Axial sampling height outperforms site as predictor of wood trait variation

ABSTRACTCovariation amongst wood traits along the stem axis is important to maintain hydraulic integrity ensuring sufficient sap flow to the canopy. Here, we test how wood traits (co)vary along the trunk and whether two seasonally dry Brazilian habitats (cerrado and caatinga) influence this variation in two co-occurring species, Tocoyena formosa (Rubiaceae) and Tabebuia aurea (Bignoniaceae). The samples were collected at five heights along the main trunk of three individuals per species in both sites. We used light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy to observe the wood traits. Out of 13 wood traits, nine show relationships with sampling height: eight traits predict height in T. formosa and five in T. aurea. Contrastingly, only three traits show differences between sites and only for T. formosa. The intratrunk wood variation is reflected by the hydraulically weighted vessel diameter showing a curvilinear relationship, disagreeing with the prediction of a continuous vessel widening from tip to base. In both species, the largest vessels are linked to the thinnest intervessel pit membranes. Wood density increases basipetally for both species, being site-dependent and correlated with vessel traits in T. formosa, and site-independent and determined by fiber wall thickness in T. aurea. Furthermore, the functional role of rays was found to be different for each species, and may be related to the marked difference in ray composition. In conclusion, both species show a unique adaptation to deal with height-related constraints using species-specific co-variation amongst wood traits, while site does not contribute much to the wood variation.

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Within-Site Variability of Liana Wood Anatomical Traits: A Case Study in Laussat, French Guiana

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11050523 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 523 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Félicien Meunier ◽

Sruthi M. Krishna Moorthy ◽

Hannes P. T. De Deurwaerder ◽

Robin Kreus ◽

Jan Van den Bulcke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

French Guiana ◽

Growth Form ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Small Sample ◽

Diameter Distribution ◽

Hydraulic Architecture ◽

Woody Vines ◽

Wood Trait ◽

The Individual

Research Highlights: We investigated the variability of vessel diameter distributions within the liana growth form among liana individuals originating from a single site in Laussat, French Guiana. Background and Objectives: Lianas (woody vines) are key components of tropical forests. Lianas are believed to be strong competitors for water, thanks to their presumed efficient vascular systems. However, unlike tropical trees, lianas are overlooked in field data collection. As a result, lianas are often referred to as a homogeneous growth form while little is known about the hydraulic architecture variation among liana individuals. Materials and Methods: We measured several wood hydraulic and structural traits (e.g., basic specific gravity, vessel area, and vessel diameter distribution) of 22 liana individuals in a single sandy site in Laussat, French Guiana. We compared the liana variability of these wood traits and the correlations among them with an existing liana pantropical dataset and two published datasets of trees originating from different, but species-rich, tropical sites. Results: Liana vessel diameter distribution and density were heterogeneous among individuals: there were two orders of magnitude difference between the smallest (4 µm) and the largest (494 µm) vessel diameters, a 50-fold difference existed between extreme vessel densities ranging from 1.8 to 89.3 vessels mm−2, the mean vessel diameter varied between 26 µm and 271 µm, and the individual theoretical stem hydraulic conductivity estimates ranged between 28 and 1041 kg m−1 s−1 MPa−1. Basic specific gravity varied between 0.26 and 0.61. Consequently, liana wood trait variability, even within a small sample, was comparable in magnitude with tree surveys from other tropical sites and the pantropical liana dataset. Conclusions: This study illustrates that even controlling for site and soil type, liana traits are heterogeneous and cannot be considered as a homogeneous growth form. Our results show that the liana hydraulic architecture heterogeneity across and within sites warrants further investigation in order to categorize lianas into functional groups in the same way as trees

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How drought and deciduousness shape xylem plasticity in three Costa Rican woody plant species

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-00000070 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 337-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Alexander Scholz ◽

Anke Stein ◽

Brendan Choat ◽

Steven Jansen

Keyword(s):

Cloud Forest ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Dry Forest ◽

Deciduous Tree ◽

Deciduous Species ◽

Evergreen Species ◽

Seasonally Dry ◽

Tropical Cloud Forest ◽

Tabebuia Rosea ◽

Seasonally Dry Forest

This paper explores the phenotypic plasticity of xylem in tropical trees in order to test the hypothesis that different leaf phenological patterns influence levels of xylem plasticity. Wood anatomy was studied in the wet-deciduous species Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken, the dry-deciduous species Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC., and the evergreen species Ocotea veraguensis (Meisn.) Mez., collected from seasonally dry forest and tropical cloud forest in Costa Rica. Xylem plasticity and trait conservatism were examined by analysing the coefficient of variation (CV) and the relative distance plasticity index (RDPI) of xylem anatomical traits. The two deciduous species exhibited wider vessels, lower wood density, and higher Huber values than the evergreen species. Furthermore, intervessel connectivity was highest for the two deciduous species in seasonally dry forest compared to cloud forest, whereas the opposite was found for the evergreen species. Overall highest trait variability was found for all plants at the seasonally dry site. The evergreen species O. veraguensis had the highest plasticity values compared to the deciduous species. Highest plasticity was found for vessel composition index (vessel area/vessel number), whilestrongest trait conservatism was found for vessel diameter. In conclusion, our data indicate that evergreen O. veraguensis does not show less xylem plasticity than the two deciduous tree species studied.

