ECOLOGICAL TRENDS IN THE WOOD ANATOMY OF SOME BRAZILIAN SPECIES. 2. AXIAL PARENCHYMA, RAYS AND FIBRES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edenise Segala Alves ◽  
Veronica Angyalossy-Alfonso
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Fibre Wall ◽  
Brazilian Species ◽  
Brazilian Flora

Some ecological trends in wood anatomy were established in florulas from several regions in Brazil. Characteristics of the axial and radial parenchyma and fibres were analyzed in trees belonging to 22 families of the Brazilian flora, including 133 genera, 491 species and 686 specimens. Some ecological trends were statistically supported by Pearson’s Standardised Residues. At lower latitudes, the axial parenchyma was predominantly paratracheal and more abundant; the rays were thinner, and the fibre walls thicker. At higher latitudes, the parenchyma was predominantly apotracheal and not so abundant, the rays were wider and the fibre walls thinner. Fibre wall thickness was related to humidity. Thinner walls were found in more humid environments, thicker walls were associated with drier environments. No trends for ray composition were identified. Overall, the results for Brazilian species are compatible with trends established by other authors.

ECOLOGICAL TRENDS IN THE WOOD ANATOMY OF SOME BRAZILIAN SPECIES. 1. GROWTH RINGS AND VESSELS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edenise Segala Alves ◽  
Veronica Angyalossy-Alfonso
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Brazilian Species ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Brazilian Flora ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Helical Thickenings ◽  
Special Arrangement

Some ecological trends based on wood were established in woody florulas of several regions in Brazil. Growth rings and qualitative vessel features were analysed in trees belonging to the 22 most representative families of the Brazilian flora, including 133 genera, 491 species and 686 specimens. Some ecological trends were statistically proven by Pearsonʼs Standardised Residues. The presence of growth rings was associated with seasonal environments. Vessels tended to show special arrangement patterns at higher latitudes and in environments affected by thermal seasonality. Vessels in multiples were more common in environments that were seasonal for temperature and humidity. Although not statistically significant, there is a trend for multiple perforation plates and helical thickenings to be most common in higher latitudes and colder environments. Overall, the results for Brazilian species are compatible with trends established by other authors for other floras and /or taxa.

Wood Anatomy of the Tribe Caesalpinieae (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) in Venezuela

IAWA Journal ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narcisana Espinoza de Pernía ◽  
José Luis Melandri
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Reliable Identification ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
Fibre Wall ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Descriptive Information

We studied the microscopic wood anatomy of 8 genera and 30 species in the tribe Caesalpinieae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae, with a focus on the identification and comparative anatomy of these genera. Characters suitable for reliable identification include intervessel pit size, fibre wall thickness, septate fibres, storied structure, ray type, ray width, and silica bodies. A table of diagnostic characters, generic descriptions, and photomicrographs provide tools for identification and descriptive information for comparative and phylogenetic studies.

scholarly journals PERUBAHAN SIFAT FISIK DAN STABILITAS DIMENSI KAYU AKIBAT PENGAWETAN MENGGUNAKAN IMPREGNASI KARBONDIOKSIDA

PERENNIAL ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asdar
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Wood Identification ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Perforation Plates

The anatomical characteristics were studied to collect information for wood identification of Gyrinops versteegii from Gorontalo. Anatomical characterisics were determined from microtome sectioned samples and macerated samples. Observation of anatomical structure in accordance to IAWA List included vessel (diameter, height, grouping, frequention, porosity, arrangement, perforation plates, deposits, and pits), rays (type, height, width and frequention), parenchyme, and fiber (diameter, diameter of lumina and wall thickness). The research results obtained are G. versteegii has included phloem, diffuse porous, radial multiple 2-4(7), 90 µm in tangential diameter, 14 per sq.mm, simple perforation plates, intervessel pit alternate and no deposites in vessel. Rays uniseriate, heterocellular and 8,4 rays per mm. Axial parenchyma diffuse or associated with included phloem and there are fusiform parenchyma cells. Intercellular canals absent. This wood has short size and very thin walled fiber. Keywords: Agar wood, wood anatomy, included phloem, G. versteegii

Ecological and Systematic Wood Anatomy of Alstonia (Apocynaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kade Sidiyasa ◽  
Pieter Baas
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Fibre Wall ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Anatomical Characters

