Morphological support for placement of the Wing-banded Antbird Myrmornis torquata in the Thamnophilidae (Passeriformes: Furnariides)

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3122 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANA GALVÃO ◽  
LUIZ PEDREIRA GONZAGA
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Intermediate Form ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Support

Myrmornis torquata has often been considered an intermediate form between the ground antbirds and the typical antbirds. Although molecular phylogenies have consistently placed M. torquata in the Thamnophilidae (typical antbirds), this species has not been the subject of a thorough anatomical study, and no phylogeny based on morphological characters has been published. We undertook a cladistic morphological analysis of M. torquata and representatives of all families in the infraorder Furnariides, to clarify the systematic affinities of this species. In a parsimony analysis of 66 osteological and syringeal characters, Myrmornis clustered with other thamnophilids with high support values, sharing with them five synapomorphies of unambiguous optimization in all most-parsimonious trees. Two synapomorphies are syringeal features exclusive to the family: (1) the presence of processes on the ventral surface of supporting A-elements of the syrinx cranial to the membrana tracheosyringealis, and (2) the division of the musculus sternotrachealis into two fasciculi near its insertion on the syrinx. A third syringeal synapomorphy (presence of the musculus vocalis ventralis) also occurs in the Dendrocolaptidae and Furnariidae as a homoplasy. Two unambiguous osteological synapomorphies were found: (1) the narrowing of the foramen orbitonasale, and (2) the confluence of the foramen obturatum and the fenestra ischiopubica, a reversal also found in the Furnariidae. Our results provide strong morphological support for the placement of Myrmornis in the Thamnophilidae. Key-words: Morphological phylogeny, osteology, syrinx, suboscines, Furnarioidea, Thamnophilidae, Formicariidae, Grallariidae, Neotropics.

A Global Phylogenomic Study of the Thelypteridaceae

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 891-915
Author(s):  
Susan Fawcett ◽  
Alan R. Smith ◽  
Michael Sundue ◽  
J. Gordon Burleigh ◽  
Emily B. Sessa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
The Family ◽  
Likelihood Analysis ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Recent Classification ◽  
Phylogenomic Study

Abstract— The generic classification of the Thelypteridaceae has been the subject of much controversy. Proposed taxonomic systems have varied from recognizing the approximately 1200 species in the family within the single genus Thelypteris, to systems favoring upwards of 30 genera. Insights on intrafamilial relationships, especially for neotropical taxa, have been gained from recent phylogenetic studies; however, in the most recent classification, 10 of 30 recognized genera are either non-monophyletic or untested. We sequenced 407 nuclear loci for 621 samples, representing all recognized genera and approximately half the known species diversity. These were analyzed using both maximum likelihood analysis of a concatenated matrix and multi-species coalescent methods. Our phylogenomic results, informed by recently published morphological evidence, provide the foundation for a generic classification which recircumscribed 14 genera and recognized seven new genera. The 37 monophyletic genera sampled demonstrate greater geographic coherence than previous taxonomic concepts suggested. Additionally, our results demonstrate that certain morphological characters, such as frond division, are evolutionarily labile and are thus inadequate for defining genera.

Morphology, anatomy, phylogenetics and distribution of fossil and extant Trochodendraceae in the Northern Hemisphere

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R Manchester ◽  
Zlatko Kvaček ◽  
Walter S Judd
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Basal Part ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Modern Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
New Material ◽  
Fossil Fruit

Abstract We present the oldest known occurrences of crown-group Trochodendraceae based on new material from the Palaeocene of Wyoming, USA. Two genera are recognized, Trochodendron and Eotrochion gen. nov. The fossil fruit of Trochodendron infernense sp. nov. is represented by a pedicellate, apically dehiscent capsular fruit composed of nine follicle-like units, each bearing a persistent convex style. The basal part is ornamented with numerous raised stamen scars. From the same deposits, Eotrochion is represented by infructescences, fruits and associated leaves. The infructescences are racemes of numerous apically dehiscent capsules, each with c. 14–16 styles, each with an underlying nectary and receptacles lacking stamen scars, but possessing a prominent perianth scar. A phylogenetic assessment of the modern species, plus representatives of four extinct genera of fossil Trochodendraceae based on available morphological characters, yields a favoured topology of Trochodendron(Eotrochion(Concavistylon kvacekii(C. wehrii (Pentacentron, Tetracentron)))). A parsimony analysis of currently available characters indicates that C. wehrii renders Concavistylon non-monophyletic. Accordingly, we transfer it to Paraconcavistylon gen. nov., characterized by pendent, rather than erect infructescences. We also reconsider the extinct Nordenskioeldia (Late Cretaceous to Miocene), the prior placement of which in Trochodendraceae has been challenged, and we consider it to fall outside the crown group of the family.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic relationships within the Pylochelidae (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea): A cladistic analysis based on morphological characters