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Growth and Wood Trait Relationships of Alnus glutinosa in Peatland Forest Stands With Contrasting Water Regimes

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.788106 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Alba Anadon-Rosell ◽

Tobias Scharnweber ◽

Georg von Arx ◽

Richard L. Peters ◽

Marko Smiljanić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wood Density ◽

Water Table ◽

Ring Width ◽

Alnus Glutinosa ◽

Specific Response ◽

Widespread Species ◽

Wood Trait ◽

Wood Traits ◽

Extreme Flooding ◽

Density Correlations

Human-driven peatland drainage has occurred in Europe for centuries, causing habitat degradation and leading to the emission of greenhouse gases. As such, in the last decades, there has been an increase in policies aiming at restoring these habitats through rewetting. Alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) is a widespread species in temperate forest peatlands with a seemingly high waterlogging tolerance. Yet, little is known about its specific response in growth and wood traits relevant for tree functioning when dealing with changing water table levels. In this study, we investigated the effects of rewetting and extreme flooding on alder growth and wood traits in a peatland forest in northern Germany. We took increment cores from several trees at a drained and a rewetted stand and analyzed changes in ring width, wood density, and xylem anatomical traits related to the hydraulic functioning, growth, and mechanical support for the period 1994–2018. This period included both the rewetting action and an extreme flooding event. We additionally used climate-growth and climate-density correlations to identify the stand-specific responses to climatic conditions. Our results showed that alder growth declined after an extreme flooding in the rewetted stand, whereas the opposite occurred in the drained stand. These changes were accompanied by changes in wood traits related to growth (i.e., number of vessels), but not in wood density and hydraulic-related traits. We found poor climate-growth and climate-density correlations, indicating that water table fluctuations have a stronger effect than climate on alder growth. Our results show detrimental effects on the growth of sudden water table changes leading to permanent waterlogging, but little implications for its wood density and hydraulic architecture. Rewetting actions should thus account for the loss of carbon allocation into wood and ensure suitable conditions for alder growth in temperate peatland forests.

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Surviving in semi-arid environments: functional coordination and trade-offs in shrubs from Argentina

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-bja10026 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Natalia Delbón ◽

Lucía V. Castello ◽

Alejandro Rios-Villamil ◽

María T. Cosa ◽

Laura Stiefkens

Keyword(s):

Small Diameter ◽

Leaf Traits ◽

Human Action ◽

Survival Strategies ◽

Arid Environments ◽

Leaf Trait ◽

Seasonally Dry ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Dry Conditions ◽

Wood Traits

Abstract Human action has led to an increase in aridification, making water a progressively scarcer resource. In angiosperms, different species resolve this challenge in diverse ways, mainly through modifications of the xylem network, which is responsible for water efficiency and safety. Xerophytes generally show similar characteristics, but exceptions are rather frequent. One possible explanation for this lack of similarity among cohabiting species is that trade-offs and/or functional coordination between their organs occur and shape alternative survival strategies. Studying species that inhabit a common area can help to identify key traits that determine those diverse strategies and to predict which species might tolerate further environmental change. We here examined the morpho-anatomical wood and bark traits of a group of species that live in a seasonally dry environment in Argentina. In a previous study, we described the leaf traits of these species and we thus aim to complement our findings and outline their strategies to manage water deficits. Our results show that there are different degrees of xeromorphism within this group. Clear xeromorphic traits, such as high vessel frequency and small diameter, were found in most species. However, some presented traits that were appropriate for mesic environments. An overview of leaf and wood traits indicates that the absence of a typical xeric characteristic in the wood might be compensated by the presence of a xeric leaf trait, and vice versa. Collectively, these trait combinations allow these species to survive in dry conditions and could influence their tolerance to increasing aridity.

