WOOD ANATOMY OF ACALYPHOIDEAE (EUPHORBIACEAE)

Via LM and SEM, we studied wood structure of 51 genera representing 19 tribes of Acalyphoideae, the largest subfamily of Euphorbiaceae. Many acalyphoid woods possess the following features: growth rings indistinct or weakly defined; pores evenly distributed; simple perforation plates (but admixture of irregular scalariform plates common); alternate intervessel pits; vessel-ray pits larger than intervessel pits, circular to elongate and alternate to irregular; thin to moderately thick-walled non-septate fibre-tracheids or libriform wood fibres; parenchyma distribution diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregates, and scanty paratracheal, sometimes in thin-tangential bands; heterocellular rays seldom more than 3 cells wide; and prismatic crystals in parenchyma and /or ray cells. Within this syndrome, a number of other wood characters also occur but at lower frequency. For the most part, the unusual features have not proven systematically informative at the tribal level. Presence of lysigenous radial canals, however, supports recognition of tribe Alchorneae. Wood data do not support the segregation of Peraceae and Pandaceae from subfamily Acalyphoideae.

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Wood Anatomy of Amanoa (Euphorbiaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001318 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 205-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

W. John Hayden ◽

Mark P. Simmons ◽

Linda J. Swanson

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Wood Structure ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Wood Fibres ◽

Lowland Forests ◽

The Caribbean ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Diffuse Porous

Wood anatomy of 29 specimens of seven species of Amanoa from tropieal Africa, South America, and the Caribbean is described. The wood is diffuse-porous with most vessels in short radial multiples. Vessel elements are notably long, have simple perforation plates and smalI, alternate intervessel pits; tyloses are present in heartwood. Libriform wood fibres bear thick walls. Axial parenchyma distribution is diffuse and diffuse-in-aggregates. Chambered crystalliferous axial parenchyma is common. Rays are heterocellular, narrow, and very tal!. The species examined, all from moist lowland forests, have similar wood structure. Wood of Amanoa resembles that of other primitive Euphorbiaceae.

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Wood Anatomy of the Hippocrateoideae (Celastraceae)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001501 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 331-368 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Alberta M.W. Mennega

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Growth Ring ◽

Cell Types ◽

Wood Structure ◽

Phloem Tissue ◽

Characteristic Structure ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

Perforation Plates

In this paper the wood anatomy of the subfarnily Hippocrateoideae of the Celastraceae is treated. Halle's division (1986, 1990) of the subfarnily into four tribes, chiefly based on material of tropical Africa: viz. Salacieae, Campylostemoneae, Helictonemeae and Hippocrateae is followed. In a recent issue of the Flora of the Guianas the Hippocrateaceae - there treated as aseparate farnily - were divided into Hippocrateoideae and Salacioideae. This bipartition was reflected in the wood structure of the genera studied (Mennega 1994). Here the wood structure of all genera worldwide (24), except the Asian genus Arnicratea, is described. It appeared that again a subdivision into two distinct anatomical groups could be made, with the three last tribes mentioned above showing the same characteristic structure as found before in New World Hippocrateae/Hippocrateoideae. The most important features of this group are the presence of very wide and very high rays, in a number of genera with unlignified ray cells at the growth ring border, the absence of included phloem tissue, and in many species an intruding bark resulting in an indented wood pattern in stern cross sections or even an intricate pattern of deep furrows. The Salacieae/Salacioideae on the other hand are characterized by narrow, not exceptionally high rays, absence of unlignified ray cells, the occurrence of septate fibres in a parenchyma-like distribution, and often by the presence of included phloem tissue, either as isolated strands or more often as conspicuous concentric bands, or as irregular bands with radial connections. Features present in all genera are: vessels with simple perforation plates, preponderance of solitary vessels, wide and narrow vessels distributed at random, alternate pitting; fibretracheids, and libriform nonseptate and septate fibres present; axial parenchyma scanty paratracheal or as rare isolated strands; rays heterogeneous, the cell types irregularly distributed, rhombic crystals numerous, often in characteristic radial distribution. Campylostemon, considered in the past by some taxonornists as belonging in Celastraceae or as intermediate between Hippocrateaceae and Celastraceae, closely resembles Hippocrateae in its wood anatomy. And it is especially this group that by its characteristic features -like the wide rays - is more different from Celastraceae in general than Salacieae, which have several features in common with genera of Celastraceae.

