Cities and Countryside: An International Law Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-165
Author(s):  
Francesco Francioni
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
International Law ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Balanced Approach ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Interaction

Cities, as spaces of socio-cultural organization and economic interaction among people, have always played a dominant role in the development and implementation of international law. Today, a new strand of legal scholarship focuses on cities and local communities as competitors and partners with the nation State in a new project of modernization and democratization of international law. This paper looks at this new trend against the background of the historical narrative of cities in the development of international law. At the same time, it calls attention to the fact that half of humanity still lives and works in rural areas, in the vast countryside of the world. Rural communities have been the servants of the city since the beginning of time. Today, their dignity and rights are beginning to be recognized by acts of the United Nations such as the 2007 Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the 2018 Declaration on the Rights of Peasants. Yet, these people remain a disadvantaged and vulnerable class. A true modernization and democratization of international law requires that we keep a balanced approach to the legal recognition of the voices and rights of urban communities and those of the people who work and live in the countryside of the world.

Requirements Engineering in the ICT4D Domain

2012 ◽  
pp. 187-200
Author(s):  
Kristina Pitula ◽  
Daniel Sinnig ◽  
Thiruvengadam Radhakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Software Development ◽  
Requirements Engineering ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
The People ◽  
Information And Communication

Requirements engineering is an important stage in any software development. It is more so in the case of software development for social development projects in rural areas of the developing countries. ICT4D which stands for “Information and Communication Technologies for Development” is gaining more and more attention as computing is more widely affordable. This article is concerned with requirements engineering in the ICT4D domain. In many developing counties, a significant effort is being put into providing people in rural areas with access to digital content and services by using Information and Communication Technologies. Unfortunately most ICT4D projects pursue a top-down development model which is driven by the technology available and not by the very needs and social problems of the people living in rural communities (Frohlich et al., 2009). Existing technologies are often applied in a non-inclusive manner with respect to the local population, without sufficient adaptation or re-invention, and often without regard for user’s needs and their social contexts.

scholarly journals Community stakeholders' perceptions of crime and victimization: A mixed-methods approach to understanding collective efficacy and social cohesion in the rural heartland

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-115
Author(s):  
Ashley Lockwood ◽  
April Terry
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Mixed Methods Approach ◽  
Community Stakeholders ◽  
Rural And Urban

Previous criminological literature has mostly neglected rural communities, often treating these places as smaller pieces of urban culture. Literature suggests rural communities operate differently than urban neighborhoods, with distinctive values, norms, and community cohesion. For example, concepts surrounding collective efficacy may work counterproductively in rural areas—further exploiting outed community members within "close-knit" environments. The current study sought to compare perceptions of collective efficacy and social cohesion, crime, and victimization between rural and urban counties across one Midwestern rural state. Using a mixed-methods approach, community stakeholders from a variety of professions were surveyed. Quantitative results suggest similar perceptions of collective efficacy and social cohesion in rural and urban communities while qualitative responses paint a much different picture—an image of rural communities "minding their own business" and both formally and informally intervening only in the most extreme and personalized scenarios.

scholarly journals Universities in Opposition to Israel’s Military Occupation and the De-development of the West Bank and Gaza

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Hammond
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
The West ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
The People ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
The World ◽  
West Bank And Gaza

This paper argues that the violation of justice in Palestine began in 1948 and was deepened in 1967 with the further occupation and de-development of Palestine which continues to this day.  For forty two years, international law has been defied by Israel with one excuse after another that few people accept.  Israel has persistently built more and more settlements and separations that make the basic human right to education and health near impossible for the Palestinians.  Whilst international aid has been necessary, it has been politically ineffective in halting the capture and annexing of more and more Palestinian land.  More Palestinians are removed from Jerusalem every day as violence upon violence is piled on the people of Palestine.  This paper argues that this is unacceptable for the international family of higher education.  It argues that universities around the world should take a political lead in response to the call from Palestinian and other peace workers to build the Boycott, Disinvestment and Sanctions movement in global civil society.  This paper moves the position that history has built up to a point where justice for Palestine is now an undeniable global issue for people of conscience everywhere.  The situation is such that universities cannot step back and leave it to politicians.  Academics and students must speak out and take a lead in ending the day to day abuse of basic Palestinian rights.

