stage in the life history. One larva was found which appeared to be in its ninth growth stage.The cause of this difference in growth stage number is unknown. It may be due to the size of the egg, to the time of the year at which hatching occurs, or to heredity.

The Relationship of Indonesian Languange Learning with the Environment. Andriyani Muliana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andriyani Muliana
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Common Environment ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The environment is closely related to nature and its creation. Problems faced by humans related to environmental conditions are things that have a big impact. The influence of the environment is very large on human life which makes the benchmark for good or bad human behavior. Because human life depends on the circumstances around him. Problems are often new things, but the things we often encounter in the environment are a variety of problems, such as the most common environment. According to Tung and Wihardjo (in Ramadhan et al, 2019), problems that occur in the environment caused by careless and intensive human activities in the area where he lives, this is done to improve the quality of life of each. Humans are more selfish without the environment when doing things that damage the environment. Whereas the consequences of their own actions will cause various impacts that are detrimental to themselves and others, such as floods that occur due to waste.

Life Cycles

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan A. Pechenik
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Volume Number ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Life Cycle Evolution

I have a Hardin cartoon on my office door. It shows a series of animals thinking about the meaning of life. In sequence, we see a lobe-finned fish, a salamander, a lizard, and a monkey, all thinking, “Eat, survive, reproduce; eat, survive, reproduce.” Then comes man: “What's it all about?” he wonders. Organisms live to reproduce. The ultimate selective pressure on any organism is to survive long enough and well enough to pass genetic material to a next generation that will also be successful in reproducing. In this sense, then, every morphological, physiological, biochemical, or behavioral adaptation contributes to reproductive success, making the field of life cycle evolution a very broad one indeed. Key components include mode of sexuality, age and size at first reproduction (Roff, this volume), number of reproductive episodes in a lifetime, offspring size (Messina and Fox, this volume), fecundity, the extent to which parents protect their offspring and how that protection is achieved, source of nutrition during development, survival to maturity, the consequences of shifts in any of these components, and the underlying mechanisms responsible for such shifts. Many of these issues are dealt with in other chapters. Here I focus exclusively on animals, and on a particularly widespread sort of life cycle that includes at least two ecologically distinct free-living stages. Such “complex life cycles” (Istock 1967) are especially common among amphibians and fishes (Hall and Wake 1999), and within most invertebrate groups, including insects (Gilbert and Frieden 1981), crustaceans, bivalves, gastropods, polychaete worms, echinoderms, bryozoans, and corals and other cnidarians (Thorson 1950). In such life cycles, the juvenile or adult stage is reached by metamorphosing from a preceding, free-living larval stage. In many species, metamorphosis involves a veritable revolution in morphology, ecology, behavior, and physiology, sometimes taking place in as little as a few minutes or a few hours. In addition to the issues already mentioned, key components of such complex life cycles include the timing of metamorphosis (i.e., when it occurs), the size at which larvae metamorphose, and the consequences of metamorphosing at particular times or at particular sizes. The potential advantages of including larval stages in the life history have been much discussed.

scholarly journals Relationship of Whitefly Population Build up with the Spread of TYLCV on Eight Tomato Varieties

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
AHMA Rahman ◽  
AM Akanda ◽  
AKM Ashraful Alam
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Tomato Yellow Leaf ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Whitefly Population ◽  
Key Words Prevalence ◽  
Virus Prevalence ◽  
Tomato Field ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Leaf Curl Virus ◽  
The Relationship

The performance of eight tomato varieties namely BARI-T1 (Manik), BARI-T2 (Ratan), BARI-T4, BARI-T5, BARI-T6 (Apurba), BARI-T7 (Chaity), BARI-T11 and BARI-T12 were evaluated in respect to prevalence and spread of TYLCV (Tomato Yellow Leaf curl Virus) in relation to whitefly population buildup in the field. Data were collected on the three growth stages of the plant namely early (transplanting to first flowering) mid (first flowering to first harvesting) and late (first harvesting to last harvesting). The virus prevalence percentage in eight tomato varieties varied depending on early, mid and late stage of infection as well as tomato varieties. It ranged from 42 to 69%. There was a poor and insignificant quadratic polynomial relationship (y = -0.0059x 2 + 0.2826x – 1.5378 & R2 = 0.0962) between temperature and whitefly population build up in tomato field. The relationship between relative humidity and whitefly population build up in the field was found significant but negatively correlated (y = - 0.0321x 2 +4.5518x – 159.44 (R2 = 0.6769). The increase of whitefly population in the field was positively correlated with the spread of TYLCV in the tomato field (y = - 0.0002x 2 + 0.0297x + 1.0626 & R2 = 0.663). The highest and lowest prevalence of TYLCV was recorded in BARI-T6 and BARI-T11, respectively. In all the varieties, virus prevalence was found higher at mid stage followed by late and early stage of infection. Key words: Prevalence, TYLCV, whitefly.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Home Environmental Conditions and the Occurrence of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in Toddlers in Nagan Raya Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Dian Fera ◽  
Susy Sriwahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
House Floor ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is an infection that lasts up to 14 days. Most ARI are caused by infection, but can also be caused by inhalation of chemical and chemical substances. In 2018 the population was 3,885, with 342 children under five. The number of toddlers experiencing ARI is 218 toddlers. The purposes of this study were to determine the relationship of environmental conditions in the home with ARI in toddlers. This research uses analytic survey method with Cross Sectional approach. The study was conducted on August 20-September 5 2019, population 342 and sample of 77 peoples. The results showed there were a relationship among the house floor (P value 0.018