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Wood and Bark Anatomy of Argemone (Papaveraceae)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000603 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 247-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. Carlquist ◽

E.L. Schneider ◽

R.B. Miller

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Wood Structure ◽

Intercellular Spaces ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Wood Bark ◽

Shrubby Species ◽

Bark Anatomy ◽

Herbaceous Perennial

Wood anatomy of Argemone fruticosa, sole shrubby species of the genus, is distinctive in having growth rings, thick-walled libriform fibres, thick-walled ray cells with large intercellular spaces, vessels with grooves interconnecting pit apertures, and restriction of vessels to central portions of fascicular areas. Most of these features are related to the xeric ecology of this species. Argemone turnerae is an herbaceous perennial with large roots and sterns, the wood of which exhibits features distinctively related to this habit, including succulence (axial parenchyma substitutes for libriform fibres). Both species of Argemone share such features as storied wood structure and absence of uniseriate rays, which are infrequent in dicotyledons at large but common in other Papaveraceae. Wood data are not decisive in indicating whether the ancestors of Argemone or Papaveraceae were woody or herbaceous, but several features indicative of paedomorphosis can be found in the wood. Bark of Argemone is briefly described.

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Anatomia da madeira de Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante

Ciência e Natura ◽

10.5902/2179460x25024 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 161

Author(s):

José Newton Cardoso Marchiori

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Microscopic Anatomy ◽

Physiological Aspect ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Perforation Plates

This paper deals with the description of general, macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante, an aphyllous and xerophilous shrub from Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Pores of very small diameter, very short vessel elements, spiral thickenings and simple perforation plates in vessels, non sptate libriform fibers, scanty paratracheal axial paranchyma, and Heterogeneous II rays were observed in the wood.. Perforated cells are also common in rays. The presence of perforated ray cells and anatomical features of the vessel elements are discussed with respect to eco-physiological aspect of the plant and wood anatomy literature.

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Wood Anatomy of Lithraea Ternifolia (Gill.) Barkley ' Rom. (Anacardiaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001025 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 47-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nora Martijena

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Growth Ring ◽

Wood Structure ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Small Vessels ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Diffuse Porous

A description of the wood structure of Lithraea ternifolia (Gill.) Barkley ' Rom. (Anacardiaceae) is given. It is diffuse-porous, with pores solitary, in multiples, clusters and in chains, and small vessels with simple perforation plates. The rays are uni- and multiseriate, heterogeneous. It has paratracheal axial parenchyma and libriform fibres. Disjunctive cells and crystalliferous strands are present. The hydraulic tissue seems weil adapted to prolonged dry periods. One growth ring is generally formed each year. Moreover, other types of growth layers are delineated: intra-annual, lens-, half-Iens-, and arcshaped.

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Wood Anatomy of Caesalpinia S.S., Coulteria, Erythrostemon, Guilandina, Libidibia, Mezoneuron, Poincianella, Pomaria and Tara (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Caesalpinieae)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000218 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 247-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Peter Gasson ◽

Kate Warner ◽

Gwilym Lewis

Keyword(s):

Dna Sequences ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Point Of View ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Caesalpinia Sappan ◽

Old World ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Anatomical Point ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Old World Tropics