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2022 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAFAEL LEMAITRE ◽  
PATSY A. MCLAUGHLIN ◽  
ULF SORHANNUS
Keyword(s):  
Hermit Crab ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Consensus Tree ◽  
Strict Consensus Tree ◽  
The Family

Phylogenetic relationships within the “symmetrical” hermit crab family Pylochelidae were analyzed for 41 of the 45 species and subspecies currently considered valid. In the analyses, 78 morphological characters comprised the data matrix and the outgroup consisted of Thalassina anomala, a member of the Thalassinidae, and Munida quadrispina, a member of the Galatheidae. A poorly resolved strict consensus tree was obtained from a heuristic parsimony analysis of unweighted and unordered characters, which showed the family Pylochelidae and the subfamilies Pylochelinae and Pomatochelinae to be monophyletic taxa – the latter two groups had the highest Bremer support values. Additionally, while the subgenus Pylocheles (Pylocheles) was strongly supported, the subgenera Xylocheles, and Bathycheles were not. More fully resolved trees were obtained when using implied weighting, which recognized the monotypic subfamilies Parapylochelinae, Cancellochelinae and Mixtopagurinae. The subfamily Trizochelinae was found to have four distinct clades and several ambiguously placed taxa.

Morphology and systematics of the genus Anonchus Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda: Leptolaimina) and reappraisal of the family Aphanolaimidae Chitwood, 1936 n. rank

Nematology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 725-757
Author(s):  
Aldo Zullini ◽  
Oleksandr Holovachov ◽  
Pieter Loof ◽  
Tom Bongers
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Type Material ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
The Family ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Emended Diagnosis

AbstractThe genus Anonchus is revised. The genera Assia and Haconnus are considered to be synonymous with Anonchus on the basis of the morphological analysis. Additional descriptions of six species, viz. A. maculatus , A. mirabilis , A. millelacunatus , A. palaeotropicus , A. coomansi and A. pulcher are provided on the basis of type material or recently collected populations. The lectotype of A. monohystera is designated and described and the synonymy of this species with A. maculatus is confirmed. Two new species are described; A. winiszewskae sp. n. from Paraguay and A. venezolanus sp. n. from Venezuela. Several aspects of the morphology are described and the variability and diagnostic significance of the main morphological characters discussed. A study of intrageneric and suprageneric taxonomy of the genus Anonchus is presented. The subfamily Aphanolaiminae is reinstated for the genera Aphanolaimus, Aphanonchus and Paraphanolaimus and raised to family rank. The family Aphanolaimidae includes two subfamilies: Aphanolaiminae and Anonchinae. An emended diagnosis and a revised classification of Anonchus are proposed and a key to the species of the genus is provided.

scholarly journals New Data on Distribution and Morphological Characters of Cladocera (Daphniidae Straus, 1820) and Copepoda (Diaptomidae Sars, 1903, Cyclopidae Dana, 1846) in Lake Baikal

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 76-92
Author(s):  
N. G. Sheveleva ◽  
◽  
E. A. Misharina ◽  
N .V. Makarkina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Lake Baikal ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Eastern Siberia ◽  
The South ◽  
First Finding ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time

The species diversity of the superclass Crustacea only in Lake Baikal has 58 species of the superorder Cladocera and 52 species and subspecies from the subclass Соpepoda, 5 of them belong to the order Calanoida and 47 to the order Cyclopoida. Species that inhabit the waters of Olkhon Island are not included in this list. On the island there are temporary and permanent reservoirs, which by the chemical composition of the water are fresh or brackish. The species diversity of the island crustaceans includes 28 species, of which only 64 % are known for Baikal. This article gives a brief description of the morphology of rare and small species from the family Daphniidae: Ceriodaphnia megops Sars 1985; Diaptomidae: Arctodiaptomus (A.) wierzejskii (Richard, 1888) and Cyclopidae: Eucyclops arcanus Alekseev, 1990. The first two species were found in Lake Baikal, the third species – on Olkhon Island. Morphological analysis of the species was performed by means of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A detailed description of the morphological features of C. megops, A. (A.) wierzejskii female and male, and E. arcanus female with illustrations is presented. Data on diaptomus and cyclopoid mouth appendages, tables with biometrical parameters of a cyclopoid are provided. Images of cyclopoid Р1–Р4 coxopodite and basal exopodite segment are shown for the first time. C. megops and A. (A.) wierzeskii crustaceans are rare species in the water bodies of the south of Central Asia, including Mongolia. A. (A.) wierzeskii population is the first finding in the water bodies of the south of Eastern Siberia and Baikal.

