150 years in the making: first comprehensive list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Virginia, USA

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4554 (2) ◽  
pp. 532
Author(s):  
KALOYAN IVANOV ◽  
LIBERTY HIGHTOWER ◽  
SHAWN T. DASH ◽  
JOE B. KEIPER
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Location ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
The State ◽  
County Level ◽  
Comprehensive List ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
The Us ◽  
Complete Treatment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Topographic Variability

Due to Virginia’s geographic location, topographic variability, and diversity of physiographic provinces, the state ranks as one of the most biodiverse areas in the US. Virginia’s myrmecofauna, however, has been insufficiently studied and is not well known. Here we present the first comprehensive list of the ants of Virginia and provide county-level distributions for all taxa. With taxonomic updates taken into account, review of published records revealed that 130 species have been reported from the state. We add another 34 species based on newly collected materials, review of museum and personal collections, and online databases. At present, 164 species and morphospecies, including 15 ant exotics, are known to occur in the state. Another 12 species are provisionally excluded from the list as they represent distribution anomalies, or are based on erroneous records. The work presented here is an initial step towards a more complete treatment of the identification, taxonomy, and natural history of the ant fauna of Virginia. 

scholarly journals Roles of the Water Court and the State Engineer for water administration in Colorado

Water Policy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 837-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. McIntyre ◽  
David C. Mays
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Water Policy ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
The Us ◽  
State Engineer ◽  
History Of ◽  
Water Administration ◽  
Civil Courts

Colorado manages water using an administrative structure that is unique among the United States following the doctrine of prior appropriation: Water rights are adjudicated not by the State Engineer, but by Water Courts – separate from and operating in parallel to the criminal and civil courts – established specifically for this purpose. Fundamental to this system is the notion that water rights are property, with consequent protections under the US Constitution, but with the significant constraint that changes in water rights must not injure other water rights, either more senior or more junior. Population growth and climate change will certainly trigger changes in water administration, to be guided by the recent Colorado Water Plan. To provide the foundation necessary to appreciate these changes, this paper reviews the history of Colorado water administration and summarizes the complementary roles of the Water Courts and the State Engineer. Understanding water administration in Colorado depends on a firm grasp on how these two branches of state government formulate and implement water policy.

The American War in Afghanistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carter Malkasian
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Narrative Format

The American War in Afghanistan is a full history of the war in Afghanistan between 2001 and 2020. It covers political, cultural, strategic, and tactical aspects of the war and details the actions and decision-making of the United States, Afghan government, and Taliban. The work follows a narrative format to go through the 2001 US invasion, the state-building of 2002–2005, the Taliban offensive of 2006, the US surge of 2009–2011, the subsequent drawdown, and the peace talks of 2019–2020. The focus is on the overarching questions of the war: Why did the United States fail? What opportunities existed to reach a better outcome? Why did the United States not withdraw from the war?

ISRAELI STUDIES AT THE INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES: PAGES OF HISTORY (THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY)

2020 ◽  
pp. 219-232
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Karasova ◽  
◽  
Andrey V. Fedorchenko ◽  
Dmitry A. Maryasis ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Political Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Impact

The article presents a historical overview of Israeli studies at the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in the first two decades of the 21st century. The paper demonstrates the main research fields and publications of the Department for the Study of Israel and Jewish Communities, as well as the list of its heads and research fellows. The article shows how, having successfully overcome the difficulties of the 1990s that were rather hard on Russian Academy as a whole, the staff of the Israeli Studies Department in their numerous publications, speeches at Russian and international academic forums tried to respond to the new challenges in a scholarly way. In the 2000s the number of works published on the history of relations between the USSR / Russia and Israel increased, and this trend continued in subsequent years. Access to the archives for the first time made it possible to analyze the formation and development of Soviet-Israeli relations before the break (in 1953). The department expanded the directions of its academic activity. Its topics included such directions as the study of the collective memory of Jews in modern Russia, cultural identity, cultural memory, religious and secular identity of Russian Jews, attitude towards disability and people with disabilities, study of youth communities in Israel, Russia and Europe, the impact of the US-Israeli relations on the US Jewish community. Development of basic methodology for researching the state of Jewish charity in Moscow was one of the new tasks for the fellows of the Department to solve. The novelty of the tasks also included new methodology of researching the economic and socio-political development of Israel using social networks data. The Department continued to study all aspects of the life of the State of Israel — economic, socio-political and cultural processes developing in the Israeli state, including new features in regional policy and the concept of Israeli security. At present, members of the department’s, in addition to their current activities, are implementing a number of promising projects aimed at strengthening the department’s position as the leading center of Israeli studies in the post-Soviet space.