Caesalpinia s.l. traditionally comprised c. 140 species in the New and Old World tropics, and contained a maximum of 25 generic synonyms. The genus in its broadest sense has been shown to be polyphyletic in molecular studies, and most species have now been assigned to reinstated segregate genera: Caesalpinia s.s. (c. 25 spp.), Coulteria (10 spp.), Erythrostemon (13 spp.), Guilandina (c. 7 spp.), Libidibia (8 spp.), Mezoneuron (c. 26 spp.), Poincianella (c. 35 spp.), Pomaria (16 spp.) and Tara (3 spp.). About 15 Asian taxa remain unassigned pending more data, especially DNA sequences. In this paper we describe the wood anatomy of these nine segregate genera, outlining the features that consistently help define some of them. We have examined the wood of 27 species representing all the woody segregate genera and found wood descriptions of three more species in the literature. Most species lack well defined growth rings, vessels are solitary and in radial multiples, intervessel pitting is alternate and vestured, fibres are mainly non-septate, axial parenchyma is aliform to confluent and irregularly storied, and the rays are mainly 1–2-seriate, mostly non-storied, and of varying height. Prismatic crystals are in chambered axial parenchyma cells in all except Erythrostemon gilliesii (Hook.) Link, and in ray cells in many species. Libidibia is well defined, with storied axial parenchyma, narrow short storied homocellular rays and lacking crystals in ray cells. Tara is also well defined with non-storied heterocellular rays and some ray cells containing crystals. The other genera are less consistent in wood characters. In Caesalpinia s.s. the rays are not storied, and most species lack crystals in ray cells. Coulteria has some species with storied rays and all have homocellular rays and crystals in ray cells. Poincianella is particularly poorly defined from a wood anatomical point of view, perhaps indicating that it can be further segregated. A few Poincianella species have septate fibres, which are otherwise seen only in Libidibia corymbosa. Mezoneuron has non-storied, heterocellular rays. The two species of Guilandina we examined have wide vessels and heterocellular rays containing crystals. Only two species of Erythrostemon were examined and E. gilliesii was unusual in having ring porous wood and very wide rays (but the sample was cultivated at Kew, and we do not know its porosity in its native range). Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston (originally described as Reichardia decapetala Roth) and Caesalpinia sappan L. from the Old World have not been reassigned to a segregate genus. Pomaria is mainly herbaceous and we have included some information on it.

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Trabeculae and Al-accumulation in the wood cells of Melastomataceae species from Brazilian savanna

Botany ◽

10.1139/cjb-2016-0135 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 95 (5) ◽

pp. 521-530

Author(s):

Camilla Rozindo Dias Milanez ◽

Carmen Regina Marcati ◽

Silvia Rodrigues Machado

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Gelatinous Fibers ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Gelatinous Fiber ◽

The Common ◽

New Perspective ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

First Time ◽

Additional Role

Family Melastomataceae is an important component of the Brazilian Cerrado flora, inhabiting different environments from those with well-drained soils to swamp soil sites. Several members of this family are recognized as aluminum (Al)-accumulating. We studied the wood anatomy of six species of Melastomataceae (Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana, M. fallax DC., M. chamissois Naudin, M. ligustroides (DC.) Naudin, Microlepis oleaefolia (DC.) Triana, Rhynchanthera dichotoma DC.), growing in different environments of Cerrado, exploring the occurrence of trabeculae and Al-accumulation sites. We processed the material following the usual techniques in wood anatomy and histochemistry. We used a chrome azurol-S spot-test in fresh material to detect Al-accumulation. The common features were diffuse porosity, vessel elements with simple perforation plates and vestured pits, abundant parenchyma-like fiber bands and septate fibers, axial parenchyma scanty to vasicentric, and heterocellular rays. The presence of trabeculae in vessel elements, septa in parenchyma cells, and aluminum in the G-layer of the gelatinous fiber walls, in the septa of fibers, in cambial initials and derivatives cell walls, and in the vacuole of ray cells are recorded for the first time for Melastomataceae. The results of this study indicate an additional role for gelatinous fibers in Al-accumulation, and offer a new perspective on Al-compartmentalization in the wood cells from Cerrado species.

