Consult Your Heart

In this article, I explore the authority of the heart (qalb) as a potential locus for the individual moral knowledge and normativity in Islamic ethics. To do so, I discuss the two ḥadīths that ostensibly suggest one’s “self” as a source of moral judgment. These ḥadīths raise renewed questions about the sources of moral judgment, the nature of moral judgment and the ethical capacity of the “self” (conscience)—“consult your heart and consult your self …”; “righteousness is good conduct, and sin is that which rankles in your chest and which you would hate for other people to look upon.” There are rich debates in the Islamic tradition on the place and authority of the bāṭin (inward) in generating moral knowledge, which correspond to contemporary discourses in Western ethics on the place of conscience in the moral formation of the individual. In this article, I argue that although Islamic legal tradition as a discipline has focused on qualified external actions of individuals and the ijtihād (independent legal reasoning) of mujtahids (jurists), it did not ignore the authority of the bāṭin for moral assessment and the ijtihād of common individuals. I propose that the inward dimension has always occupied an important space within the interdisciplinary field of Islamic ethics but has been overshadowed by the overarching theological disputes between the Muʿtazilīs and Ashʿarīs over the sources of knowledge. The article starts by exploring the relevant aḥādīth (reports) and their interpretation in ḥadīth commentaries, followed by an analysis of discussions in the fields of Islamic jurisprudence and Sufism.

The Connection of Moral With Social Media

Social media has become a big role in people's lives. The attitudes and influence of today's society are greatly influenced by the circulation of information on social media. One of the things that has a considerable impact in public life is the rampant spread of negative hate speech content on social media. In the face of hate speech on social media it takes foundation and conviction to be right and respectful. Individuals should have the right attitude so that decisions are taken based on belief in the truth of the information received, and not based on assumptions and feelings alone. So the external target of this paper is so that the public can assess what is good and what is not so that people can use social media positively. The approach we use in this activity is a qualitative approach. We choose to use this approach because we use journals as references. Based on the results and discussions above it can be concluded that social media becomes important in today's era. The use of social media is determined by the application, content and the effect it has in shaping a person's morals. The moral formation of a person who is positive and negative from social media used on his gadgets.

The Education of Children in Amoris Laetitia in Light of Thomist Philosophy

This article deals with the essentially human and personal meaning of education presented to us by Pope Francis' Apostolic Exhortation Amoris Laetitia. This work is carried out because of the "Family Year" established to be celebrated from March 2021 to June 2022. It is intended to show that the Exhortation is a true response to the "educational emergency" denounced by Pope Benedict XVI since 2008. A study of chapter VII of the above-mentioned letter, entitled "Towards a better education of children", analyzes and compares with the philosophical principles universally recognized in history about education, especially in St. Thomas Aquinas, with regard to the moral formation of children, recognizing the significant and fundamental responsibility of parents in this important matter. At the end of the analysis it is concluded that the magisterial text is rooted in the tradition of Christian philosophical thought and that, as such, it collaborates, as a light and guide, in the educational work of parents and, therefore, in providing solutions to the problems facing education today; but with regard to the philosophy of the Thomistic being, we cannot say that there is a basis in this metaphysics, although it is perfectly complementary. Este artículo se ocupa del significado esencialmente humano y personal de la educación que nos presenta la Exhortación Apostólica Amoris Laetitia del Papa Francisco. Se realiza este trabajo en razón del “Año de la Familia” establecido para celebrarse desde marzo de 2021 a junio de 2022. Verdadera respuesta a la “emergencia educativa” denunciada a partir de enero de 2008 en el Mensaje del Santo Padre Benedicto XVI a la Diócesis de Roma. Mediante un estudio del capítulo VII de la mencionada carta (Papa Juan Pablo II, 1998), denominado “Fortalecer la educación de los hijos”, se analiza y compara con los principios filosóficos universalmente reconocidos en la historia acerca de la educación, especialmente en Santo Tomás de Aquino, en lo que se refiere a la formación moral de los hijos, reconociendo la significativa y fundamental responsabilidad de los padres en esta importante materia. Al finalizar el análisis se concluye que el texto magisterial está enraizado en la tradición del pensamiento filosófico cristiano y que, como tal, colabora, como luz y guía, en la labor educativa de los padres y, por tanto, en dar solución a los problemas que enfrenta la educación hoy en día; pero respecto de la filosofía del ser tomista, no podemos decir que exista un fundamento en esta metafísica, aunque es perfectamente complementaria (Pontificia Academia Sancti Thomae Aquinatis, 2010).

