The Exploitation of Oceanic Methane Hydrate: Legal Issues and Implications for China

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen-Chiang Chang
Keyword(s):  
Methane Hydrate ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Balanced Approach ◽  
State Practice ◽  
New Energy

Abstract With the growth of global energy demand, States are actively considering the exploration for new energy. Methane hydrate is one of the world’s new energy sources with high energy density and abundant reserves, which have great strategic significance. This article focuses on three aspects, namely, project preparation, risk prevention and accident management, and addresses the risk issues arising from the exploration of methane hydrate. It is important to apply the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and other treaties, as well as customary international law, while examining the rules applicable to the exploration of methane hydrate. State practice such as those of the United States, Russia, Japan, the European Union and China, are also discussed. The article puts forward some suggestions on the development of China’s methane hydrate resources. The core objective is to achieve a balanced approach to the development of environmental protection and energy development.

scholarly journals Characteristics and Trends of Research on New Energy Vehicle Reliability Based on the Web of Science

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian Zhao ◽  
Siqi Wang ◽  
Xiaoyue Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Research Field ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Charging System ◽  
New Energy ◽  
New Energy Vehicle

In order to satisfy the increasing energy demand and deal with the environmental problem caused by the conventional energy vehicle; the new energy vehicle (NEV), especially the electric vehicle (EV), has attracted increasing attention and the corresponding research has developed rapidly in recent years. The electric vehicle requires a battery with high energy density and frequent charging. In order to ensure high performance of the electric vehicle; the reliability of its charging system is extremely important. In this paper; an overview of the research on electric vehicle charging system reliability from 1998 to 2017 is presented from a bibliometric perspective. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the current research climate and the emerging trends from the following four aspects: basic characteristics of publication outputs; including annual publication outputs and document types; collaboration analysis of countries/territories; institutions and authors; co-citation analysis of cited authors and cited references; co-occurrence analysis of subjects and keywords. By using CiteSpace; the collaboration relationship; co-citation and co-occurrence networks are shown clearly. According to the analysis results; studies in this research field will keep developing rapidly in the near future and several future research directions are proposed in the conclusions.

Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Running on Blended Palm Oil

2013 ◽  
Vol 795 ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Iqbal ◽  
Z.A. Zainal ◽  
M. Mazlan ◽  
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah ◽  
M.S. Salim
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Suitable Climate ◽  
New Energy

Rapid increasing of industrialization and motorization has led arising of petroleum and energy demand. This pursue a new energy blends to cater the depletion of fossil fuel and the environmental degradation condition. Malaysia is blessed, which has suitable climate to plant alternative fuel (palm oil) and become one of the largest exporters to the world. Palm oil in its refined form as cooking oil has high energy content which can be adopted as an alternative to the petroleum based fuel. This paper evaluates the performance and emission characteristics of refined palm oil (RPO) as a fuel to the diesel engine. Palm oil and its blends composition with 20%, 40%, 60% as well as pure palm oil (100%) and diesel were tested separately under various engine loads. Five series of tests data on each type of fuel were analyzed and compared. Moreover, by increasing the percentage of RPO in blends would lead a character of higher percentage in density and viscosity. Studied revealed that the small percentage of RPO composition promises a good thermal efficiency together with the emission released.

Intense Ion-Beam Treatment of Materials

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 58-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold A. Davis ◽  
Gennady E. Remnev ◽  
Regan W. Stinnett ◽  
Kiyoshi Yatsui
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Laser Processing ◽  
Beam Energy ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Near Surface