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WOOD ANATOMY OF SEVEN SPECIES KNOWN AS "PAU-PARA-TUDO" IN BRAZIL

CERNE ◽

10.1590/01047760201622032119 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 261-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Claúdia Luizon Dias Leme

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Plant Species ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Correct Identification ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Drimys Brasiliensis ◽

Perforation Plates

ABSTRACT Different medicinal plant species can be sold under the same common name. Considering the importance of the correct identification, this study aims to separate, using wood anatomy, seven species popularly known as pau-para-tudo. The results show that Drimys brasiliensis is separated from the others by the presence of tracheids. Capsicodendron dinisii hhas scalariform perforation plates and oil cells associated with the axial parenchyma. Axial parenchyma paratracheal vasicentric and in marginal bands beyond the rays' width, can separate Osteophoeum platyspermum from Simaba cedron. Handroanthus serratifolius has the unique presence of the axial unilateral paratracheal parenchyma and storied cell elements (parenchyma, fibers and vessel elements). Rauvolfia sellowii and Leptolobium dasycarpum can be separated by the number of square/upright marginal ray cells, greater in Rauvolfia sellowii. Thus, this work shows that wood anatomy is a valuable tool for species separation, helps with the identification and consequently is important for the quality control of plant product.

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Using Lenses Attached to a Smartphone as a Macroscopic Early Warning Tool in the Illegal Timber Trade, in Particular for CITES-Listed Species

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11111147 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1147

Author(s):

Paloma de Palacios ◽

Luis G. Esteban ◽

Peter Gasson ◽

Francisco García-Fernández ◽

Antonio de Marco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Warning ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

International Treaties ◽

Protected Species ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Timber Trade ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings

Wood anatomy is a key discipline as a tool for monitoring the global timber trade, particularly for wood listed in protected species conventions such as Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). One of the main barriers to reducing illegal trafficking of protected species is ensuring that customs officials with appropriate training in wood anatomy are equipped with simple tools, at both the origin and destination of shipments, so they can raise an early warning about wood suspected of contravening international treaties and immediately send samples to a specialised laboratory. This work explains how lenses attached to a smartphone, capable of achieving up to 400× magnification using the phone digital zoom, can be used to distinguish features that are not visible with traditional 10× or 12× lenses, enhancing the capacity to view features not typically observable in the field. In softwoods, for example, this method permits determination of the type of axial parenchyma arrangement, whether there are helical thickenings in axial tracheids and whether axial tracheids have organic deposits or contain alternate polygonal pits, and in the rays, if the tracheids are smooth-walled or dentate and if the cross-field pits are window-like. In hardwoods, it allows verification of the presence of tyloses and deposits in vessels, the type of perforation plates and whether the intervascular pitting is scalariform; in the rays it is possible to differentiate the types of ray cells; and in the axial parenchyma, to determine the presence of oil cells. In addition, unlike macroscopic analysis with a conventional magnifying lens, this type of lens can be used with the appropriate mobile application for the biometry of important elements such as ray height and vessel diameter.

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ECOLOGICAL TRENDS IN THE WOOD ANATOMY OF SOME BRAZILIAN SPECIES. 1. GROWTH RINGS AND VESSELS

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000233 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 3-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Edenise Segala Alves ◽

Veronica Angyalossy-Alfonso

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Brazilian Species ◽

Temperature And Humidity ◽

Brazilian Flora ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings ◽

Special Arrangement

Some ecological trends based on wood were established in woody florulas of several regions in Brazil. Growth rings and qualitative vessel features were analysed in trees belonging to the 22 most representative families of the Brazilian flora, including 133 genera, 491 species and 686 specimens. Some ecological trends were statistically proven by Pearsonʼs Standardised Residues. The presence of growth rings was associated with seasonal environments. Vessels tended to show special arrangement patterns at higher latitudes and in environments affected by thermal seasonality. Vessels in multiples were more common in environments that were seasonal for temperature and humidity. Although not statistically significant, there is a trend for multiple perforation plates and helical thickenings to be most common in higher latitudes and colder environments. Overall, the results for Brazilian species are compatible with trends established by other authors for other floras and /or taxa.

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