Developmental studies on Anagyrus mangicola (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the mealybug Rastrococcus invadens (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Cross ◽  
D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Immature Development ◽  
Rastrococcus Invadens ◽  
Host Stage ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractAnagyrus mangicola Noyes, a primary parasitoid of the mealybug Rastrococcus invadens Williams, a pest of fruit crops in West Africa, was studied under controlled conditions at 27°C and 75% r.h. Data are given on the larval stages, their morphology and duration of immature development. The sex ratios of emerging parasitoids, adult longevity, host stage preference, the relationship of the size of the emerging parasitoid to host stage and development time are also investigated.

Wolves and Coyotes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Pierotti ◽  
Brandy R. Fogg
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Eastern Siberia ◽  
Subsistence Strategies ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

This chapter focuses on an intriguing aspect of the relationship of humans with wolves in North America and parts of eastern Siberia—that wolves are considered “creator” figures, suggesting that they played an important role in the way humans conceived of themselves as they adapted to new environmental conditions. Thus, wolves could function as both teacher and creator to peoples who were willing to respect wolves as hunters and pay attention to the examples they set. A related trope, often confused with the creator figure, is the idea of smaller canids such as coyotes and foxes as “trickster” figures. The chapter then addresses why tricksters among many American tribes are scavengers and omnivores, for example, coyotes and ravens, occupying an ecological mediating position between herbivores and carnivores and “in between” in terms of subsistence strategies.

scholarly journals Condition factor variations over time and trophic position among four species of Characidae from Amazonian floodplain lakes: effects of an anomalous drought

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Tribuzy-Neto ◽  
K. G. Conceição ◽  
F. K. Siqueira-Souza ◽  
L. E. Hurd ◽  
C. E. C. Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Condition Factor ◽  
Trophic Position ◽  
High Water ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Floodplain Lakes ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The effects of extreme droughts on freshwater fish remain unknown worldwide. In this paper, we estimated the condition factor, a measure of relative fitness based on the relationship of body weight to length, in four fish species representing two trophic levels (omnivores and piscivores) from Amazonian floodplain lakes for three consecutive years: 2004, 2005 (an anomalous drought year), and 2006. The two omnivores, Colossoma macropomum and Mylossoma duriventre, exhibited trends consistent with their life cycles in 2004 and 2006: high values during the hydrologic seasons of high water, receding water, and low water, with a drop following reproduction following the onset of rising water. However during the drought year of 2005 the condition factor was much lower than normal during receding and low water seasons, probably as a result of an abnormal reduction in resource availability in a reduced habitat. The two piscivorous piranhas, Serrasalmus spilopleura and S. elongatus, maintained relatively stable values of condition factor over the hydrologic cycles of all three years, with no apparent effect of the drought, probably because the reduction in habitat is counterbalanced by the resulting increase in relative prey density. We suggest that if predictions of increasing drought in the Amazon are correct, predatory species may benefit, at least in the short run, while omnivores may be negatively affected.

scholarly journals Population-based study of the relationship of treatment and sociodemographics on quality of life for early stage breast cancer

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1467-1479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy K. Janz ◽  
Mahasin Mujahid ◽  
Paula M. Lantz ◽  
Angela Fagerlin ◽  
Barbara Salem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Early Stage Breast Cancer ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FALLING NUMBER AND GRAIN CHARACTERISTICS TO EVALUATE PREHARVEST SPROUTING IN WHEAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 758-764
Author(s):  
Okuyama LA ◽  
◽  
CR Riede ◽  
MM Kohli ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Preharvest Sprouting ◽  
Path Coefficient ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

The falling number (FN) is a widely used parameter to evaluate sprouting damage in wheat. Despite its importance, many breeding programs lack facilities to determine the FN routinely. This study was conducted to elucidate the relationship of the falling number with germination percentage, visual sprouting score, hectoliter weight and the grain weight per spike, to improve the selection criteria in the pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) trials. Thirteen genotypes differing in PHS tolerance were evaluated in a rain simulator. The statistical analysis was conducted to understand the relationship of FN with grain characteristics. The path coefficient analysis revealed the highest association of the FN with the percentage of sprouted grains. Also, regression analysis determined that samples with more than 46% of sprouted grains had FN below 200s. The grains with 32 to 46% of germination resulted in FN values between 200 and 250s, and those with 19 to 32% of germination had FN between 250 and 300 s. Only those samples with less than 19% of germination resulted in FN values higher than 300s. The strong association between the germination percentage and the FN allows the selection of promising lines and the elimination of undesirable ones at an early stage of breeding.

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