BRIEF COMMENTS ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF SOFTWOOD AXIAL RESIN CANALS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED CELLS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex C. Wiedenhoeft ◽  
Regis B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Intercellular Space ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Standard Terms ◽  
Resin Canals

The terminology related to axial resin canals in conifers is briefly reviewed, standard terms are clarified and a new term is proposed. The definitions proposed are intended primarily for light microscopic observations. All the cells and spaces of an axial resin canal as differentiated from the axial tracheids are collectively referred to as the resin canal complex. The resin canal is the intercellular space itself, and the epithelium is the uniseriate layer of cells lining the canal. We propose the term subsidiary cells to include all cells exterior to the epithelium, which may be subsidiary parenchyma and /or strand tracheids.

Immunocytochemical studies of axial resin canals. II. Localization of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in epithelium and subsidiary cells of Scots pine

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Resin Canals

Axial resin canals in wood are distinguished into two types based on the morphology of epithelial cells; resin canals with narrow canals and thick-walled epithelial cells (Type I), and resin canals with wide canals and thin-walled epithelial cells (Type II). Following studies on Norway spruce (Type I), the distribution of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in axial resin canals of Scots pine (Type II) is reported here using cytochemical and immunocytochemical methods. The distribution of (1→4)-β-galactan (LM5), (1→5)-α-arabinan (LM6), homogalacturonan (LM19, LM20), xyloglucan (LM15), xylan (LM10, LM11) and mannan (LM21, LM22) epitopes were examined. Axial resin canal complexes in the xylem were composed of canal, epithelium and subsidiary cells (parenchyma and strand tracheids). Strand tracheids were absent in axial resin canals in the phloem. Strand tracheids showed a completely different ultrastructure and chemistry from normal mature tracheids and other types of axial resin canal cells. Immunolocalization of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in axial resin canals showed an overall similar cell wall composition in epithelial cells and subsidiary parenchyma between the xylem and phloem. All types of axial resin canal cells in both xylem and phloem contained homogalacturonan (HG), rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and xyloglucan with a high variation in amount and chemical structure depending on cell wall region and between cell types. In particular, epithelial cell walls facing the canal showed significant differences in HG distribution from other epithelial cell wall regions. No xylan and mannan epitopes were detected in any of axial resin canal cells. Together, our results suggest that the chemistry of axial resin canal cells in Scots pine may be highly compartmentalized depending on functional differences between both cell types and cell wall regions.

Seasonal Variation in Traumatic Resin Canal Formation in Chamaecyparis Obtusa Phloem

IAWA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Kuroda
Keyword(s):  
Annual Ring ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Resinous Stem Canker ◽  
Traumatic Resin Canals ◽  
Resin Canals ◽  
Artificial Wounding

Trunks of Chamaecyparis obtusa were injured to examine seasonal differences in traumatic resin canal formation in secondary phloem. Even after wounding during winter, differentiation of axial parenchyma into epithelium was initiated, and vertical resin canals formed. After winter wounding, resin canal development was slower and the tangential extent of resin canals was narrower than after spring wounding, and it took one to two months until resin secretion began. After spring wounding, the sites of resin canal formation were the 1- and 2-year-old annual rings of phloem. In August, the location of resin canal formation shifted into the current and 1-year-old annual ring. Resin canals never formed in secondary phloem areas that were 3 or more years old. In C. obtusa trunks that are affected by the resinous stem canker, numerous tangentiallines of resin canals are found throughout the phloem, not just recent and 1- to 2-year-old phloem. The present research indicates that these many lines of resin canals were not formed at one time, and that the stimuli that induce traumatic resin canals must occur repeatedly over many years. The data on artificial wounding effects are useful for understanding resinous stem canker.