The wood anatomy is described of three sections of the genus Alstonia: sections Alstonia, Monuraspermum, and Dissuraspermum. The wood anatomical characters support the infrageneric classification on the basis of macropmorphological and pollen morphological features (Sidiyasa 1998). Vessel frequency, mean tangential vessel diameter, LID ratio, ray frequency, presence or absence of laticifers, parenchyma distribution, fibre wall thickness, and fibre wall pitting are all, in various degrees, diagnostic to separate the light Alstonia timber group (= section Alstonia) from the heavy Alstonia group (including the other two sections studied). Sections Monuraspermum and Dissuraspermum can be separated on vessel frequency and mean tangential vessel diameter. Among the light Alstonia group, the swamp inhabiting species have lower multi seriate rays than the non-swamp species which presumably root in well-aerated soils. Vessel elements and fibres also tend to be shorter in material from swamps, but this difference is not statistically significant. This tendency is perhaps associated with the physiological drought induced by water-logged soils.

Comparative wood anatomy of Eucryphia wilkiei and E. jinksii (Cunoniaceae): two narrow endemics from Queensland, Australia

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 739
Author(s):  
Imogen Poole ◽  
Richard W. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Anatomical Data ◽  
Narrow Endemics ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy

Qualitative and quantitative wood anatomical data are given for two narrow Queensland endemic Eucryphia species, E. wilkiei B.Hyland and Eucryphia jinksii P.I.Forst. Comparisons of wood anatomy of all extant Eucryphia taxa show that E. jinksii and E. wilkiei are distinct from each other, and other Eucryphia species. However, for both species characters relating to perforation plates, helical thickening (E. wilkiei only) and fibres are shared with the South American species, whereas the presence of crystals in the axial parenchyma is shared only with the Australian species. These data suggest that, based on wood anatomy, E. jinksii and E. wilkiei are basal among Australian species.

ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISATION AND VARIABILITY OF THE THISTLE CYNARA CARDUNCULUS IN VIEW OF PULPING POTENTIAL

IAWA Journal ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Quilhó ◽  
Jorge Gominho ◽  
Helena Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Anatomical Variation ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Slight Variation ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Cynara Cardunculus ◽  
Fibrous Sheath ◽  
Fibre Wall ◽  
Fibre Width

The thistle Cynara cardunculus L. is an herbaceous perennial with high productivity that is harvested annually and is a potential fibre crop for paper pulp production. The anatomical variation within stalks was studied (base, middle and top) and compared in C. cardunculus plants at different development phases. The stalk of C. cardunculus includes an epidermis, cortex and a central cylinder with fibro-vascular bundles with phloem, xylem and a fibrous sheath that is variable in arrangement and size within and between plants.At harvest, the pith represents 37% of the stalk transectional area and 7% of the total weight. There was a slight variation in quantitative features of, respectively, the three development groups studied; mean fibre length was 1.04 mm, 0.95 mm and 1.05 mm; mean fibre width was 15 μm, 16 μm and 21 μm; mean fibre wall thickness was 3.2 μm, 3.4 μm and 4.9 μm. Fibre length and width decreased within the stem from base to top, while fibre wall thickness increased. Mean vessel diameter was 22 μm and mean vessel element length 220–483 μm. In mature plants, parenchyma represents 39% of the total transectional area and fibres 25%. The proportion of fibres increases during plant development and in mature plants is highest at the stalk base.As regards anatomical features, Cynara stalks compare favourably to other annual plants and fibre biometry indicates good potential for paper sheet forming and strength properties.

scholarly journals A contribution to the identification of charcoal origin in Brazil III: microscopic identification of 10 Cerrado species

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaís A. P. Gonçalves ◽  
Julia Sonsin-Oliveira ◽  
Silvana Nisgoski ◽  
Carmen R. Marcati ◽  
Adriano W. Ballarin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Conservation Priorities ◽  
Illegal Logging ◽  
Charcoal Production ◽  
Microscopic Description ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Scanning Electron

Brazil has one of the richest biodiversities in the world. The Brazilian savanna is a hotspot for conservation priorities and its deforestation is of global concern. Conservation in this biome is threatened by unsustainable use of forests, such as illegal logging for charcoal production. Thus, government agents need to verify whether charcoal loads follow the Document of Forestry Origin (DOF). To improve charcoal identification, our study presents the microscopic description of 10 Cerrado species and provides an identification key to aid government agents during surveillance. We analysed charcoal samples with a scanning electron microscope. The method of carbonisation simulated real conditions. We chose species with similar wood anatomy (sparse axial parenchyma and narrow rays), which increases misidentification by forest controllers because of their difficulty to identify these features. Also, paratracheal scanty, diffuse and diffuse-in-aggregates parenchyma were harder to recognise in charcoal than in wood. Other features, such as vessels, rays and abundant axial parenchyma, were easily identified. The present work can be used as a part of a charcoal anatomy database focussed on preventing deforestation in Brazil and in other countries with similar problems.

