Anatomical Features Of Radial Resin Canals In Pinus Densiflora

IAWA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunhua Zhang ◽  
Tomoyuki Fujii ◽  
Hisashi Abe ◽  
Takeshi Fujiwara ◽  
Minoru Fujita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Tangential Plane ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Resin Canals

We investigated radial resin canals in Pinus densiflora by means of serial tangential sections taken from phloem to xylem through the cambium. The canals were found within fusiform rays in both phloem and xylem. The ducts were closed in the cambial zone, but opened at widely differing distances from the cambium among individual radial resin canals, ranging from 120 to 340 μm on the phloem side and from 260 to 640 μm on the xylem side. Further, the ducts were not open continuously on both sides. The average number of radial resin canals in the tangential plane was 0.76/mm2. In the cambial zone, central cells of fusiform rays which might develop into epithelial cells later, were smaller and more deeply stained than the surrounding ray initial cells, allowing them to be identified at the initial stage. Two or more radial resin canals situated nearby each other were connected through an axial resin canal.

Immunocytochemical studies of axial resin canals. II. Localization of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in epithelium and subsidiary cells of Scots pine

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Resin Canals

Axial resin canals in wood are distinguished into two types based on the morphology of epithelial cells; resin canals with narrow canals and thick-walled epithelial cells (Type I), and resin canals with wide canals and thin-walled epithelial cells (Type II). Following studies on Norway spruce (Type I), the distribution of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in axial resin canals of Scots pine (Type II) is reported here using cytochemical and immunocytochemical methods. The distribution of (1→4)-β-galactan (LM5), (1→5)-α-arabinan (LM6), homogalacturonan (LM19, LM20), xyloglucan (LM15), xylan (LM10, LM11) and mannan (LM21, LM22) epitopes were examined. Axial resin canal complexes in the xylem were composed of canal, epithelium and subsidiary cells (parenchyma and strand tracheids). Strand tracheids were absent in axial resin canals in the phloem. Strand tracheids showed a completely different ultrastructure and chemistry from normal mature tracheids and other types of axial resin canal cells. Immunolocalization of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in axial resin canals showed an overall similar cell wall composition in epithelial cells and subsidiary parenchyma between the xylem and phloem. All types of axial resin canal cells in both xylem and phloem contained homogalacturonan (HG), rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and xyloglucan with a high variation in amount and chemical structure depending on cell wall region and between cell types. In particular, epithelial cell walls facing the canal showed significant differences in HG distribution from other epithelial cell wall regions. No xylan and mannan epitopes were detected in any of axial resin canal cells. Together, our results suggest that the chemistry of axial resin canal cells in Scots pine may be highly compartmentalized depending on functional differences between both cell types and cell wall regions.

REEXAMINATION OF WOOD ANATOMICAL FEATURES IN PINUS KREMPFII (PINACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie M. Ickert-Bond
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Tangential Wall ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Resin Canals ◽  
Made In

Wood anatomy of Pinus krempfii Lecomte, a pine endemic to Vietnam, is described using twig and mature wood collections made in 1995. Characteristics of Pinus krempfii wood include axial and radial resin canals with 6–8 thin-walled epithelial cells; latewood tracheids with tangential wall pitting; lignified ray parenchyma with 2–5 pinoid pits per cross-field; and few to no ray tracheids. Longitudinal tracheid diameter and ray height are smaller in the twig wood than in the mature wood. These features, especially the near absence of ray tracheids, suggest a relationship with Pinus subgenus Strobus section Parrya subsection Balfourianae, which includes P. aristata Engelm. and P. longaeva D. Bailey.