Analysis of Turee Microscopic Cuaracters for Separating the Wood of Pinus Contorta and P. Ponderosa

IAWA Journal ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-267
Author(s):  
Alex C. Wiedenhoeft ◽  
Regis B. Miller ◽  
Terra J. Theim
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Diagnostic Character ◽  
Resin Canals

Three microscopic characters were evaluated for the identification of Pinus contorta and Pinus ponderosa. The tangential diameter of the resin canals, including the epithelium, was compared to the tangential diameter of the entire resin canal complex. The latter measurement was shown to give diagnostic results for these species. Data from the examination of ray composition do not support previously published methods for separating P. contorta and P. ponderosa. The presence or absence of small elongate crystals in the subsidiary parenchyma of the resin canal complexes was shown to be the most powerful diagnostic character for separating the wood of these species.

scholarly journals Resin canals in spruce (Picea abis /L./ Karst.) with the occurrence of reaction wood

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Gryc ◽  
Petr Horáček
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Resin Canals

The paper was aimed at the determination of variability of horizontal resin canal dimension in spruce wood in relation to the position in a spruce stem. Significant changes of dimensions in horizontal resin canal along the stem length and radius were found. On the basis obtained of results 3D models (for CW, OW, SWL and SWP zones) describing changes in resin canal dimensions in spruce in relation to the position in a stem were created. In the models, the resin canal dimension decreases with the height of a stem and on the other hand, with an increasing distance from the stem pith the dimension of resin canal increases. The importance of the paper consists in the enlargement of findings about the structure of spruce with compression wood.

The effect of crown position and tree age on resin-canal density in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1257-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinxing Lin ◽  
D A Sampson ◽  
R Ceulemans
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Needle Length ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crown Position ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Resin Canals

Resin canals are an important taxonomic characteristic in conifers. In this paper we examined within- and between-needle variation of the cross-sectional number of resin canals in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Variation within needles was determined from 12 free-hand sections taken along the whole length of foliage collected from a common crown position. The effect of crown location and tree age on resin-canal density was also examined from the midpoint cross sections of 450 Scots pine needles collected from interior and exterior locations from the top, middle, and bottom of 25 crowns of trees ranging in age from 8 to 70 years. Within-needle resin-canal density varied with needle length. Two resin canals were typical for the basal and the terminal needle cross sections. There were 3.2 and 8.6 resin canals for cross sections taken from 10 and 30% of the needle length from the basal sheath, respectively. Resin-canal density was largest, and relatively constant, between 30 and 80% of the needle length. We found significant differences in the cross-sectional number of needle resin canals, as influenced by crown positions and tree age. Resin-canal density increased with foliage height. Foliage from the top one-third of crowns had significantly more resin canals than foliage from the bottom. Foliage collected from the crown interior (proximal to the stem) had fewer resin canals than samples from the crown edge. Resin-canal density increased from 7.1 to 10.3 as tree age increased from 8 to 70 years. These results suggest that crown position and tree age need to be incorporated into the sampling protocols used to establish species standards in resin-canal density, at least for Scots pine, if meaningful comparisons are to be made.Key words: resin canal, needle age, crown position, needle anatomy, Pinus sylvestris.

Leaf Anatomy of Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis, Araucariaceae)

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey E. Burrows ◽  
Suzanne Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Microscope Level ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Spongy Mesophyll ◽  
Oblique Orientation ◽  
Adult Morphology ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Resin Canals

Leaves of adult morphology from Wollemi pine(Wollemia nobilis W.G.Jones, K.D.Hill & J.M.Allen)possess a thick cuticle, sunken stomata, abundant hypodermal fibres, distinctpalisade and spongy mesophyll with most palisade development on the adaxialside, compartmented cells, resin canals, sclereids, and vascular bundles withtransfusion tissue and a fibre cap abaxial to the phloem. Stomata are presenton both leaf surfaces, although in greater density on the abaxial surface, andusually have an oblique orientation and four or five subsidiary cells. At thelight microscope level, Araucaria can be distinguishedfrom Agathis as it possesses unusual compartmented cellsin the mesophyll, while Agathis does not. In addition,most Agathis species are hypostomatic, while mostAraucaria species have stomata on both the abaxial andadaxial surfaces. Thus W. nobilis has a leaf anatomywhich has a greater similarity to Araucaria than toAgathis.