Characterization and comparison of the wood anatomical traits of plantation grown Quercus acutissima and Quercus variabilis

IAWA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Shan Li ◽  
Juan Guo ◽  
Haiqing Ren ◽  
Yurong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Membrane Thickness ◽  
Quercus Acutissima ◽  
Fibre Wall ◽  
Growth Ring Width ◽  
Cambial Age ◽  
Pit Membrane

Abstract Oaks are important tree species, providing essential biomaterial for the wood industry. We characterize and compare wood anatomical traits of plantation grown Quercus acutissima Carruth. and Q. variabilis Blume to provide more detailed information to understand xylem radial growth, structure, and function, as well as differences between sapwood and heartwood, to provide data relevant for tree breeding and value-added wood utilization of oak plantations in China. In this study, radial strips were collected at breast height from the main trunk of the two species. Latewood percentage and growth ring width were investigated by X-ray densitometry and a Tree Ring Analysis System, respectively. Vessel and fibre lumen diameter, vessel and fibre wall thickness, vessel density, fibre wall thickness/diameter ratio, tissue proportions, and pit membrane thickness in between vasicentric tracheids were observed with light microscopy and electron microscopy and quantified. There were significant differences in a few wood anatomical traits between the two species: vessel wall thickness and vessel lumen diameter were higher in Q. acutissima than in Q. variabilis, while higher axial parenchyma proportion in sapwood was found in Q. variabilis than in Q. acutissima. More abundant tyloses were found in heartwood than in sapwood of both species. Our work showed the intraspecific and interspecific variation of the two species. Most differences between sapwood and heartwood must be attributed to differences in cambial age during their formation.

Wood anatomy of historic French violin bows made of Pernambuco wood

IAWA Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-332
Author(s):  
Tahysa Mota Macedo ◽  
Cecília Gonçalves Costa ◽  
Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima ◽  
Claudia Franca Barros
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
High Quality ◽  
String Instruments ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
Brazilian Northeast

Abstract Paubrasilia echinata is recognized as the best wood in the manufacture of high-quality bows for string instruments. The wood anatomy of five historic French violin bows of the 19th and 20th century made of Pernambuco wood were investigated in order to reveal the wood anatomic features of these historical bows, to determine which P. echinata morphotype (arruda, café or laranja) was used in their manufacture and to identify the state of origin of the wood. Five bow samples were compared to 33 P. echinata specimens from the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte. The wood anatomical features were compared by means of principal component analysis, which revealed the type of axial parenchyma and percentage of tissue to be the most important to sort specimens. The best wood anatomical features previously described for high-quality bows were corroborated here and the bows in general showed similar wood anatomical features. Based on wood anatomy we found that the violin bows were most similar to the samples from the arruda morphotype derived from the States of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte by presenting scanty, unilateral and vasicentric axial parenchyma without confluences forming bands, higher percentage of fibres and lower percentage of axial parenchyma. We can therefore suggest that the historical French violin bows studied here were all made of the arruda morphotype from the Brazilian Northeast region helping explain the preference of the French explorers for this region.

Wood Anatomy of Elm (Ulmus) and Hackberry (Celtis) Species Native to the United States

IAWA Journal ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Wheeler ◽  
C. A. LaPasha ◽  
R. B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Celtis Pallida ◽  
Diffuse Porous

Wood anatomy of Ulmus and Celtis species (Ulmaceae) native to the United States is described. Ulmus differs from ring-porous species of Celtis in ray structure, crystallocation, and colour and fluorescence of water extracts. The soft elms/non-winged bark species (Ulmus americana and Ulmus rubra) differ from the hard elms/winged bark species (U. alata, U. crassifolia, U. serotina, and U. thomasii) in density, earlywood pore diameter, and appearance of crystal-containing axial parenchyma. Some species of hard elm can be distinguished from one another by a combination of characters: water extract colour and fluorescence, earlywood pore diameter and spacing. The anatomy of ring-porous species of Celtis is unifonn, except that in C. reticulata earlywood pores have a smaller radial diameter than the other species. Celtis pallida is diffuse-porous and resembles other diffuse-porous species of the genus. Vessel element lengths are similar for all species within these two genera regardless of habitat.

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