scholarly journals Definition of the concept of «state-legal system» in the Russian scientific turnover (on the example of the US development during the Civil war)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Наталья Латыпова ◽  
Natalia Latypova
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of state-legal system. The author argues the need for the introduction of this category in the domestic scientific circulation and the relevance of this problem for the modern science of the history of state and law. On the example of the U.S. development during the Civil war, the author demonstrates that the Union of two elements: the state and the legal system is due to their historically close relationship. The article argues that the introduction of the concept of «state-legal system» into scientific use will allow to describe the integral theoretical and legal phenomenon uniting in a broad sense the political and legal spheres of society. On the basis of the conducted in-depth analysis of the theoretical material the author proposes the author’s definition of the concept of the state-legal system.

scholarly journals Anti Terrorism Legal Framework in Pakistan and Challenges before the Criminal Justice System

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Muhammad Imran , Dr. Rao Qasim Idrees
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Sectarian Violence ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

Terrorism is a global problem and it is becoming more complicated over the years. Most countries including Pakistan are adopting new measures to combat terrorism. However, the existing legal regime in Pakistan has several weaknesses and the government faces new challenges in fighting terrorism. This paper examines the anti-terrorism legislation of Pakistan by arguing that it has become unsuccessful to curb the threat of terrorism by fetching the terrorists to justice. This paper also provides analysis of the development of anti-terrorism laws in Pakistan after the September 2001 terrorist attacks in the US (9/11 attacks) through a broad history of progression as per the varying nature of the hazards faced by the State. Several governments made various legal mechanisms to cope with the criminalities those could not be sought under the ordinary judicial system of the State. Being the primary anti-terrorism legislation, the Anti-Terrorism Act, 1997 is used to handle the menace of sectarian violence in the State. Due to the 9/11 attack, throughout varying character of the danger caused by the Al-Qaeda or Taliban connected local terrorist Jihadi as well as sectarian organizations, Pakistan needs to amend not just the anti-terrorism procedure, but also required to introduce new related regulations to make the law more effective to aid speedy trials of the involved terrorists. This paper reviews critically the existing anti-terrorism laws, investigation techniques and trial processes adopted in Pakistan and identifies weaknesses and challenges in ensuring the effective implementation of the laws  

The history of the formation and development of the Attorney Service in the USA

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (02) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Natalia Antonova ◽  
Valery Grebennikov ◽  
Tatjana Ilina ◽  
Victoria Kalinovskaya ◽  
Daniel Petrosyants
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

The article examines the history of the creation and development of the Attorney Service in the United States, which has no analogues in other states, but due to its functions in criminal prosecution, it is often referred to the prosecutor’s office. The article deals with the organization and activities of prosecutorial supervision in the United States. The authors analyze the functions of the institution of the prosecutor’s office in the state, highlight the stages of activity and investigate the problematic aspects of the work of the prosecutor’s office. As a result of the analysis, the conceptual historical features of the US Prosecutor’s Office were determined.

scholarly journals Who is more susceptible to Covid-19 infection and mortality in the States?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Han ◽  
V.O.K. Li ◽  
J.C.K. Lam ◽  
P. Y Guo ◽  
R.Q Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
County Level ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Poor ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Rich