Landscape memories of land struggles in plateaus of two Nsukka villages in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 194277862110392
Author(s):  
Cletus Famous Nwankwo ◽  
Romanus U. Ayadiuno
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Resource Conflicts ◽  
The People ◽  
Social Meanings ◽  
The World ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
Past Land Use

The memories of landscapes that people hold can stabilize histories and traditions in rural areas, are entwined with everyday lives and have several meanings. The paper explores the memories that people hold about plateaus in two adjoining villages (Alor-Uno and Edem-Ani) in the Nsukka area of Enugu State, Southeastern Nigeria. This area is an exciting and essential area of the world, distinctly underrepresented in landscape memory scholarship. The paper shows that the plateaus separating Alor-Uno and Edem-Ani are landscapes of political memory of the ancient wars between the two communities and more contemporary disputes regarding territorial extent of the communities and use of the land behind the plateaus if you are in Alor-Uno. Alor-Uno claims that wars waged against it by several kingdoms displaced the community, permitting occupation of parts of the community’s land, and they seek to reclaim it from Edem-Ani. However, extant narratives often recognize the disputed area as part of Edem-Ani because of the use of the plateaus as a boundary by colonial administrators. The presence of the plateaus helps the people recollect these ancient wars’ memories, and they use it to seek legitimation of their claim over the land. The paper argues that the memory of past land use reinforces the legitimacy of current land tenure configurations and shapes sensitivity to territoriality leading to exclusion. This can sustain group identities across generations translating into a ground for future fighting. It calls for more attention to the non-human agency and in connection to landscapes’ political memory, which speaks to the current post-human thinking in human geography. It suggests that resource conflicts analysis should take social meanings, memories and identities connected to the physical landscape seriously, as they contain ideological and symbolic elements foregrounding conflict environments.

The Possibility of a Sustainable Rural Development by Husbanding Precious Resources

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-98
Author(s):  
Fariha Bibi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
Rural Sustainability ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level

The present chapter aimed at making out the possibility of sustainable rural development by husbanding precious resources in the rural areas, particularly the rural areas of the Central Karakoram zone in Pakistan. For this purpose, a qualitative research design was manipulated in order to decipher the maximum chance of attaining rural sustainability in these areas through a thorough perusal of various relevant past studies. Hence, the information, gleaned from the archival sources and elucidated hermeneutically, signified a high level of effectiveness of the economical use of natural resources for retaining sufficient and passable degree of sustainability in the rural areas. Consequently, the hermeneutic assertions, made by the researcher of this study, accentuated the inculcation of numerous assorted customary husbandry methods, adopted and employed by the pure traditional rural communities, among the modern rural population of the Central Karakoram zone in Pakistan as well in order to enhance the possibility of arriving at the rural sustainability in these areas. Recognizing the value of certain reliable husbandry practices, the study deemed and estimated a maximum accomplishment of targets set out for attaining sustainable rural development all around the world, particularly in the Central Karakoram zone in Pakistan.

scholarly journals The Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Nations Adopted by the American Institute of International Law

1916 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elihu Root
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
American Institute ◽  
Foreign Service ◽  
The People ◽  
Law Of Nations ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
International Events

With this meeting we finish the first decade of this Society. How great is the change of conditions in the field of international law during that period. Ten years ago all the governments of the world professed unqualified respect and obedience to the law of nations, and a very small number of persons not directly connected with government knew or cared anything about it. In this country at least international law was regarded as a rather antiquated branch of useless learning, diplomacy as a foolish mystery, and the foreign service as a superfluous expense. Now that governments have violated and flouted the law in many ways and with appalling consequences, the people of this country at least have begun to realize that observance of the law has a real and practical relation to the peace and honor of their own country and their own prosperity. They are beginning to take an interest in the subject, to discuss it in the newspapers, to inquire how observance of the law may be enforced. There appears a dawning consciousness that a democracy which undertakes to control its own foreign relations ought to know something about the subject. If we had not established this Society ten years ago to study and discuss and spread a knowledge of international law it would surely be demanded now, and we may be certain that our annual public discussions and the publication of the admirable Journal which we have always maintained, with its definite and certain informa-lion upon international events, its interesting and well informed discussion of international topics, and its supplements, with their wealth of authentic copies of international documents, have contributed materially towards fitting the people of our country to deal with the international situations which are before them.

scholarly journals Topeng Ireng Sebagai Wujud Rasa Syukur di Kabupaten Magelang pada Era Globalisasi

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
hana haqiqi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Cultural Assets ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of

