scholarly journals On the Strata Analysis of First Division Unrounded Finals of Xiè Rhyme Group in Proto Min and Related Issues

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-176
Author(s):  
Rui-wen Wu
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Time Sequence ◽  
Six Dynasties ◽  
Old Chinese ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Southern Chinese ◽  
Chinese Dialect ◽  
Chinese Dialects ◽  
Diachronic Development

This paper analyses the different phonological strata of first division unrounded finals of the Xiè Rhyme Group （蟹攝），specifically the Xai rhyme and Tài rhyme, in the finals system of proto-Min and explores the distinction between double rhymes in old Jiangdong dialects. Norman (1981) reconstructed five finals for Xai rhyme and Tài rhyme. They are:*əi for Xai 菜咍栽咍來咍 *oi for Xai 袋咍 *ɑi for Tài 帶泰蔡泰蓋泰 *uəi for Xai 改咍 *yəi for Xai 開咍 According to Norman’s reconstruction, there are four finals for the Xai rhyme but there is only one final for the Tài rhyme. Therefore, some issues need to be clarified. To begin with, what is the time sequence of those four forms of Xai? Additionally, three forms are reconstructed by one cognate in proto-Min. It is highly doubtful to regard those forms as a single stratum individually. Furthermore, the double rhymes, Xai and Tài, could be distinct in the Qieyun system but merged in most modern Chinese dialects. However, some southern dialects retain the distinction (refer to Cao et al. 2000, Wang 2004 and Wu 2005). How is the distinction of double rhymes expressed in proto-Min? It is worth examining those questions in depth.The methodology of this paper is the comparative method. We would like to expand Min dialectal material and find more reliable cognates to reexamine Norman’s finals of Xai and Tài. From the perspective of historical development, proto-Min has several different phonological strata. After thoughtful and cautious analysis, those strata could be an important reference for the reconstruction of both Middle Chinese and Old Chinese. An important aim of this paper is to reconstruct the Jiangdong dialect, a southern Chinese dialect used in the Six Dynasties period, using proto-Min and related common dialect systems.In conclusion: 1. both Xai and Tài could be reconstructed as two forms in the finals system of Proto-Min. In brief, *-əi and *-oi are for Xai; *-ɑi and *-ai are for Tài. 2. from a diachronic development viewpoint,the pattern *-oi: *-ai reveals the distinction of Xai and Tài, i.e. double rhyme, in the Six Dynasties Jiangdong dialect. 3. Relatedly, the pattern *-əi: *-ɑi could be traced to differences between the Zhi group （之部） and Jì group （祭部） in Old Chinese.

scholarly journals A Semantic Study of the Classifiers 只Zhī, 个Gè and 条Tiáo in Mandarin and Three Southern Chinese Dialects

MANUSYA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Chanyaporn Chawla
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Prototype Theory ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Interview Technique ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Southern Chinese ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
General Classifier ◽  
Chinese Dialects

As we know, in spoken language, 个gè is a commonly accepted general classifier 3 in Modern Chinese. However, this is not the case for other dialects. In the Southern dialects, the specific classifier 只zhī in Mandarin is adopted (Wang, 2008 (c): 279-281). Additionally, in certain Southern dialects, 条tiáo has a wide range of uses. Thus, it can be said that all these individual classifiers share one common feature: all are often used with several kinds of common nouns, i.e. for persons, animals, body parts, objects of daily use, etc. Consequently, in this paper, I will explore the three Chinese classifiers 只zhī, 个gè and 条tiáo in Mandarin, comparing them with the three other Southern dialects, namely Hakka, Chaozhou, and Cantonese, employing the prototype theory (Rosch, 1978) and interview technique, in order to reveal how Northern and Southern people view the world through these classifiers.