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Diurnal changes in embolism rate in nine dry forest trees: relationships with species-specific xylem vulnerability, hydraulic strategy and wood traits

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tpv049 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 35 (7) ◽

pp. 694-705 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Patrizia Trifilò ◽

Andrea Nardini ◽

Maria A. Lo Gullo ◽

Piera M. Barbera ◽

Tadeja Savi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Forest ◽

Diurnal Changes ◽

Forest Trees ◽

Xylem Vulnerability ◽

Wood Traits ◽

Species Specific

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Relationship between Wood Traits and Sound Frequency at Different Pitch Levels of Talking Drums (Gangan) Manufactured from Aningeria robusta Wood

International Journal of Wood Culture ◽

10.1163/27723194-20210006 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

K.O. Olaoye ◽

A.O. Oluwadare

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Basic Density ◽

Sound Frequency ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Forest Reserve ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Unique Material ◽

Sampling Height ◽

Wood Traits ◽

Preferred Species

Abstract Wood is a unique material for making musical instruments and is used to make West African talking drums, whose pitch can be regulated depending upon how the player strikes the head of drum and changes its tension. Additionally, talking drum manufacturers have certain wood preferences, and in the absence of preferred species, they use supposedly unsuitable woods. Therefore, there is a need to examine wood traits in relation to the pitch of a talking drum. This study was designed to determine the existing relationship between selected wood traits and the frequency of talking drums made from A. robusta wood. Three A. robusta trees were obtained from Onigambari Forest Reserve. From each tree, three bolts of 50 cm in length were obtained from the base, middle, and top of the tree to determine selected properties (moisture content (MC), wood basic density (WBD), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and manufacturing of talking drums). A spectrum analyzer was used to analyze the sound frequency of the talking drums at three pitch levels (high, medium, low). A completely randomized block design was used and the data obtained was analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and correlation analyses at α 0.05. Sound frequency was not significant along sampling height, but was significant at pitch levels. Additionally, the correlation analysis between wood traits and sound frequency was not significant. Thus, wood cannot be recommended for talking drums’ optimal acoustic performance based on wood traits alone.

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Influence of anatomy and basic density on specific cutting force for wood from Corymbia citriodora Hill & Johnson

Forest Systems ◽

10.5424/fs/2015243-07712 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. e036

Author(s):

Luiz-E. De L. Melo ◽

José-R. M. da Silva ◽

Alfredo Napoli ◽

José-T. Lima ◽

Débora-F. R. Nascimento

Keyword(s):

Cutting Force ◽

Cell Structure ◽

Basic Density ◽

Cutting Speed ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Tissue Cell ◽

Specific Cutting Force ◽

Fiber Wall ◽

Xylem Tissue ◽

Corymbia Citriodora

Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of xylem tissue cell structure, determined through biometry and basic density of the wood from Corymbia citriodora Hill & Johnson on consumption of specific 90º-0º longitudinal cutting force.Area of study: The study area was in the region of the Vale do Rio Doce - Minas Gerais, Brazil.Material and methods: A diametrical board with dimensions of 60 x 18 x 5 cm (length x width x thickness, respectively), with more than 1.3 m from the ground, was removed. In machining trials, a 400 mm diameter circular saw was used, with 24 “WZ” teeth, feed rate of 10 m.min-1, cutting speed of 61 m.s-1, and maximum instantaneous torque of 92.5 N.m. During cutting, test specimens were removed with alternated and parallel 1.5 cm edges in 6 radial positions, which were used for biometric determination of cell structure and basic density.Main results: It was observed that wood basic density, vessel diameter, fiber wall thickness, fiber wall fraction and fiber wall portion were directly proportional to the specific cutting force. In contrast, vessel frequency and fiber lumen diameter proved to be inversely proportional to cutting force.Research highlights: This work provides important values of quantification of influence of xylem tissue cell structure, determined through biometry and physical properties of the wood that may be used to prediction of consumption of specific cutting force.Keywords: wood machining; wood properties; optimization of the process.

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Abstract TP449: Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes From Combined Direct and Indirect Bypass in Adult Patients with Moyamoya Disease: A Retrospective Study of 76 Procedures

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.48.suppl_1.tp449 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Jinbing Zhao ◽

Hongyi Liu ◽

Yuanjie Zou ◽

Shengxue He

Keyword(s):

Moyamoya Disease ◽

Cerebral Perfusion ◽

Superficial Temporal Artery ◽

Temporal Artery ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Adult Patients ◽