AbstractBackgroundA novel coronavirus was detected in Wuhan, China and reported to WHO on 31 December 2019. WHO declared a global pandemic on 11 March 2020. The first case in the US was reported in January 2020. Since mid-March 2020, the number of confirmed cases has increased exponentially in the States, with 1.1 million confirmed cases, and 57.4 thousand deaths as of 30 April 2020. Even though some believe that this new lethal coronavirus does not show any partiality to the rich, previous epidemiological studies find that the poor in the US are more susceptible to the epidemics due to their limited access to preventive measures and crowded living conditions. In this study, we postulate that the rich is more susceptible to Covid-19 infection during the early stage before social distancing measures have been introduced. This may be attributed to the higher mobility (both inter- and intra-city), given their higher tendency to travel for business/education, and to more social interactions. However, we postulate after the lockdown/social distancing has been imposed, the infection among the rich may be reduced due to better living conditions. Further, the rich may be able to afford better medical treatment once infected, hence a relatively lower mortality. In contrast, without proper medical insurance coverage, the poor may be prevented from receiving timely and proper medical treatment, hence a higher mortality.MethodWe will collect the number of confirmed Covid-19 cases in the US during the period of Jan 2020 to Apr 2020 from Johns Hopkins University, also the number of Covid-19 tests in the US from the health departments across the States. County-level socio-economic status (SES) including age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, education, occupation, employment status, immigration status, and housing price, will be collected from the US Census Bureau. State/county-level health conditions including the prevalence of chronic diseases will be collected from the US CDC. State/county-level movement data including international and domestic flights will be collected from the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics. We will also collect the periods of lockdown/social distancing. Regression models are constructed to examine the relationship between SES, and Covid-19 infection and mortality at the state/county-level before and after lockdown/social distancing, while accounting for Covid-19 testing capacities and co-morbidities.Expected FindingsWe expect that there is a positive correlation between Covid-19 infection and SES at the state/county-level in the US before social distancing. In addition, we expect a negative correlation between Covid-19 mortality and SES.

scholarly journals Survival pending revolution: Self-determination in the age of proto-neo-liberal globalization

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-203
Author(s):  
John Narayan
Keyword(s):  
Community Engagement ◽  
The State ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
International Solidarity ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Defence ◽  
Black Panther

In 1971, the Black Panther Party (BPP) seemingly went through an ideological transformation. Between 1968 and 1970 the Party had forged strong national and international solidarity and support through a politics of revolutionary armed self-defence and a commitment to anti-imperialism. Yet, in late 1970 as the sands of both national and geo-politics shifted, and as allies, both at home and abroad, became less supportive, the Panthers found themselves on less solid ground. Black Panther leader Huey P Newton, realizing this shift in the political landscape, and the futility of attempting an armed insurgency against the state without widespread support, now steered the BPP towards the idea of ‘Survival Pending Revolution’. This saw the Panthers abandon the idea of immediate armed insurrection against the state and reorient towards a focus on their community engagement ‘survival programs’. This article argues that Newton’s orientation of the BPP away from armed insurrection and towards survival pending revolution was not simply a pragmatic choice of strategy, but rather based on a theorization of what he dubbed reactionary intercommunalism. Moreover, the article suggests that the history of neo-liberal globalization can be complicated and expanded by viewing Newton as one of the first theorists of neo-liberal globalization, and BPP survival programs as one of the first responses to the on-coming era of neo-liberalism in the US.

scholarly journals The Thomas Hart Benton faction in Missouri politics, 1850-1860

1937 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Orlana Hensley
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Social Background ◽  
The State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Personal Leadership ◽  
Thomas Hart Benton

The central event in the history of political parties in Missouri, between 1850 end 1856, was the fight between the Benton and the Anti-Benton factions tor the control of the dominant Democratic party in the state. At the end of that tight, there was a Benton faction steadfast enough in the support of Benton that it is characterized by the expression "Die-Hards." The purpose of this study is to trace the emergence of these "Die-Hards" and define them in terms of their geographic location, their condition of economic development, and their social background in order to discover it there were other common influences, besides Benton's personal leadership, that bound them into one political party.--Preface.

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