Seasonal Variation in Traumatic Resin Canal Formation in Chamaecyparis Obtusa Phloem

IAWA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Kuroda
Keyword(s):  
Annual Ring ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Resinous Stem Canker ◽  
Traumatic Resin Canals ◽  
Resin Canals ◽  
Artificial Wounding

Trunks of Chamaecyparis obtusa were injured to examine seasonal differences in traumatic resin canal formation in secondary phloem. Even after wounding during winter, differentiation of axial parenchyma into epithelium was initiated, and vertical resin canals formed. After winter wounding, resin canal development was slower and the tangential extent of resin canals was narrower than after spring wounding, and it took one to two months until resin secretion began. After spring wounding, the sites of resin canal formation were the 1- and 2-year-old annual rings of phloem. In August, the location of resin canal formation shifted into the current and 1-year-old annual ring. Resin canals never formed in secondary phloem areas that were 3 or more years old. In C. obtusa trunks that are affected by the resinous stem canker, numerous tangentiallines of resin canals are found throughout the phloem, not just recent and 1- to 2-year-old phloem. The present research indicates that these many lines of resin canals were not formed at one time, and that the stimuli that induce traumatic resin canals must occur repeatedly over many years. The data on artificial wounding effects are useful for understanding resinous stem canker.

Analysis of Turee Microscopic Cuaracters for Separating the Wood of Pinus Contorta and P. Ponderosa

IAWA Journal ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-267
Author(s):  
Alex C. Wiedenhoeft ◽  
Regis B. Miller ◽  
Terra J. Theim
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Diagnostic Character ◽  
Resin Canals

Three microscopic characters were evaluated for the identification of Pinus contorta and Pinus ponderosa. The tangential diameter of the resin canals, including the epithelium, was compared to the tangential diameter of the entire resin canal complex. The latter measurement was shown to give diagnostic results for these species. Data from the examination of ray composition do not support previously published methods for separating P. contorta and P. ponderosa. The presence or absence of small elongate crystals in the subsidiary parenchyma of the resin canal complexes was shown to be the most powerful diagnostic character for separating the wood of these species.

scholarly journals Resin canals in spruce (Picea abis /L./ Karst.) with the occurrence of reaction wood

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Gryc ◽  
Petr Horáček
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Resin Canals

The paper was aimed at the determination of variability of horizontal resin canal dimension in spruce wood in relation to the position in a spruce stem. Significant changes of dimensions in horizontal resin canal along the stem length and radius were found. On the basis obtained of results 3D models (for CW, OW, SWL and SWP zones) describing changes in resin canal dimensions in spruce in relation to the position in a stem were created. In the models, the resin canal dimension decreases with the height of a stem and on the other hand, with an increasing distance from the stem pith the dimension of resin canal increases. The importance of the paper consists in the enlargement of findings about the structure of spruce with compression wood.

The effect of crown position and tree age on resin-canal density in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1257-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinxing Lin ◽  
D A Sampson ◽  
R Ceulemans
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Needle Length ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crown Position ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Resin Canals

Resin canals are an important taxonomic characteristic in conifers. In this paper we examined within- and between-needle variation of the cross-sectional number of resin canals in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Variation within needles was determined from 12 free-hand sections taken along the whole length of foliage collected from a common crown position. The effect of crown location and tree age on resin-canal density was also examined from the midpoint cross sections of 450 Scots pine needles collected from interior and exterior locations from the top, middle, and bottom of 25 crowns of trees ranging in age from 8 to 70 years. Within-needle resin-canal density varied with needle length. Two resin canals were typical for the basal and the terminal needle cross sections. There were 3.2 and 8.6 resin canals for cross sections taken from 10 and 30% of the needle length from the basal sheath, respectively. Resin-canal density was largest, and relatively constant, between 30 and 80% of the needle length. We found significant differences in the cross-sectional number of needle resin canals, as influenced by crown positions and tree age. Resin-canal density increased with foliage height. Foliage from the top one-third of crowns had significantly more resin canals than foliage from the bottom. Foliage collected from the crown interior (proximal to the stem) had fewer resin canals than samples from the crown edge. Resin-canal density increased from 7.1 to 10.3 as tree age increased from 8 to 70 years. These results suggest that crown position and tree age need to be incorporated into the sampling protocols used to establish species standards in resin-canal density, at least for Scots pine, if meaningful comparisons are to be made.Key words: resin canal, needle age, crown position, needle anatomy, Pinus sylvestris.