Filling gaps or code choice? Code-switching across generations in colloquial Singapore Mandarin

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Cher Leng Lee
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
Code Choice ◽  
Southern Chinese ◽  
Chinese Dialect ◽  
Chinese Dialects ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Middle Generation

AbstractSingapore is a multiracial, multicultural island nation; three quarters of its population is ethnic Chinese. This paper examines the phenomenon of code-switching between the younger generation and their parents, and grandparents, focusing on the English, Chinese dialect and Malay elements present in this variety of spoken Mandarin. The data is taken from university students who have recorded their conversations with their parents, grandparents, siblings and friends. Many of the older generation in their 70s still speak southern Chinese dialects such as Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka, and Hainanese as well as Bazaar Malay (which was a lingua franca with Hokkien). Their spoken Mandarin consists of code-switching with these dialects. The middle generation in their 50s is the generation that is able to communicate both with the older generation and younger generation in the various languages. Their spoken Mandarin consists of English, dialects, and even some Malay. The younger generation in their 20s can hardly understand or speak these dialects as a result of the Speak Mandarin Campaign which was launched in 1979 to replace all dialects with Mandarin. As such, the younger generation’s spoken Mandarin consists mainly of English code-switched elements. This paper argues that code-switching takes place mainly due to convenience to fill in the gaps when younger speakers do not know the Mandarin equivalent of the words in certain domains, given the changes in language policies in the nation. In this case, it is not necessarily a choice of code but rather filling the gaps with the language that they know out of necessity.

Typological shift in lexicalizing motion events: The case of Wenzhou

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingxia Lin
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Head Motion ◽  
Motion Events ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chinese Dialect ◽  
Chinese Dialects ◽  
Motion Verb ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Modern Standard

AbstractTypological shift in lexicalizing motion events has hitherto been observed cross-linguistically. While over time, Chinese has shown a shift from a dominantly verb-framed language in Old Chinese to a strongly satellite-framed language in Modern Standard Mandarin, this study presents the Chinese dialect Wenzhou, which has taken a step further than Standard Mandarin and other Chinese dialects in becoming a thoroughly satellite-framed language. On the one hand, Wenzhou strongly disfavors the verb-framed pattern. Wenzhou not only has no prototypical path verbs, but also its path satellites are highly deverbalized. On the other hand, Wenzhou strongly prefers the satellite-framed pattern, to the extent that it very frequently adopts a neutral motion verb to head motion expressions so that path can be expressed via satellites and the satellite-framed pattern can be syntactically maintained. The findings of this study are of interest to intra-linguistic, diachronic and cross-linguistic studies of the variation in encoding motion events.

Southern Chinese dialects as a medium for reconciliation within Greater China

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary S. Erbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Greater China ◽  
Southern Chinese ◽  
Singapore Chinese ◽  
Chinese Dialects ◽  
Economic Boom

ABSTRACTSouthern Chinese dialects – Cantonese, Taiwanese, and Hakka – have received little official support from the governments of the nations where Chinese is spoken; they are not mutually intelligible with Mandarin, and are often deeply stigmatized. Although China's language wars have paralleled cold war hostilities, unofficial forces in the 1990s are rapidly enhancing dialect prestige, as an economic boom increasingly links the “Greater China” of the People's Republic, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. (Chinese dialects, Mandarin, Cantonese, Min, Hakka, bilingualism, Hong Kong, Taiwan, official language)

scholarly journals A Study on Two New Chinese Mandarin Phrases “Jiang Zhen” (讲真) and “Lao Siji” (老司机) from the Three Dimensions of Language

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Aihua Wen
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Public ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Southern Chinese ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Chinese Dialects

Internet users have given two existing phrases in Chinese, “Jiang Zhen” and “Lao Siji” new second definitions. “Jiang Zhen” which exists in some southern Chinese dialects is gradually becoming a new Mandarin phrase. The phrase’s meaning is being transformed and this new meaning is being used by Chinese netizens. This new and transformed meaning has spread quickly throughout the internet. On the other hand, “Lao Siji” now has several new meanings and has become more popular in online and real life conversations. From the three dimensions of language namely semantics, syntax and pragmatics, the two new phrases have their intrinsic connotations. Currently, different sections of the public hold different attitudes to these two new phrases, so their vitality is still waiting for the test of time.

scholarly journals Playful You in the Zhuangzi and Six Dynasties Literati Writing

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Xiaofan Ami Li
Keyword(s):  
British Journal ◽  
Spatial Context ◽  
Six Dynasties ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Chinese Studies ◽  
Form Compound ◽  
Water Move