The value orientations hierarchical analysis of youth studying in college

Ценностные ориентации учащейся молодежи носят динамичный характер, поэтому их изучение является актуальным и в настоящее время. Цель статьи: представление результатов эмпирического исследования на основе анкетирования. Выделены и проанализированы ценностные ориентации учащейся молодежи, обучающейся в колледже. По иерархии, приоритетными ценностями студентов, получающих различное профессиональное образование, остаются семья, дружба и здоровье. В структуре досуга превалирует общение с друзьями по сравнению со спортом и чтением, просмотром TV, другими видами досуга. По мнению студентов, виртуальное общение начинает доминировать над реальным. Образование и культура уступают место материальным ценностям. Результаты анализа также отражают проблему нравственного становления учащейся молодежи, являющегося фундаментом формирования ценностных ориентаций. Представлен опыт духовно-нравственного просвещения в виде приобщения к ценностям православной культуры в колледже Чебоксарского кооперативного института (филиала) Российского университета кооперации. The value orientations of students are dynamic, so their study is relevant at the present time. The article presents the empirical study results based on the author's questionnaire. The value orientations of students studying in college are identified and analyzed. According to the hierarchy, the priority values of students receiving different professional education remain family, friendship and health. In the structure of leisure time, communication with friends prevails in comparison with sports and reading, watching TV, and other leisure activities. According to the students, virtual communication begins to dominate the real one. Education and culture give way to material values. The results of the analysis also reflect the problem of students’ moral formation, which is the foundation for the formation of value orientations. The article presents the experience of spiritual and moral education in the form of familiarization with the values of Orthodox culture at the college of Cheboksary Cooperative Institute (branch) of the Russian University of Cooperation.

IMPLEMENTATION OF PERSON-CENTERED EDUCATION IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES AT HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Современная система физического воспитания студенческой молодежи не физкультурных вузов является приоритетной в формировании физической культуры как вида общей культуры молодого человека, здорового образа и спортивного стиля жизнедеятельности будущих специалистов производства, науки, культуры. Формирование социально активной личности в гармонии с физическим развитием - важное условие подготовки выпускника вуза к профессиональной деятельности в обществе, развивающейся по законам рыночной экономики. Взаимоотношение физического развития и нравственного становления личности в процессе занятий физическими упражнениями получило научное обоснование в теории и методике физического воспитания. Modern system of physical education of students of non-physical universities is a priority in the formation of physical culture as a type of general culture of young people, healthy lifestyle and sporting style of life activities of future specialists in production, science, culture. The formation of a socially active personality in harmony with physical development is an important condition for the preparation of university graduates for professional activity in the society developing according to the laws of the market economy. The relationship between physical development and moral formation of the individual in the process of physical exercise is scientifically substantiated in the theory and methodology of physical education.

The epistolary heritage of Leo Tolstoy at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries: the motive of reading in the estate

Based on the analysis of the letters of Leo Tolstoy 1890–1910 the article analyzes the motive for reading, which is directly related to the estate life. The epistolary heritage of the writer has not yet been fully investigated, and in the study of the estate theme in the work of the late Tolstoy, it plays an important role. Typical for the late XIX — early XX centuries the process of impoverishment of noble estates at this time almost did not touch Yasnaya Polyana. While Tolstoy was alive, his estate remained a kind of energy center. Tolstoy's statements about the works he read in letters make it possible to estimate the volume of his reading, the literature he preferred. The author of the article selected illustrative examples from Tolstoy’s letters with a polar assessment of the works of various writers. The author analyzes the direct messages of the writer about reading as a pastime, hobby, realized mainly in letters to close people: stories about home reading, about the impressions of books. Special attention is paid to reading as the basis for the moral formation of a person and his spiritual growth, as well as the choice of books, the study of which was of decisive importance for the further course of Tolstoy's thought and the direction of his artistic and journalistic work. The article comprehends the role of Tolstoy as a key figure in the literary process at the turn of the century, evaluates its manifestations in the writer’s epistolary heritage.