BRIEF COMMENTS ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF SOFTWOOD AXIAL RESIN CANALS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED CELLS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex C. Wiedenhoeft ◽  
Regis B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Intercellular Space ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Standard Terms ◽  
Resin Canals

The terminology related to axial resin canals in conifers is briefly reviewed, standard terms are clarified and a new term is proposed. The definitions proposed are intended primarily for light microscopic observations. All the cells and spaces of an axial resin canal as differentiated from the axial tracheids are collectively referred to as the resin canal complex. The resin canal is the intercellular space itself, and the epithelium is the uniseriate layer of cells lining the canal. We propose the term subsidiary cells to include all cells exterior to the epithelium, which may be subsidiary parenchyma and /or strand tracheids.

scholarly journals Calycosin Suppresses Epithelial Derived Initiative Key Factors and Maintains Epithelial Barrier in Allergic Inflammation via TLR4 Mediated NF-κB Pathway

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 1106-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Tao ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Xiaoyu Wang ◽  
Can Wang ◽  
Kaifang Bao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Chinese Herb ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Human Keratinocytes ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Hacat Cells ◽  
Initial Stage

Background/Aims: Calycosin is a bioactive component of Astragali Radix, a Chinese herb for treating allergy. We have previously demonstrated that calycosin effectively inhibited allergic inflammation efficiently. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of calycosin on epithelial cells in allergic inflammation. Methods: An initial stage of atopic dermatitis (AD) model in which mice were just sensitized with FITC, was established in vivo and immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) were utilized in vitro. Initiative key cytokines, TSLP and IL-33, were measured by ELISA, qPCR, immunofluorescence and Western blot. The junctions in epithelial cells were observed by electron microscopy and tight junctions (TJs) (Occludin and ZO-1) were assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. TLR4, MyD88, TAK1, TIRAP and NF-κB were measured by qPCR or Western blot. Results: The results showed that TSLP and IL-33 were inhibited significantly by calycosin in the initial stage of AD model. Simultaneously, calycosin attenuated the separated gap among the epithelial cells and increased the expression of TJs. TSLP/IL-33 and TJs were similarly affected in LPS-stimulated HaCaT cells in vitro. Meanwhile, calycosin not only inhibited the expressions of TLR4, MyD88, TAK1 and TIRAP, but also reduced NF-κB activation in vitro and in vivo. An NF-κB inhibitor enhanced the expressions of TJs and reduced that of TSLP/IL-33 in LPS-stimulated HaCaT cells. Conclusion: These results indicated that calycosin reduced the secretion of TSLP/IL-33 and attenuated the disruption of epithelial TJs by inhibiting TLR4 mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings help to understand the beneficial effects of calycosin on AD, and to develop effective preventive or therapeutic strategies to combat this disease and other epithelial barrier deletion-mediated allergic diseases.

Study of Adhesion of Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 to Ileal Intestinal Cells of Mice

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 1430-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
VILMA I. MORATA de AMBROSINI ◽  
SILVIA N. GONZALEZ ◽  
G. OLIVER
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Intestinal Cells ◽  
Surface Molecules ◽  
Good Ability ◽  
Initial Stage

It is well known that the cell wall of Lactobacillus casei CRL 431, a strain present in probiotics, presents lectinlike surface molecules. Presence of these molecules stimulates the immune system. Given the role that lectins and lectinlike substances play in the adhesion phenomenon, it is probable that this is an initial stage in the immunostimulation produced by this bacterium. To confirm this, adhesion of this microorganism to exfoliated mouse ileal epithelial cells was studied in vitro. Other L. casei strains isolated from adult human intestines and one of dairy origin were also examined for their ability to adhere to ileal epithelial cells. Another strain, which was included in the present study, was Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 730. L. casei strains isolated from humans showed good ability to adhere to ileal epithelial cells, whereas L. casei isolated from dairy origin did not. Adhesion was only observed at 37°C and at a pH between 6 and 7.5. The exposure time needed for highest adhesion was 30 min. Presence of lectinlike substances on the surface of L. casei CRL 431 is important to this adhesion phenomenon, since adherence capacity was lost after removal of these substances.

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