This essay explores the notion of you 游in the Zhuangzi and Six Dynasties literati writing through a comparative reading. Used interchangeably with its variant you 遊, you 游has various uses and meanings, from the more literal “swim in water”, “move in an unobstructed way”, “wander”, and “travel afar”, to its extended meanings including “ramble in a carefree way”, “travel playfully”, “travel into foreign or unknown space”, or “enjoy a leisurely activity”. You is also, significantly, combined with other characters to form compound expressions specifying different playful activities, e.g. youxi 游戲: “play and frolic”, “amuse oneself”, or “game”; youwan 游玩: “play outdoors” (with an emphasis on movement); and lüyou 旅游: “travelling for leisure”, or “tourism”—which have very different connotations from lüxing 旅行, “journey”, or “travel (the main purpose of which is not pleasure)”. In these different uses and expressions of you, in both classical and modern Chinese, what we find in common is the connotation of an unhindered, playful movement that is closely connected to its spatial context. In the context of the Zhuangzi and Six Dynasties literature, therefore, can we find articulations of you as a playful activity? If yes, in what specific ways is you playful, especially in regard to the space and context in which it occurs? Finally, what do the differences and similarities between the Zhuangzi and Six Dynasties writing say about the evolution of the notion of you within the Daoist and Neo-Daoist discourse? At time of publication of this article, the journal operated under the old name. When quoting please refer to the citation on the left using British Journal of Chinese Studies. The pdf of the article still reflects the old journal name; issue number and page range are consistent.

scholarly journals Analisis Dialek Mandarin Tiongkok Dan Dialek Mandarin Taiwan Dari Film The Ex-File 3 : The Return Of The Exes (Tiongkok) Dan Film Our Times (Taiwan)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia Amanda ◽  
Anggraeni Anggraeni ◽  
Retno Purnama Irawati ◽  
Ria Riski Marsuki
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
National Language ◽  
Research Results ◽  
The World ◽  
Chinese Dialect ◽  
Chinese Dialects ◽  
Data Source

Bahasa Mandarin merupakan bahasa dengan penutur terbanyak di dunia, termasuk merupakan bahasa nasional yang digunakan di Taiwan. Meskipun berasal dari sumber yang sama yaitu Beifanghua, namun terdapat perbedaan yang dapat dijumpai diantara keduanya terutama pada aspek fonologi dan leksikal. Untuk itu peneliti melakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan sumber data berupa film untuk membahas perbedaan yang ditemukan dalam film tersebut.Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu: (1) Mendeskripsikan perbedaan fonologis dialek Mandarin Tiongkok dan dialek Mandarin Taiwan yang ditemukan di dalam film, (2) Mendeskripsikan perbedaan leksikal dialek Mandarin Tiongkok dan dialek Mandarin Taiwan yang ditemukan di dalam film. Hasil penelitian dari total 85 kosa kata data fonologi yang ditemukan dalam film The Ex-File 3 : The Return Of The Exes (Tiongkok) dan film Our Times (Taiwan) ditemukan perubahan konsonan dan nada yang meliputi konsonan zh [tʂ], ch [tʂ‘], sh [ʂ] dimana dialek Mandarin Taiwan pelafalannya menyerupai konsonan z [ts], c [ts‘] dan s [s], perubahan konsonan r [ʐ] menjadi l [l] dan pengurangan konsonan g [k] pada dialek Mandarin Taiwan, serta perubahan nada dimana dialek Mandarin Tiongkok didominasi oleh nada ringan sedangkan dialek Mandarin Taiwan lebih bervariasi tanpa mengubah arti kata.Mandarin is the most spoken language in the world, including the national language spoken in Taiwan. Even though they come from the same source, namely Beifanghua, there are differences that can be found between the two, especially in the phonological and lexical aspects. For this reason, researchers conducted research using a data source in the form of a film to discuss the differences found in the film.The objectives of this study were: (1) Describing the phonological differences between Mandarin Chinese dialects and Mandarin Taiwanese dialects found in the film, (2) Describing the lexical differences between Mandarin Chinese dialects and Mandarin Taiwanese dialects found in the film. The research results from a total of 85 vocabulary words of phonological data found in The Ex-File 3: The Return of the Exes (China) and Our Times (Taiwan) films found changes in consonants and tones including the consonants zh [tʂ], ch [tʂ '], sh [ʂ] where the Chinese Taiwanese dialect is pronounced like the consonant z [ts], c [ts'] and s [s], changes the consonant r [ʐ] to l [l] and the reduction of the consonant g [k] in the dialect Mandarin Taiwan, as well as the change in tone where the Mandarin Chinese dialect is dominated by light tones while the Mandarin Taiwan dialect is more varied without changing the meaning of the word. 

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