Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C among Elderly Patients at Different Clinical Settings of Three Major Cities of Sindh, Pakistan

Objective: To assess the prevalence of hepatitis B and C among elderly patients at different clinical settings of three major cities of Sindh, Pakistan. Study Design: Cross sectional observational study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Department of Medicine, Muhammad Medical College, Mirpurkhas from 1st November 2020 to 30th June 2021. Methodology: One thousand and two hundred patients from three different cities of Sindh Province either gender, ages and type of hepatitis were recorded. Results: There were 60.83% males and 39.17% females. 35.83% patients belonged to age >50 years while the prevalence rate of hepatitis was 9.16, hepatitis C 10.33 and both was 4.83%. The patients of hepatitis C was found in females than males. Hepatitis B and C was also more prevalent in more than 50 years of age. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of Hepatitis B, C and both, however the male gender is at more risk of hepatitis possibility due to expended social life circle and other contributing risk factors such as blood transfusion, frequent physical contacts and exposure to contaminated instruments at salons. Key words: Prevalence, Hepatitis B & C, Gender

6. PERKIRAAN NILAI EKONOMIS AKIBAT PENYAKIT ORF PADA KAMBING DI TIGA PASAR HEWAN KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR (Estimation of the Economic Value Resulted by Orf Disease on Goat in Three Livestock Market in Aceh Besar District)

This study aims to determine the prevalence and economic value of goats infected with orf traded in 3 livestock markets in Aceh Besar district, which is Seulimum, Sibreh, and Ulee Kareng livestock market. This method used the cross-sectional observational study. The population in this study was all of goat sellers, while the goat sample was selected using simple random sampling technique. The questionnaire was filled by using interview techniques to the respondents who selected by purposive sampling. Diagnosing of orf disease in goats was performed by looking at the possibility of the presence of clinical symptoms, afterward the data were included into recording sheets. Data were analyzed by descriptive analytic. The results showed that the prevalence of the orf disease in 3 livestock markets in Aceh Besar district was 3.4%, and the economic value of goats infected with orf was below 1,500,000 rupiah. The conclusion of this study is the price of goat infected with orf tend to be lower than the healthy one, thus the profit also low. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Key words: prevalence, economic value, orf infection

9. PREVALENSI DIROFILARIASIS PADA ANJING LOKAL (Canis domestica) DI KECAMATAN LHOKNGA ACEH BESAR SECARA PATOLOGI ANATOMIS Prevalence of Dirofilariasis on Local Dogs (Canis domestica) in Lhoknga Aceh Besar Using Phatological Anatomy Method

The aim of this research was to find out the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis on local dog in Lhoknga Aceh Besar. This study used 30 local dogs collected from 5 villages in Lhoknga Aceh Besar. Dogs were injected intravenous with phenobarbital at dose of 2-3 mg/kg body weight, then necropsied to find out Dirofilaria immitis in dog heart. The result showed that 3 out of 30 dogs were positive dirofilariasis, two dogs from Nusa village and one dog from Lampaya village. In conclusion, the prevalence of dirofilariasis on local dogs in Lhoknga Aceh Besar is 10%. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Key words: prevalence, Dirofilaria immitis, dogs, necropsy

The Prevalence of Low Back Pain in Commercial Motor Drivers and Private Automobile Drivers

Background: The low back is susceptible to injury (pain) because it supports most of the body weight. Prolonged sitting and being sedentary are some of the risk factors to developing low back pain (LBP). This study was designed to determine and compare the prevalence of LBP in Commercial Motor Drivers (CMD) and Private Automobile Drivers (PAD). Materials and Method: Five hundred males (250-CMD and 250-PAD) participated in the survey. The participants were made to complete a 33-item closed ended questionnaire. The questionnaire collected information on the respondents' biodata, driving, back pain and the effects of driving on the low back (LB). The questionnaire was selfadministered. Results: The results showed that LBP was a major problem among these groups ofdrivers. The 12-month prevalences of LBP among the CMD and PAD were 96% and 88% respectively. Twelve-month prevalence of LBP was significantly (p< 0.05) higher in the CMD. Sixty four percent and 42% of the CMD and PAD attributed the cause of their back pain to the length of time spent sitting when driving. Conclusion: Low back pain was a major problem among the respondents; but was experienced more among CMD. The higher prevalence of LBP in CMD was attributed to the length of time spent sitting when driving. KEY WORDS: Prevalence, low back pain, Commercial Motor Drivers, Private Automobile Drivers.

