The Moderation of Middle-Generation Support on the Relation of Stress and Depression in Coresident Grandparents

Consistent with Cohen & Wills’ Buffering Hypothesis, social support has been found to moderate the relation between stress and depressive symptoms but has yet to be examined among coresident grandparents (CGPs), a population at risk of increased stress and depression. The current study sought to extend the model to this highly prevalent, vulnerable population. Participants were 180 grandparents across the USA living with their grandchildren. Measures included depression, stress, and satisfaction with support provided by the middle generation (MG) parent of the grandchild. After controlling for age, gender, income, and household type (skipped or multi-gen), MG support moderated the relation between perceived stress and depressive symptoms, accounting for 49% of variance. For CGPs least satisfied with support provided by the MG, the more stress, the higher their depressive symptoms. These findings indicate that improving relationships with grandchildren’s parents is an important avenue for interventions focused on grandparent caregivers’ mental health.

The Inari Saami Wikipedia

The Inari Saami traditionally inhabit the area around Lake Inari in northern Finland. Despite being a minority group among the Saami, the Inari Saami have distinctive cultural traits as well as their own language, which has now about 400–450 speakers, including many children. This makes it a small language community in Wikipedia terms. It is still worth noting that Inari Saami is one of the most successful revitalisation processes in the world. During the last decades the language community has organised language nests for Inari Saami children, and it has taught the language to key members of the middle generation. The third phase of the revitalisation, strengthening the literacy of the language, is now in its initial phase. And this is where Wikipedia comes into play. In my presentation I am going to illustrate how the Inari Saami Wikipedia was born and what were the steps taken by the Inari Saami Language Association to make it all happen. I will also explain how we currently encourage the community to take an active role in developing the Inari Saami Wikipedia. We try to involve people from different backgrounds, but our main focus is on young people and students who can write Wikipedia articles as part of their studies at the University of Oulu and at the Sámi Education Institute (SAKK) in Inari. The ultimate goal is to create content that caters to the needs of the Inari Saami school in Inari and to give schoolchildren the possibility to use Wikipedia in their own language as a resource for assignments and classwork.

Interaction of Lithuanian and Belarusian Dialects in the Surroundings of Radun

The research focuses on the interaction of the Lithuanian and Belarusian languages in thesurroundings of Radun (Belarus, Voranava district, Lith. Rodūnia). Employing the language changemethodology, the paper presents a detailed analysis of the most prominent cases of phonetic interference oftwo – old and middle – generations of residents in both languages spoken by them.The data show that the oldest residents are expressing both languages using the Lithuanian articulatory base. Over time, the characteristic Lithuanian features begin to level: varies the pronunciation of a; in open endings, the long tense vowels i, ы are usually pronounced as é; unstressed vowels are reduced inconsistently, etc.As Lithuanian is for the middle-generation speakers, it already demonstrates essential changes, whichoccurred because they started expressing their Lithuanian using the Belarusian articulatory base. First of all, they usually lengthen stressed short vowels; they do no longer pronounce unstressed long vowels; they donot distinguish between acute – or circumflex-accented mixed i, u + R type diphthongs; the distinction between the falling and rising diphthongs ai, au, is made based on phonetic, not accentual, factors; the palatalised dental consonants t, d are replaced by the palatalised velar consonants k, g.

Dessert butter

Butter is a leading consumer choice. This is facilitated by its attractive composition and taste, good digestibility, as well as compatibility with almost all food products. However, butter is not recommended by nutritionists for older people due to its high calorie content, increased mass fraction of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Some of the consumers of the young and middle generation are almost completely abandoning butter, preferring low-fat products. The diet of a person adhering to a healthy diet should include foods enriched with functional ingredients. The paper proposes a technology for producing butter with barberry berries. Fruits contain carbohydrates, pectin substances, organic acids, macro- and microelements, vitamins, etc. For the production of butter with barberry berries, a method of converting high-fat cream has been chosen. The oil has a high degree of dispersion of moisture and a low content of the gas phase, is less susceptible to bacterial contamination in comparison with the analogue produced by the churning method. The resulting butter can be attributed to the "Dessert" group. Dessert butter was obtained as follows. Dairy and non-dairy raw materials were accepted, their quality was assessed, milk was separated, and the resulting cream was pasteurized. Then, high-fat cream was obtained by secondary separation, and their normalization was carried out. A feature of the production of butter Dessert is the introduction of flavoring components into the normalized mixture - puree from barberry berries and granulated sugar according to the recipe. Further, the normalized mixture was converted into oil and directed to thermostatting. Organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological indicators of the quality of Dessertnoye butter have been studied. The addition of barberry berries to butter contributes to the enrichment of its composition with vitamins and a decrease in calorie content. The economic efficiency and feasibility of the production of Dessert butter consists in saving the raw milk used by replacing the fatty part with vegetable components.

Early life adversity due to bereavement and inflammatory diseases in the next generation – a population study in transgenerational stress exposure

ABSTRACT Emerging evidence suggests trauma experienced in childhood has negative transgenerational implications on offspring mental and physical health. The objective was to investigate whether early life adversity experienced as bereavement is associated with chronic inflammatory health in offspring. The study population included three generations of Swedish families with a base population of 453 516 children (G3) born 2001-2012. Exposure was defined as the middle generation (G2) experiencing bereavement in childhood due to death of a parent (G1). Outcomes in G3 included two diagnoses of inflammatory diseases including asthma, allergic diseases, eczema, and autoimmune diseases. Survival analysis was used to identify causal pathways including investigation of mediation by G2 mood disorders and socioeconomic status. Results found that early-life bereavement experienced by women was associated with early-onset offspring asthma (Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.15, 95%CI: 1.08,1.28) and mediation analysis revealed that 28-33% of the association may be mediated by socioeconomic status and 9-20% by mood disorders. Early-life bereavement experienced by men was associated with auto-immune diseases in offspring (HR 1.31, 95%CI 1.06,1.61) with no evidence of mediation. In conclusion, adversity experienced early in life may contribute to an increased risk for inflammatory diseases which is in part mediated by mood disorders and SES.