A phylogeny of the family Fanniidae Schnabl (Insecta:Diptera:Calyptratae) based on adult morphological characters, with special reference to the Austral species of the genus Fannia

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Domínguez ◽  
S. A. Roig-Juñent
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Southern South America ◽  
The Family ◽  
Species Groups

The present study proposed a phylogenetic hypothesis of the family Fanniidae based on a cladistic analysis using characters from adult external morphology and female and male terminalia. The main purpose of this study was to clarify the phylogenetic position of newly described or poorly known species, mostly from southern South America, the Neotropics, Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In total, 151 characters from adult male and female external morphology and terminalia were scored for 78 species of Fanniidae. Ten continuous characters were included and analysed as such. Three genera of Fanniidae and all the species-groups and subgroups proposed for the genus Fannia, except for the admirabilis-group and the setifer-subgroup were included as terminal taxa. An heuristic parsimony analysis under implied weights was performed. The analysis recovered the monophyly of the Fanniidae and the genus Fannia, as well as the monophyly of several species-groups within Fannia. Male and female external morphological characters were, in general, highly homoplasious, whereas characters from male terminalia showed low level of homoplasy and provided resolution at suprageneric nodes and species-groups.

Microscleres and gemmoscleres as phylogenetic signals in Spongillida: phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Metania Gray, 1867 (Porifera, Metaniidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiana Castello-Branco ◽  
Adolfo Ricardo Calor ◽  
Carla Menegola
Keyword(s):  
Current Distribution ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Freshwater Sponge ◽  
The Family

The genus Metania comprises 11 species of freshwater sponge that are distributed circumtropically: five are Neotropical, three Afrotropical, two Oriental and one Australian. Here we infer the phylogeny of the genus Metania and examine the processes that lead to the current biogeographic distribution using cladistic analysis. One matrix with 26 morphological characters was analysed using the TNT software, and resulted in two most parsimonious cladograms (strict consensus). Our results support monophyly of Metania due to two characters unique to the genus: presence of acanthoxeas and presence of spines in the shaft of the gemmoscleres. Also, the genera Drulia and Houssayella were synonymised with Metania. The family Metaniidae – allocated in the recently proposed order Spongillida – now contains three genera: Acalle Gray, 1867, Metania Gray, 1867 and Corvomeyenia Weltner, 1913. Brooks parsimony analysis of Metania resulted in a single area cladogram showing a Gondwanan pattern: (Neartic (Australian (Oriental (Afrotropical, Neotropical)))) and thus the current distribution is explained by the breakup of Gondwana.

Cnidocysts of Caryophylliidae and Dendrophylliidae (Cnidaria: Scleractinia): Taxonomic Distribution and Phylogenetic Implications

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3135 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
NATASHA PICCIANI ◽  
DÉBORA O. PIRES ◽  
HÉLIO R. SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Taxonomic Distribution ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mesenterial Filaments

Caryophylliidae Dana, 1846 and Dendrophylliidae Gray, 1847 are families of widespread hard corals (order Scleractinia) composed mainly of azooxanthellate corals. A growing body of molecular data has provided new insights on hard-coral evolution, suggesting that many of the traditionally recognized families are not monophyletic. The morphology of the skeletal parts has been the only source of evidence for the taxonomy of the group for many years. Soft anatomy has been less explored, and recently, with the increased use of molecular evidence, anatomical studies have decreased in importance. As a result, for many taxa, we know little or nothing about variation in soft tissue morphology and their use for systematics has never been explored. In this study we examined the cnidocysts of two species of caryophylliids and of four dendrophylliids, and synthesized previous studies on the subject. We performed a morphological phylogenetic analysis, based on eight informative characters, which includes eight species of dendrophylliids and 11 caryophylliid taxa. Five taxa belonging to the families Poritidae, Flabellidae, and Fungiacyathidae were also scored for these morphological characters. The aims were to investigate the diversity of cnidocysts in members of the two families and test the monophyly of Dendrophylliidae. The data support a dendrophylliid clade and indicate the presence of b-rhabdoids (1) in mesenterial filaments as a synapomorphy of the family. The taxonomic distribution of two other characters contradicts the clade (Dendrophylliidae + Poritidae) suggested by molecular analyses. Our results reinforce the relevance of soft tissue studies in hard-corals to reconstructing their phylogeny.

