scholarly journals The International States Systems Since 1648 and Small States 'Systemic Resilience'

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-51
Author(s):  
Matthias Maass
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Small States ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Significant Phenomenon ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Over Time

Since 1648, the number of small states has varied significantly. There have been more than one "rise and fall" in the number of small states. This study begins a broader analysis into causality by investigating this phenomenon. By setting out the changes in the composition of the international states system since its inception in its modem form with the Peace of Westphalia, the study intends to discuss the proliferation of small states over time as a significant phenomenon in the history of international relations. The study then continues by linking the changes in the number of small states to major systemic changes, arguing that different types of states system correspond to different levels of "systemic resilience" of small states.

The Evolution of Corporate Species

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Landini ◽  
Ugo Pagano
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Comparative History ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Economies ◽  
Over Time

The evolution of biological species is influenced by two types of complementarities. One is related to the synergies among and within organisms, while the other is the outcome of conflicts among different species and among members of the same species. In both conflictual and synergic complementarities, the traits selected in one domain affect the traits selected in the other domain. However, synergies and conflicts involve different mechanisms and interact with each other to generate complex co-evolutionary dynamics. Socio-economic systems are characterized by similar complementarities. Whereas technology and property rights exhibit synergic complementarities, workers’ and capitalists’ organizations display conflictual complementarities. The evolution of different species of capitalism can be better understood in terms of both types of complementarities and by their interactions. The comparative history of the American and the European economies is used to illustrate how models of capitalism can diverge, building different types of institutional complementarities over time.

scholarly journals The efficacy of aligning lessons learnt from significant bushfire incidents to the organisational stratum

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
Jennifer Medbury ◽  
David J Brooks ◽  
Michael Coole
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Services ◽  
Community Safety ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Economic Vulnerability ◽  
Lessons Learnt ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Good Support ◽  
External Reviews

Australia's bushfire seasons are expected to become longer and more severe due to the effects of climate change and an increasing population living in rural-urban fringes. Social and economic vulnerability to extreme natural hazards means that Australia’s emergency services sector plays a significant role in community safety and wellbeing. Therefore, it is important that the sector continually improves. Australia has a long history of conducting external reviews into significant bushfires. While these reviews receive good support and seek to identify relevant lessons, barriers remain that prevent these lessons from being effectively learnt. It is possible that some of these barriers exist because the stratum of work impedes the capture, codifying and adjustments to systems. This research investigated the premise that lessons learnt in the Australian emergency services sector occurs on a stratum, with different types of lessons learnt at different levels of work. Four significant independent bushfire reviews were analysed to evaluate whether specific lessons could be aligned to the stratum of work. Findings were that not all lessons apply to all levels of organisations. This supports the premise that lessons are learnt on a vertical organisational stratum; for example, some lessons were operational, others were tactical and some were strategic. It was determined that a lack of understanding of the barriers within an organisations stratum could impede the effectiveness of lessons being learnt.

‘My Capitalism Is Bigger than Yours!’

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maïa Pal
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Historical Sociology ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
Critical Scholarship ◽  
Uneven And Combined Development ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methodological Problems

AbstractThis article reviews Alex Anievas and Kerem Nişancıoğlu’s How the West Came to Rule: The Geopolitical Origins of Capitalism (2015). It argues that the book offers a stimulating and ambitious approach to solving the problems of Eurocentrism and the origins of capitalism in growing critical scholarship in historical sociology and International Relations. However, by focusing on the ‘problem of the international’ and proposing a ‘single unified theory’ based on uneven and combined development, the authors present a history of international relations that trades off methodological openness and legal complexity for a structural and exclusive consequentialism driven by anti-Eurocentrism. By misrepresenting the concept of social-property relations in terms of the internal/external fallacy, and by confusing different types of ‘internalism’ required by early-modern jurisdictional struggles, the book problematically conflates histories of international law and capitalism. These methodological problems are contextualised by examples from the Spanish, French and British empires’ conceptions of sovereignty and jurisdiction and their significant legal actors and processes.

scholarly journals One Time, Many Times

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Rao
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Review Article ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Subject Positions ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Experience Of Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This review article surveys recent work on time and temporality in international relations. It begins with an overview of Kimberly Hutchings’s influential history of ideas exploring the relationship between chronos (quantitative experience of time) and kairos (qualitative conceptualisation of time). Building on the architecture of Hutchings’s argument, it surveys more recent scholarship that supplements, extends and complicates her insights in two ways. First, while Hutchings focuses on the way in which theorisations of kairos shift over time, the development of a unified global chronotic imaginary was itself a contested process, frequently interrupted by kairotic considerations. Second, while Hutchings is interested in western conceptualisations of kairos, recent work has shifted the analytical focus to those subject positions marginalised by such kairotic imaginaries.

CULTIVATING PEACE: SOCIAL MOVEMENT PROFESSIONALIZATION AND NGOIZATION IN CROATIA*

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Heideman
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Nongovernmental Organizations ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Levels

Scholars studying social movements and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have noted a rapid expansion in the number of professional organizations dedicated to creating social change. This study uses the case of the peacebuilding sector in Croatia (1991–present) to examine central questions in both fields: where professional organizations come from, what drives professionalization, and what the consequences of professionalization are for the work of social change. I find there are actually many paths to NGO creation, and identify five types of NGOs: transformed, new, bud, seed, and clone. These five types of organizations had different paths for development, have different levels of professionalization, and engage in different types of work based on their location and history. Examining the history of a social change sector shows professionalization to be a nuanced, uneven process that can expand the social change sector even as it transforms the sector's work.