Neurological Dysfunction ◽

Neurological Deficits ◽

Main Trunk

Objective: Surgical revascularization is the mainstay of treatment for moyamoya patients. This study was to evaluate the progonosis of combined direct and indirect procedure for moyamoya disease patients. Methods: 76 cerebral hemispheres from 64 adult moyamoya patients undergoing combined superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis and encephalo-duro-myo-synangiosis (EDMS) were reviewed retrospectively. The mean follow-up period was 23±14m (6m-70m). CT or MR perfusion and Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were performed for preoperative diagnosis and postoperative evaluation of cerebral perfusion and revascularization. mRS score, angiographic collateralization score, vessel diameter were recorded to measure neurological dysfunction, revascularization area and vascular compensatory effect respectively. Results: Among the 64 MMD patients, 69 hemispheres received combined direct and indirect operations; 7 hemispheres only received indirect operations. During our follow-up periods, neurological deficits of 57/64 patients (89.1%) were partially alleviated. mRS was significantly decreased after operations not only in all patients, but also in stroke subgroup or hemorrhage subgroup. Generally, good revascularization was established in most of the patients by combined bypass. 92.1% (70/74) sides was scored 2 and 77.6% (59/74) sides was scored 3 determined by angiographic collateralization score. Compared to the preoperative situations (2.60±0.65mm), the calibers of STA main trunk increased profoundly in at postoperative 10 days (3.32±1.05mm, p<0.05 versus pre-operation), and shrinked back to preoperative status at 6 months (2.24±1.00mm, p>0.05 versus pre-operation) and 12 months (2.36±0.73mm, p>0.05 versus pre-operation). Conclusion: Our findings strongly suggested that combined STA-MCA bypass and EDMS provided efficient revascularization and excellent results in preventing strokes and hemorrhage in adult patients. The direct STA-MCA bypass provided early augmentation of cerebral perfusion, whereas the indirect EDMS provided a more durable long-term revascularization, indicating a complementary relationship between the two revascularization methods.

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EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION, PLANTATION DENSITY AND clonal composition ON WOODY BIOMASS QUALITY FOR BIOENERGY IN A SHORT ROTATION CULTURE SYSTEM WITH WILLOWS (Salix spp.)

Revista Árvore ◽

10.1590/1806-90882018000200010 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fabio Germán Achinelli ◽

Guillermo Doffo ◽

Antonio José Barotto ◽

Virginia Luquez ◽

Silvia Monteoliva

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Wood Density ◽

Woody Biomass ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Salix Alba ◽

Short Rotation ◽

Fiber Wall ◽

Plantation Density

ABSTRACT A short rotation intensive system with willows was analyzed with the following aims: a - to determine the effects of irrigation, genotype and plantation density on wood anatomy, wood density, moisture content, lower heating value, total ash content and energy accumulated in the woody biomass; b - to explore the relationships between anatomical and physical wood properties and the parameters determining their quality as a biofuel. A complete factorial experiment was set up, with three factors and two levels for each factor. The factors were: irrigation, plantation density and clone (genotype). The clones were Salix matsudana Koidz. x Salix alba L. ‘Barrett 13-44 INTA´ (B) and Salix alba L. ‘Yaguareté INTA - CIEF´ (Y). 46 stools of 1 m long were sampled, on which the following determinations were carried out: vessel diameter and frequency, fiber wall thickness and area, wood density, moisture content, ash content and heating values. Clone B had higher wood density than clone Y (0.406 vs. 0.395 g/cm3) and lower moisture content (47.11 vs. 50.53 %). The plantation density did not affect any of the variables analyzed. Irrigation increased the energy yield to 393.2 Gj/ha, compared to 309.15 Gj/ha without irrigation. A system with clone B planted at a lower density (13,000 plants/ha) and under irrigation has the best advantage as an energetic crop over the other alternatives evaluated in this work.

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Effect of fertilization on cell size in wood of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden

CERNE ◽

10.1590/s0104-77602010000400006 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 465-472 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Israel Luiz de Lima ◽

Eduardo Luiz Longui ◽

Luiz Santini Junior ◽

José Nivaldo Garcia ◽

Sandra Monteiro Borges Florsheim

Keyword(s):

Cell Size ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Fiber Length ◽

Fiber Diameter ◽

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Radial Position ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Fiber Wall ◽

Vessel Element Length

The use of fertilization in forest stands results in yield gains, yet little attention has been directed to its potential effects on the quality of wood produced. Information is scarce about the effect of fertilization on anatomical structures of older Eucalyptus wood. This work aims to study the effect of fertilization on tissue cell size of wood from a Eucalyptus grandis stand at age 21 years, the management system of which is based on selective thinning and fertilizer application at the start of the thinning season. Factors to consider include: presence or absence of fertilizers, two log positions and five radial (pith to bark) positions. Results led to the conclusion that fertilization significantly influenced only vessel frequency. Vessel element length was influenced by tree height. Fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter and vessel frequency were influenced by the radial position of the sample in relation to the log. A positive correlation was observed between fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter, ray width and radial position, while a negative correlation was observed between ray frequency and radial position.

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