Over the past decade, researchers in Japan, Russia, and the United States have been investigating the application of intense-pulsed-ion-beam (IPIB) technology (which has roots in inertial confinement fusion programs) to the surface treatment and coating of materials. The short range (0.1–10 μm) and high-energy density (1–50 J/cm2) of these short-pulsed (t ≥ 1 μs) beams (with ion currents I = 5–50 kA, and energies E = 100–1,000 keV) make them ideal flash-heat sources to rapidly vaporize or melt the near-surface layer of targets similar to the more familiar pulsed laser deposition (PLD) or laser surface treatment. The vaporized material can form coatings on substrates, and surface melting followed by rapid cooling (109 K/s) can form amorphous layers, dissolve precipitates, and form nonequilibrium microstructures.An advantage of this approach over laser processing is that these beams deliver 0.1–10 KJ per pulse to targets at expected overall electrical efficiencies (i.e., the ratio of extracted ion-beam energy to the total energy consumed in generating the beam) of 15–40% (compared to < 1% for the excimer lasers often used for similar applications). Consequently IPIB hardware can be compact and require relatively low capital investment. This opens the promise of environmentally conscious, low-cost, high-throughput manufacturing. Further, efficient beam transport to the target and excellent coupling of incident ion energy to targets are achieved, as opposed to lasers that may have limited coupling to reflective materials or produce reflecting plasmas at high incident fluence. The ion range is adjustable through selection of the ion species and kinetic energy, and the beam energy density can be tailored through control of the beam footprint at the target to melt (1–10 J/cm2) or to vaporize (10–50 J/cm2) the target surface. Beam pulse durations are short (≥ 1 μs) to minimize thermal conduction. Some disadvantages of IPIB processing over laser processing include the need to form and propagate the beams in vacuum, and the need for shielding of x-rays produced by relatively low-level electron current present in IPIB accelerators. Also these beams cannot be as tightly focused onto targets as lasers, making them unsuitable for applications requiring treatment on small spatial scales.

Title III of the Helms-Burton Act Is Consistent with International Law

1996 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice M. Clagett
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Argument ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Title Iii ◽  
Moral High Ground ◽  
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction

The Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996, otherwise known as the Helms-Burton Act, became law on March 12, 1996. Title III of the legislation creates a federal cause of action, on behalf of U.S. citizens whose property was confiscated without compensation by Cuba, against those who “traffic” in that property. Several governments—notably Canada, Mexico and those of the European Union, whose corporate citizens are the principal “traffickers”—have denounced the legislation as an exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction that violates customary international law. These governments apparently see nothing wrong with permitting—even encouraging—their nationals to use and profit from property that rightfully belongs to others. The United States not only commands the moral high ground on this issue; it also has the better of the legal argument.

Analysis of the Existent Problem and the Policy Suggestions for Chinese New Energy Industry

2012 ◽  
Vol 490-495 ◽  
pp. 1967-1970
Author(s):  
Miao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Policy Suggestions ◽  
New Energy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Existent Problem ◽  
New Situation

After the Financial Crisis, to stave off recession, the United States, the European Union enacted and promulgated a series of policies, those developed countries not only put forward the development of new energy industry as avery important national economic strategy but also make the relevant laws and regulations and policies to ensure a favorable environment for new energy industry. In such a new situation, our country is vigorously promoting the development of new energy sources. But we also meet some problems in the process of develop. This paper discuss the issues regarding the policies and capital bottleneck that appears on the development of new energy industry, calls upon the Government to implement relevant policies of new energy industry as soon as possible and make effort to support the industry development

scholarly journals The Global Effects of Subglobal Climate Policies

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Boehringer ◽  
Carolyn Fischer ◽  
Knut Einar Rosendahl
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carbon Leakage ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Relative Prices ◽  
Climate Policies ◽  
Allowance Allocation ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Carbon Prices

Abstract Individual countries are in the process of legislating responses to the challenges posed by climate change. The prospect of rising carbon prices raises concerns in these nations about the effects on the competitiveness of their own energy-intensive industries and the potential for carbon leakage, particularly leakage to emerging economies that lack comparable regulation. In response, certain developed countries are proposing controversial trade-related measures and allowance allocation designs to complement their climate policies. Missing from much of the debate on trade-related measures is a broader understanding of how climate policies implemented unilaterally (or subglobally) affect all countries in the global trading system. Arguably, the largest impacts are from the targeted carbon pricing itself, which generates macroeconomic effects, terms-of-trade changes, and shifts in global energy demand and prices; it also changes the relative prices of certain energy-intensive goods. This paper studies how climate policies implemented in certain major economies (the European Union and the United States) affect the global distribution of economic and environmental outcomes and how these outcomes may be altered by complementary policies aimed at addressing carbon leakage.