Altruism and efficient allocations in three-generation households

In this paper we test the efficiency of family resource allocation in three-generation households. Understanding how the so-called “squeezed middle” generation allocates resources towards the children and grandparents in the household will be increasingly important as populations age, and more elderly people become dependent upon their relations for financial support. Despite a large literature on household resource allocation in two-generation households (parents and children), to the best of our knowledge ours is the first study that includes the third generation. We present a theoretical model and conduct a discrete choice experiment in the context of reductions in the lifetime risk of developing coronary artery disease to verify the efficient resource allocation hypothesis. The data is obtained from a large sample of the Polish population. The sample consists of the middle generation members of three-generation households and hence WTP represents household value from the perspective of the “squeezed middle” parent. The results imply that household resource allocation is efficient. This has implications for understanding the likely response to government financial support aimed at supporting elderly people and their families.

‘Keeping silent to keep the peace’: changes in grandmother's access to their grandchildren following the loss of the son/father

Relations between grandmothers and their grandchildren following the loss of the son/father have not been studied to date. The present article focuses on this experience, as reflected in the stories of grandmothers (bereaved mothers) and spouses (widows) after the loss, and explores the perception of grandparenthood following the loss of the son/husband. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten grandmothers (bereaved mothers) and spouses (widows) who were recruited as a convenience sample. Data were subjected to thematic analysis. The findings revealed three key patterns of the grandmother–grandchild relations, as perceived by the two groups of women. The patterns indicate complex relations between widows and bereaved mothers, which have implications for the access of the grandmothers to their grandchildren and for their perception of grandparenthood. The study sheds light on the patterns of relations in families that have lost the son/husband/father. The change in power balance between family members and the asymmetry in the family structure created by the absence of the son/husband affect grandparenthood relations. The study emphasises the role of the widows, as the middle generation, in shaping or mediating relationships following the loss. The findings stress the importance of clinical intervention with both the bereaved mothers and the widows.

DICTIONARY DEFINITION AS A WAY OF OBJECTIVATION OF ETHNOS KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TOOLS

This article analyzes the peculiarities of objectification of ethnos knowledge about tools on the material of definitions of lexicographical works of different years. It has been proved that there is a seal of their creation time on dictionary interpretations. The main tools in their constructions remain as they were many years ago, but their once important details for the consciousness of a native speaker have lost their significance, so in modern definitions they are absent, because there is no need for a more detailed interpretation of these historicisms nowadays. A comparison of interpretations of tools gives grounds to talk about how their perceptions have changed during the historical development of society. The analysis of practical material proves that there is an inversely proportional relationship between the structure of knowledge presentation and its lexicographic definition. Comparison of dictionary articles presented in lexicographical works of the middle of the 19th – early 20th enturies and late 20th – early 21st centuries proves «tool» progress of the society, where the usual for Ukrainians of the previous time period tool was interpreted in one word, because everything was clear without further explanation, while lexicographic works representing the second time period testify presentation of a detailed description of a tool in the definition, because they are actually used today by representatives of mostly older (sometimes) middle generation of Ukrainians. The research proves that metaphorical processes are seldom recorded in lexicographical works as objectification of steps up in the semantic structure of the lexical item caused by people’s knowledge about tools and their functioning. This requires of lexicographers to create electronic versions of dictionaries to respond quickly to new meanings.

Witold Taszycki a polska onomastyka

Witold Taszycki and Polish Onomastics The author of the article discusses the merits of Witold Taszycki, professor of the Jan Kazimierz and Jagiellonian universities (1898–1979), from the perspective of a contemporary Polish onomastician of the middle generation. The author mainly focused on Taszycki’s way of organizing the environment and planning team research on Polish names of people and places. It is justified to think that it was Taszycki, not so much with his own works in the field, but especially through selecting and educating the staff, who, to the greatest extent, determined the present form and research directions of this discipline in Poland.

Regional differences in the evolution of the merger of /ʃ/ and /ç/ in Luxembourgish

The merger of post-alveolar /ʃ/ and palatal /ç/ into alveolopalatal /ɕ/ has recently gained growing interest in sociophonetic research, especially in the Middle German dialect area. In Luxembourgish, a Continental West Germanic language, the sound change has been linked to age differences, while its origins remain unclear. Two studies with a regional focus are presented in this paper. The first study examines the merger in the Centre and the South of Luxembourg. The acoustic examination of both the spectral peak and the centre of gravity of a spoken data set of five minimal pairs embedded in read and orally translated sentences from 48 speakers (three generations (old generation, 65–91 years; middle generation, 40–64 years; young generation, 20–39 years; each generation, n = 16), men and women) reveals interesting results related to their regional background. In the old generation, the merger is further advanced in the speech of old men from the former mining region in the South compared to their peers in the Centre, the former leading this sound change. On the other hand, young speakers in both regions produce only alveolopalatal /ɕ/, the merger being complete in this generation. The second study presents exploratory data from the East and the North of the country. The analysis of this smaller sample (n = 6 speakers) reveals patterns similar to the central region. Pointing to language contact with Romance in the South as cradle and/or catalyser of the merger, these results not only give further clues as to the development in Luxembourg, but also add to a deeper understanding of sound changes in process in complex sibilant systems.