Topeng ireng is a typical art from Magelang that was originally used as a means for spreading the islamic teachings. But, as time goes by, Topeng Ireng used as a form of gratitude for the people after making a celebration such as wedding, circumcision, or another celebration. Topeng Ireng commonly found in rural areas because rural communities still preserving the cultural heritage of their ancestors. In this era of globalization, Topeng Ireng art which had been abandoned began to appear again that looks more modern without leaving its characteristics, that is by adding campursari or dangdut music. The research method is descriptive in which this research explains in more detail about Topeng Ireng. The results of the study explain the history of Topeng Ireng as well as what is the Topeng Ireng and what was used when performing Topeng Ireng. The benefit of this research is to extended the knowledge of the community around Magelang and outside Magelang about Topeng Ireng existence that needs to be preserved and preserved as state-owned cultural assets and as a tribute to ancestors.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Respondents Opting for Agro Based Food Industries in Theni District

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 502
Author(s):  
A. Sagaya Nambikai Mary ◽  
S. Maria John
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Capital Outlay ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Basic Industry ◽  
The People ◽  
Service Oriented ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
To Come

<div><p><strong><em>                  </em></strong><em>The Agro-based Food Industry is primarily based on the utilization of locally available raw-materials and skills with a little capital outlay.  India has been a land of villages and agriculture is going to remain for years to come, the mainstay of its population.Therefore, the Agro-based Food Industries some following features. They include that these industries are conveniently taken up by the people in the rural areas without any encroachment on their main occupation. They are simple so that they could be taken up by them with their own labour and that of the labour of their families. As far as possible, these involve small capital, and this should be available from the financial institutions available locally. They are based on the regional facilities and comparative advantages of a particular district in regard to the supply of raw-materials, availability of nearby markets and the facilities of power. These industries can be easily and conveniently developed in different parts of the country. There is diverse nature of markets ranging from local and regional to national and international.   </em></p><p><em>            Many industries bring income to the nation.  They are agriculture related sector industry related sector and service oriented sectors.  But the Agro based industries play a dominant role in developing the country to a large extent for India is basically an agriculture dominant country.            Majority of people not only eke out their income from agricultural operations, but also work as labourers in various capacities.  Agro Based Food Industries have a large classification.  But Agro Based Food Industries are very easy to start, establish and expand.  They get even self motivated in the context that they live in an agricultural situation.</em></p><p><em>            This study analyses the various factors which motivate the respondents towards Agro Based Food Industries. The various factors motivating the respondents to Agro Based Food Industries were classified as Easy establishment, Basic industry, Family support, Agriculture based district, Opportunity of getting more support and Subsidy and concession. The researcher carried out the factor analysis and made an attempt to extract specific factors and define variables which constitute each factor based on the strength and direction of factor leading to the decision making process of opting for Agro Based Food Industries.</em></p></div>

scholarly journals Ulama Birokrat: Kiprah Abuya TB. Abdul Halim Kadu Peusing dalam Memperjuangkan Banten

Tsaqofah ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Siti Nur Immamah ◽  
H. S. Suhaedi ◽  
Erdi Rudjikartawi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Boarding Schools ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Moral Formation ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Important Position ◽  
Dutch Colonial ◽  
Dutch Colonialism

The role of ulama is very important for the community in protecting the interests of the community. Ulama occupy an important position in the moral formation of society, even during the colonial period. Ulama leadership in the world of politics was very influential in the struggle against Dutch colonialism in Banten. The position of the ulama is inseparable from the prevailing tradition in the santri community, especially in rural areas which assume that in religion someone must follow what has been passed down by the ulama. Abuya Tb. Abdul Halim was a very charismatic cleric and his influence was very large for the people of Pandeglang. He was born around 1889 in Kadu Peusing Village, Kabayan Village, Pandeglang Subdistrict, Pandeglang Regency. The struggle of Abuya Tb. Abdul Halim started since he built Islamic boarding schools, Abuya thoughts Tb. Abdul Halim was very influenced by Sheikh Nawawi Tanara because Abuya Tb.Abdul Halim had studied with Sheikh Nawawi Tanara. The spirit of his struggle was poured out by participating in religious meetings, practicing his knowledge and supporting organizations such as Masyumi and NU. In 1945 Abuya Tb. Abdul Halim appeared in the struggle against the Dutch colonial until he was appointed Regent in Pandeglang in 1945-1947.

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