Redefinition of the cicada tribe Hemidictyini Distant, 1905, status of the tribe Iruanini Boulard, 1993 rev. stat., and the establishment of Hovanini n. tribe and Sapantangini n. tribe (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4747 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-155
Author(s):  
ALLEN F. SANBORN ◽  
DAVID C. MARSHALL ◽  
MAXWELL S. MOULDS ◽  
STÉPHANE PUISSANT ◽  
CHRIS SIMON
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Distinct Part

A recent paper by Ruschel & Campos (2019) on “leaf-winged” cicadas proposed a significant reorganization of the cicada tribe Hemidictyini Distant, 1905g, including synonymization of the monogeneric tribe Lacetasini Moulds & Marshall, 2018 following the results of a cladistic parsimony analysis of morphological characters. In this study, we reconsider and revise the morphological analysis of Ruschel & Campos and obtain new genetic data for Hemidictya. We find that their study suffers from a limited taxon sample, inappropriate outgroup selection, and misinterpretation of genitalic characters (uncus vs. claspers). We show that Hemidictyini sensu Ruschel & Campos includes members of multiple tribes and subfamilies, and we conclude that some of the taxonomic transfers by Ruschel & Campos are not supported. The two most similar and leaf-like cicadas, Hemidictya Burmeister, 1835 (South America) and Hovana Distant, 1905g (Madagascar), are probably not closely related but rather an excellent example of convergent evolution. Lacetasini is not a junior synonym of the Hemidictyini but a distinct part of the Tettigomyiinae Distant, 1905g as originally classified. We return or transfer the genera Lacetas Karsch, 1890, Iruana Distant, 1905g, Bafutalna Boulard, 1993, and Murphyalna Boulard, 2012 to the Lacetasini. With the transfer of all genera of Iruanina Boulard, 1993 and Bafutalnina Boulard, 1993 to Lacetasini and with Lacetas transferred to the Iruanina, Lacetasini n. syn. becomes a subjective junior synonym of Iruanini rev. stat. in the Tettigomyiinae. We assign Hovana to Hovanini n. tribe in the Tettigomyiinae and Sapantanga Distant, 1905g to Sapantangini n. tribe in the Tibicininae Distant, 1905b. We propose that Hemidictyini sensu novo contains only the genus Hemidictya and we assign the tribe to Tibicininae with a revised diagnosis. 

Relationships, evolution and biogeography of Semaphore geckos, Pristurus (Squamata, Sphaerodactylidae) based on morphology

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2060 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. ARNOLD
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
Oman Mountains ◽  
Molecular Tree ◽  
The Family ◽  
Primitive Forms ◽  
Socotra Archipelago

The Sphaerodactylid gecko genus Pristurus has at least 20 recognised species in Arabia, the Socotra archipelago, and northeast Africa with an isolate 4500km away in Mauritania. Analysis of nineteen variable morphological characters in the Sphaerodactylidae suggests Pristurus is most closely related to Quedenfeldtia of Morocco and then successively to the Spaerodactylini and Saurodactylus. This contrasts with recent studies using nuclear DNA, which place Pristurus in a basal polychotomy in the family. If the molecular tree is correct, there must have been considerable parallelism in anatomy in these taxa. Within Pristurus, parsimony analysis was carried out on a set of 72 variable morphological characters (equivalent to 86 binary ones) from external features, skeleton, musculature and behaviour. Apparent relationships are as follows: P. celerrimus (P. insignis, P. insignoides) (P. guichardi (P. socotranus (P. abdelkuri (P. rupestris, P. popovi, P. flavipunctatus, P. gallagheri, P. adrarensis, the Spatalura clade)))). Relationships within the Spatalura clade are: (P. minimus, P. simonettai) (P. crucifer, P. phillipsi (P. somalicus (P. saada (P. collaris (P. ornithocephalus, P. carteri))))). The more basal Pristurus were apparently primitively heliothermic rock climbers with one lineage becoming tree dwelling. These forms are now confined to the North Oman mountains of eastern Arabia and the Socotra archipelago and may have been replaced elsewhere in Arabia and perhaps northern Africa by a radiation of more morphologically advanced species. Most of these have similar niches to the more primitive forms, but one lineage that gave rise to the Spatalura clade became ground dwelling and partly nocturnal. Many morphological changes on the phylogeny of Pristurus may be functionally associated with shifts in ecology and behaviour.

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