A Visual Information Assessment Tool for Resin Canal Identification and Property Measurement

IAWA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-408
Author(s):  
Fang Fiona Chen ◽  
Jun Li Yang ◽  
Geoff Downes
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Automated Analysis ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Feature Identification ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Scanned Images ◽  
Resin Canals

Resin canal studies rely on the accurate measurement of various resin canal properties. The conventional approach of manually marking resin canals on a wood sample is not only labour intensive but, more importantly, unable to quantify the visual information of resin canals, such as the size and contrast of a resin canal. This paper describes a semiautomatic visual information processing approach that was developed to identify resin canals and growth rings from colour-scanned images of the transverse surface of polished wood samples, and to quantify the characteristics of resin canals by ring-based statistical measures in terms of the area of a resin canal occupied, colour contrast of a resin canal to its surrounding material and resin canals occurrence frequency within a growth ring. The proposed approach endeavours to automate the analysis as far as practicable. Interactive facilities are provided for correcting decisions made by the automated analysis, wherever necessary. The method of resin canal detection, based on image processing techniques, provides an effective solution to many problems that require feature identification and assessment. The proposed approach was used to assess variation in axial resin canals in radiata pine across different sites.

Biological performance of the white pine weevil in relation to the anatomy of the resin canal system of four different host species

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 2035-2041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Boucher ◽  
Robert Lavallée ◽  
Yves Mauffette
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Density Correlation ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Resin Canals ◽  
White Pine Weevil

The anatomy of the resin canal system was observed on lateral branches of four host species of the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck) in relation to weevil performance. The host species studied were Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), and white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Survival, number, and mass of adult weevils were measured on attacked terminal leaders collected before adult emergence. One uppermost lateral branch was collected at the base of each attacked leader. Cross sections of these lateral branches were observed to measure the number, diameter, depth, and density of inner and outer resin canals. Nearly all resin canal measurements differed significantly among species, with white pine differing greatly from the other species with larger canals and lower canal density. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the anatomy of the resin canal system was principally related to adult mass, with the most important variable being the density of inner canals (r = –0.54). Trees characterized by low density of large inner resin canals, like white pine, seemed to favour mass gain in adult weevils. The present study suggests that a high density of inner resin canals constrains the insect to feed on canals early in larval development, which subsequently reduces weevil mass.

Anatomical Features Of Radial Resin Canals In Pinus Densiflora

IAWA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunhua Zhang ◽  
Tomoyuki Fujii ◽  
Hisashi Abe ◽  
Takeshi Fujiwara ◽  
Minoru Fujita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Tangential Plane ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Resin Canals

We investigated radial resin canals in Pinus densiflora by means of serial tangential sections taken from phloem to xylem through the cambium. The canals were found within fusiform rays in both phloem and xylem. The ducts were closed in the cambial zone, but opened at widely differing distances from the cambium among individual radial resin canals, ranging from 120 to 340 μm on the phloem side and from 260 to 640 μm on the xylem side. Further, the ducts were not open continuously on both sides. The average number of radial resin canals in the tangential plane was 0.76/mm2. In the cambial zone, central cells of fusiform rays which might develop into epithelial cells later, were smaller and more deeply stained than the surrounding ray initial cells, allowing them to be identified at the initial stage. Two or more radial resin canals situated nearby each other were connected through an axial resin canal.

scholarly journals Ultrastructure and energy dispersive spectroscopy-based elemental analysis of the fruit exocarps of Musa sinensis L. (Banana) and Musa paradisiaca L. (Plantain) (Musaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 12262
Author(s):  
Barnabas O. OYEYINKA ◽  
Anthony J. AFOLAYAN
Keyword(s):  
Intercellular Space ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Musa Paradisiaca ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Relative Similarity ◽  
Stomata Guard Cells

Ultrastructural investigation and analysis of the elemental spectra composition of Musa sinensis L. and Musa paradisiaca L. exocarp (peels) was carried out using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) respectively. Microstructures such as interlocked, polyhedral epidermal cells, ellipsoid-shaped stomata, guard cells, intercellular space, anticlinal-patterned walls and subsidiary cells were observed, with direct and indirect implications in the deposition of important primary and secondary metabolites, thus connoting some medicinal significance. Furthermore, the energy dispersive x-ray spectra revealed the presence of some important elements such as potassium (K), iron (Fe), carbon (C), oxygen (O), silicon (Si) and gold (Au), with high to relatively high carbon and oxygen peaks consistently observed in Musa sinensis and Musa paradisiaca. In the same vein, the relative similarity observed in the constituents of quite a number of the elemental spectra (carbon, oxygen, silicon, gold) in M. sinensis and M. paradisiaca peels, also reflects species relatedness between M. sinensis and M. paradisiaca.

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