Relationship of Whitefly Population Build up with the Spread of TYLCV on Eight Tomato Varieties

The performance of eight tomato varieties namely BARI-T1 (Manik), BARI-T2 (Ratan), BARI-T4, BARI-T5, BARI-T6 (Apurba), BARI-T7 (Chaity), BARI-T11 and BARI-T12 were evaluated in respect to prevalence and spread of TYLCV (Tomato Yellow Leaf curl Virus) in relation to whitefly population buildup in the field. Data were collected on the three growth stages of the plant namely early (transplanting to first flowering) mid (first flowering to first harvesting) and late (first harvesting to last harvesting). The virus prevalence percentage in eight tomato varieties varied depending on early, mid and late stage of infection as well as tomato varieties. It ranged from 42 to 69%. There was a poor and insignificant quadratic polynomial relationship (y = -0.0059x 2 + 0.2826x – 1.5378 & R2 = 0.0962) between temperature and whitefly population build up in tomato field. The relationship between relative humidity and whitefly population build up in the field was found significant but negatively correlated (y = - 0.0321x 2 +4.5518x – 159.44 (R2 = 0.6769). The increase of whitefly population in the field was positively correlated with the spread of TYLCV in the tomato field (y = - 0.0002x 2 + 0.0297x + 1.0626 & R2 = 0.663). The highest and lowest prevalence of TYLCV was recorded in BARI-T6 and BARI-T11, respectively. In all the varieties, virus prevalence was found higher at mid stage followed by late and early stage of infection. Key words: Prevalence, TYLCV, whitefly.

Prevalence and Intensity of Hookworm Infections in Ekiti, Nigeria; A Cross Sectional Study in State Specialist Hospital and Federal Medical Centre

Prevalence of hookworm and other helminthes infections from year 2004 till May, 2007 was carried out in both the State Specialist Hospital and Federal Medical Centre, in Ekiti State. Of the 2,686 recorded and examined, 1,246 persons representing 46.3% were infected with helminthes while 53.7% were infected with other helminthes like Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichura. At State Specialist Hospital (Ado-Ekiti), 646 persons representing 47.1% were infected with hookworm while 600 persons representing 45.5% were infected with hookworm at Federal Medical Centre, (Ido-Ekiti). There is a significant difference (X2=8.9; P< 0.05) in the prevalence and susceptibility of males and females to infections in the State Specialist hospital, Ado-Ekiti. Also, there is no significant difference (X2=3.82; P > 0.05) in the prevalence and susceptibility of males and females to hookworm infections. Key words: Prevalence; Epidemiology; Helminthes; Infections Hospital. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i4.4588 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(4), 399-402, 2009

Prevalence and Clinico-Pathological Effects of Ectoparasites in Backyard Poultry

To study the prevalence of ectoparasites and their clinicopathological effects on backyard poultry, 300 poultry of both sexes and different ages were examined in different areas of Patuakhali district from July 2005 to May 2006. Of them 86.67% were infested with one or more species of ectoparasites. Six species of lice such as Menacanthus stramineus (74%), Menopon gallinae (63%), Lipeurus caponis (48%), Cuclotogaster heterographus (25%), Goniodes gigas (18%), and Goniocotes gallinae (14%), two species of mites namely Dermanyssus gallinae (57%), Knemidocoptes mutans, (43%) and one species of fly, Simulium sp. (3.7%) were identified. Among these, M. stramineus was the most common. Aged above 5 months, 100% poultry were infested with ectoparasites but cocks and broody hens were severely infested. In broody hens, prevalence of D. gallinae was the highest (97.3%). K. mutans (43%) was mostly found in adult poultry aged above two years. The affected birds were emaciated with rough plumage, dandruff, and petechial haemorrhages on the highly infested skin. Small ulcerative lesions were common in Dermanyssus gallinae infestation in which the engorged, red parasites stacked tightly. In K. mutans infestation, legs were rough, swollen with scaly appearance, which was from tibiotarsal joint downwards to the joint of the toes. Some of the severely affected birds showed lameness but no malformation was observed. Histopathologically, scaly leg was characterized by hyperkeratosis and acanthosis. In tissue sections, the mites were observed as transverse or cross section in the deeper parts of the stratum corneum or the superficial layers of the stratum malpighii of the skin and rarely go deeper. In some area of skin, there were losses of epithelium. In advanced cases, there was secondary pyogenic infection; characterized by severe pus cell infiltration in the dermis. The present study suggests that ectoparasitic infestation is very common in the backyard poultry of Bangladesh and they are associated with the production of some clinicopathological effects variable degree. Key words: Prevalence, clinico-pathological effects, ectoparasites, backyard poultry doi:10.3329/bjvm.v4i1.1520 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2006). 4 (1) : 19-26

PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION AMONG SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN OF UNIVERSITY CAMPUS PESHAWAR 2013

BACKGROUND: School going children are one of the neglected public health sectors and thus lead toimproper nutrition and are at potential risk for growth and developmental problems starting from earlylife, and eventually affecting their physical and mental status, so this study was conducted to highlightmalnutrition problems among school going children.OBJECTIVES: To find the prevalence of malnutrition in school going children of university campusPeshawar.MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 school goingchildren of university campus Peshawar; during April to August 2013. Two schools of male children ofage four to twelve years were included while female children, migrants, and those having anypathological conditions were excluded. Weight and height were measured and body mass indexcalculated using standard procedures of anthropometric measurements. After that the individual BMIwere categorized according to the international standards.RESULTS: The prevalence of malnutrition in our study was 37% among 4 to 12 years school agechildren of university campus Peshawar. The prevalence of under nutrition was found in 30%; out ofwhich 18% were slightly underweight, 10% were moderately underweight and only 2% were severelyunderweight, while only 7% were overweight.CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of malnutrition was more (37%) among four to twelve years schoolgoing children of University campus Peshawar and approximately 63% were normal on themeasurements of BMI calculated.• KEY WORDS: Prevalence, Malnutrition, Underweight, Children.