Pola Komunikasi Interpersonal Guru dan Murid dalam Pembinaan Akhlak di SMP Plus Nurul Hikmah Pamekasan

Interpersonal communication in schools that is established between teacher and student is one important factor in determining individual development, especially the development of morals. Each teacher, of course, has a way to educate and nurture in different ways. The purpose of this study is to describe the patterns of interpersonal communication carried out by teachers and students in fostering morals at SMP Plus Nurul Hikmah Pamekasan. The purpose of this study is to describe the patterns of interpersonal communication carried out by teachers to students in moral development in Nurul Hikmah Pamekasan Middle School and describe the relationship between teachers and students after the application of interpersonal communication patterns in SMP Plus Nurul Hikmah Pamekasan. This study uses a qualitative approach to the type of case study descriptive research. Data sources obtained through interviews and observations with teacher and student informants. While checking the validity of the data is done through the perseverance of researchers and triangulation. The results of research conducted at SMP Plus Nurul Hikmah Pamekasan show that interpersonal communication between teacher and student in the process of moral formation goes quite well. This is evidenced in terms of the communication approach that is carried out by motivating and fostering students to become people of moral mercy. The relationship that exists between teacher and student can be felt after the application of interpersonal communication patterns. This is evidenced by the closeness between the teacher (communicator) and students (communicant) after communication between the two parties occurs, there is a problem resolution and a change in attitude to students. While the changes felt by students after the application of interpersonal communication is done, there is a fear of making mistakes and changing attitudes to be better than before. So that the interpersonal communication patterns of teachers and students in moral development in SMP Plus Nurul Hikmah Pamekasan are declared successful.

Educación en valores por medio del deporte. Una perspectiva filosófica basada en Søren Kierkegaard (Values education through sport. A philosophical perspective based on Søren Kierkegaard)

Educar en valor es un desafío ético que la sociedad tiene para promover los derechos humanos universales. En este contexto, tanto la filosofía, la ciencia y la pedagogía han contribuido a desarrollar metodologías que contribuyan en la formación moral de la ciudadanía. Algunas de ellas siguen una vía intelectual o directa sobre el tema, las cuales se enfocan en la conciencia y comprensión de los valores. Otras metodologías siguen una vía indirecta o emocional, la cual se enfoca en la experiencia y concreción del valor. Esta última vía ha sido fundamentada por el filósofo danés Søren Kierkegaard, quien establece que la comunicación ética ha de ser, principalmente, una comunicación basada en la experiencia. Aquel argumento filosófico realza la importancia de las actividades prácticas para la educación moral, de modo que se concluye que el deporte es un medio propicio para tal finalidad pedagógica. Abstract: Value education is an ethical challenge for society to promote universal human rights. In this context, philosophy, science and pedagogy have all contributed to the development of methodologies that contribute to the moral formation of citizens. Some of them follow an intellectual or direct approach to the subject, which focuses on the awareness and understanding of values. Other methodologies follow an indirect or emotional route, which focuses on the experience and concreteness of the value. The latter way has been substantiated by the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, who states that ethical communication has to be primarily a communication based on experience. This philosophical argument emphasises the importance of practical activities for moral education, which leads to the conclusion that sport is a suitable medium for this pedagogical purpose.

THE INFLUENCE OF PERSONALITY AND SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT ON STUDENTS’ MORAL: A REVIEW ON INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL USING CONVERGENCE THEORY

Moral formation begins with the personality of the individual and the environmental factors around the individual. Consequently, an individual's propensity to be good or bad depends on internal and external factors that motivate him or her to act through his or her conduct. It is necessary to create a situation that may lead to the application of good moral values to students by a conducive education. This can ensure a motivated generation committed to fulfilling their responsibilities to themselves, their families, their peers, society and the country. This study uses Convergence Theory to examine the extent of the influence of personality and school environment in shaping the morals of Malaysian students who attend international schools in the Klang Valley.