Epilogue

2020 ◽  
pp. 197-206
Author(s):  
Adam Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Over Time

This chapter reviews the history of the deportation machine, dating back to the late-nineteenth century when Congress gave the federal government exclusive authority over immigration. It summarizes how Democratic and Republican politicians and private third parties have contributed to the growth of the deportation machine through implementation of punitive policies and budget with an equivalent of hundreds of billions of dollars into enforcement efforts that have resulted in tens of millions of expulsions. It assesses the deportation machine's mechanisms that have largely remained the same over time and have functioned in unison, though at different levels at distinct moments. The chapter looks into persistent political economic realities, racial prejudices,and cultural concerns that have been a driving force behind anti-immigrant sentiment and restrictive measures. It also describes economic crises and wars that often led to rising xenophobia and dramatic spikes in deportations.

Conscription and the Politics of Military Recruitment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan W. Toronto ◽  
Lindsay P. Cohn
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Military Recruitment ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Manpower ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The French Revolution

There is more to conscription than the presence or absence of conscripts in a military force. A brief survey of the history of military recruitment suggests that economics, threat, and political heritage go a long way toward explaining why and how states recruit manpower and prepare that manpower for war. Understanding the sources and implications of different types of military recruitment, and how trends in military recruitment change over time, is essential for understanding conscription now and in the future. The French Revolution is often regarded as a turning point in conscription, with the famed levée en masse, which coincided with dramatic changes in warfare and how states mobilized their polities for war. Less well known is how rarely conscripts were actually used in the wars that followed the French Revolution. Rather than being a turning point in the history of military recruitment, the levée en masse was just another moment in the ebb and flow of how states recruit military manpower in response to economics, threat, and political heritage. A number of dimensions describe the extraordinary variety of compulsory recruitment systems. The two most important of these dimensions are whether conscription is institutionalized or opportunistic, and whether it is core or supplementary. The typology of compulsory recruitment systems that results describes a great deal of the varieties of conscription and, along with other dimensions, might give clues as to how states will recruit military manpower in the future.

scholarly journals POLAND–UKRAINE RELATIONS IN THE DIGITAL POLITICAL DISCOURSE OF POLAND (ON THE MATERIAL OF POLISH PRESIDENT OFFICIAL WEBSITE IN 2004-2015)

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Favorable Attitude ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
News Headlines ◽  
Radical Shift ◽  
Different Levels

In this study news policy of the polish president official website is regarded to be a mirror of Poland – Ukraine relations. It’s assumed that it’s possible to recreate the dynamics of international relations forming within both news geography analysis (comparative analysis of different countries coverage) and formal analysis of news headlines types. News from news archive of the official website of the President of the Republic of Poland were collected and content-analyzed for the dynamics of international relations recreation. With the simple qualitative comparable analysis was shown, that Ukraine was the most popular country among the post-Soviet countries (it was so even before the Euromaidan). And the change of Ukraine presidents in 2010 with radical shift of international orientations didn’t reflect the intensity of attention. With the additional analysis of headlines types was shown, that for Poland Ukraine isn’t only the most popular country, the contacts with it are more varied than mutual relations with other countries. It can be demonstrated with the different levels and different formats usage. In the result of comparison with Polish – Russia relations was demonstrated, that the similar approach towards seeking ways for maintain relations between the countries was used (especially before 2008), however, it was con the deficit of both attention intensity and headlines variety. In the cases of Georgia and Ukraine news policy is more formal for Georgia, more detailed and informal for Ukraine. Thus, comparative analysis of different types of headlines use shows a special, attentive and favorable attitude towards Ukraine, which don’t change during Ukrainian changes of priorities in international politics and during times of crises. During the latter, Poland implements more new formats of contacts with Ukrainian politicians and appeals for wide network of international community. Meanwhile, the analysis have some limitations. It may be implemented only for countries with high number of mentions and doesn’t consider the types of news and. Thus, it’s may be complicated to define the essence of international relations. So, there is a need to define other formal approaches, which will help to classify texts.

Software Testing

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-211
Author(s):  
Pooja Kaplesh ◽  
Severin K. Y. Pang
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Software Testing ◽  
Entire Range ◽  
Development Work ◽  
Agile Development ◽  
Software System ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Testing Techniques ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Over Time

Testing software is a process of program execution with the intent to find errors. For this purpose, various testing techniques have been used over time. Testing software is an intensive field of research in which much development work has been done. This field will become increasingly important in the future. There are many techniques for software testing. This chapter gives an overview of the entire range of software testing with suggestions for their implementation. One focus is on testing in an agile development process why the different types of software tests are important, and their cycle and methodology are described. In addition, different levels, types, and a comparative study on different types of tests are presented. The chapter also includes suggestions for performing the various tests and an effective approach to testing a software system.

The Use and Misuse of Religious Language: Zionism and the Palestinians

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wetherell
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Figurative Language ◽  
Religious Language ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Title Deed ◽  
History Of ◽  
Land Question

Every discipline which deals with the land question in Canaan-Palestine-Israel is afflicted by the problem of specialisation. The political scientist and historian usually discuss the issue of land in Israel purely in terms of interethnic and international relations, biblical scholars concentrate on the historical and archaeological question with virtually no reference to ethics, and scholars of human rights usually evade the question of God. What follows is an attempt, through theology and political history, to understand the history of the Israel-Palestine land question in a way which respects the complexity of the question. From a scrutiny of the language used in the Bible to the development of political Zionism from the late 19th century it is possible to see the way in which a secular movement mobilised the figurative language of religion into a literal ‘title deed’ to the land of Palestine signed by God.

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