scholarly journals Glamis Gold, Ltd. v. The United States and the Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 919-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Clare Ryan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Treaty Rights ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Investment Treaty ◽  
Treatment Standard ◽  
Fair And Equitable Treatment ◽  
State Practice ◽  
Equitable Treatment

This article critiques the arbitral tribunal’s decision in Glamis Gold, Ltd. v. The United States of America on the basis of its interpretation of the fair and equitable treatment standard (FET) owed by state parties to foreign investors under NAFTA article 1105. Part I outlines the post-WWII development of the FET standard in relation to the restrictive, customary international law of minimum standard of treatment (MST). The author traces the expansive treatment of the FET standard by tribunals in both bilateral investment treaty and NAFTA disputes. Despite a binding Free Trade Commission Note of Interpretation limiting the scope of article 1105, NAFTA tribunals had consistently interpreted the FET standard more broadly until the award in Glamis. Part II evaluates the tribunal’s reasoning in Glamis, arguing that it departs from a growing body of jurisprudence on the FET standard under NAFTA without sufficient justification. The author also criticizes the tribunal’s decision to place an unprecedented evidentiary burden on the claimant by requiring proof of both state practice and opinio juris of the FET standard. The conclusion suggests that the decision of the tribunal in Merrill & Ring Forestry L.P. v. Canada may provide a better approach to balancing governments’ legitimate regulatory objectives and foreign investors’ treaty rights.

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency, the Overlooked Climate Emergency Solution

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-67
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Energy Poverty

Policies, especially in the European Union, encourage government and privately funded programs to engage in “energy efficiency first” strategies. Those policies lead to the moderation of energy demand and are long-term solutions that not only protect households from price fluctuations and energy poverty, but also allow people to reduce their environmental footprint and save money in the long term. Energy poverty usually occurs when a household is unable to secure a level and quality of domestic energy services—space cooling and heating, cooking, appliances, information technology etc.—sufficient for its social and material needs. In the Global North, energy poverty is generally attributed to internal and external factors such as low incomes, energy-inefficient homes and high energy prices, while in the Global South, the infrastructural lack of access to more technologically advanced energy carriers is the main culprit. Energy poverty in developing countries is gaining interest thanks to the seventh Sustainable Development Goal: Affordable and clean energy. Still, so far, in the European Union and in the rest of the world, little has been done to sew together the two concepts and include the most vulnerable part of the population in an approach that reconciles environmental and climate risks with social issues. In practice, energy poverty and efficiency agendas are rarely coordinated. Energy efficiency and a better pooling of the resources (known also as “sufficiency”) could lead to higher resiliency to the social and climate crisis.

scholarly journals On regulation of cryptocurrency: international experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-83
Author(s):  
Eugen Florea ◽  
◽  
Elena S. Pustelnik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Experience ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Balanced Approach ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Central Level ◽  
Digital Assets

The study is dedicated to various jurisdictions’ approaches to cryptocurrency relations regulation. The digital assets'legal status in the European Union is analyzed both at the central level as well at the level of such EU members as Malta, Romania, Germany. Among the countries that geographically belong to Europe, but are not members of the European Union, Switzerland and the United Kingdom are considered in this aspect. The authors also reviewed the most important issues of cryptocurrency regulation in the largest economy in the world - the United States. The Asian region is represented in the study by the jurisdictions where digital assets are most widespread (China and Japan). The main conclusion is that the Republic of Moldova should develop the balanced approach to legalizing the new sphere of socio-economic relations by taking into consideration both positive and negative experience as well as the best legal practices of other states in this field.

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