scholarly journals 8. From Trans-European (Ten-T) to Trans-Global (Twn-T) Transport Infrastructure Networks. A Conceptual Framework

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Costa ◽  
Hercules Haralambides ◽  
Roberto Roson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Inland Navigation ◽  
The World ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Combat Climate Change ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

Paolo Costa, Hercules Haralambides and Roberto Roson, in chapter 8, look back at the genesis — in Europe — of the transnational transport infrastructure which has long coincided with the Ten-T network, developed — sometimes as a weak Keynesian stimulus — as a tool for strengthening the cohesiveness and economic efficiency of the internal market. Following the enlargement of the EU, Ten-T has been evolving from 1996 to 2013, and has been encouraging modal shifts from road and air to rail, inland navigation and short-sea shipping, in order to achieve higher environmental sustainability and combat climate change. However, during these notable efforts, little attention has been paid to the external dimension of European connectivity. Along with addressing a number of technical disruptions affecting transport and its infrastructure, the new wave of Ten-T revision — due by December 2023 — must depart from what has thus far been an introverted view of Europe as a single market (something that has often penalized European competitiveness) to an extroverted orientation of the Union as a key player in a global market. The growing economic centrality of Asia since China’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO); China’s strong interest in the Mediterranean Basin as the “super-hub” that connects four continents; and the eastward shift of the European economic barycentre: all of these developments indicate possible solutions for addressing the “geographical obsolescence” of the current Ten-T. In parallel, innovation-driven disruption of the worldwide maritime freight transport network and its infrastructure necessitates the streamlining of port nodes and rail networks around the world, in a way that at the same time addresses efficiently the current “technological obsolescence” of big parts of European infrastructure, predominantly of ports. The authors argue that new Ten-T network evolving into a Twn-T (Trans-Global) one ought to no longer be the product solely of European decisions: dovetailing Ten-T with China’s “Belt and Road Initiative — BRI” will not only be unavoidable but also, rather, a most welcome development.

scholarly journals China’s ‘Going Global’ Policy: Transnational Production Subsidies Under the WTO SCM Agreement

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-863
Author(s):  
Victor Crochet ◽  
Vineet Hegde
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Global Policy ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
International Trade Law ◽  
The World ◽  
World Trade Organization Agreement ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Production Subsidies ◽  
Shed Light

ABSTRACT As China is increasingly ‘going global’, foreign direct investment under its Belt and Road Initiative is becoming heavily scrutinized. One of the concerns is that Chinese companies establishing themselves in third countries would be unfairly advantaged by the financing they receive under China’s expansionist strategy. This financing gives rise to a situation that had long been described as ‘unrealistic’, in which a government subsidizes a firm outside of its territory. When such a firm’s products are exported to third countries, could such financing be disciplined under the World Trade Organization Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures? Should such financing, which enhances development in the receiving countries, be disciplined at all? The authors shed light on these issues and provide a preliminary guidance on how to structure this problem under international trade law.

scholarly journals World chicken meat market – its development and current status

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Vladimirovna Belova ◽  
Luboš Smutka ◽  
Eva Rosochatecká
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Developing Area ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Meat Market

The global meat market and primarily the chicken meat market represents a very dynamically developing area. The objective of the present article is the analysis of the chicken meat market in the world in order to identify the basic development trends associated with the development of production of and trade in chicken meat, and also in order to identify the individual entities controlling the global chicken meat market. In methodological terms, the article analyzes the development of production of, consumption of and trade (export and import) in chicken meat in the years 1961–2009. The main sources of data necessary for the processing of the individual analyses are the FAOSTAT and UN COMTRADE databases. The results of the conducted analysis show the following findings. World production of poultry meat increased from 7.5 million tons to more than 86 million tons. The global market reacted in a flexible manner, in which there was an increase in volumes of executed trade from 271 thousand tons/year in the year 1961 to more than 10.7 million tons/year in the year 2010. Further, the value of world trade in chicken meat within the analyzed period increased from approximately USD 169 million to approximately USD 16 billion. If we analyze the global chicken meat market, it may be stated that it is very concentrated. The analysis of the global market further shows that Brazil, the USA and China represent, in terms of global production, consumption and trade, the main driving force on the chicken meat market. These three countries have a share in global production of approximately 46%, their share in global consumption ranges at a level of over 40%. The share of these countries in global export ranges at a level exceeding 50%.

scholarly journals Economic and Development Policy-Making in Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elimma C Ezeani
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Internal Constraints ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan

AbstractThe difficulties in effective engagement with the global trade environment, especially given the rules-based system of world trade applicable to member states of the World Trade Organisation, are a constant subject for academic and political discourse, particularly when developing countries are involved. One consideration is however often overlooked: the internal constraints which must be faced in these countries along with their added obligations to comply with modern liberalization processes. This article studies these constraints by identifying the challenges facing one of sub-Saharan Africa's largest economies in constructing a stable legal framework for trade and development, which meets domestic needs and complies with the demands of the global market environment.

The liberalization of air services: prospects and challenges for the Indian economy

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
Amade Roberts Amana
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Alternative Routes ◽  
Gradual Approach

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine, with a specific reference to the Indian economy, the interface between the World Trade Organization (WTO)/General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) disciplines and aviation services; the challenges to the incorporation of air services regimes into the world trade treaty; and the alternative routes for the liberalization of air services markets. Design/methodology/approach – The paper adopts the doctrinal approach to legal research in analyzing literature on the integration of air services into the multi-lateral trading system. The paper takes a critical look at the current state of the aviation industry, the rationales and routes for liberalization, as well as the challenges facing it. Findings – The paper reveals the state of the Indian aviation market and its preparedness for integration into the global market system. The merit of a gradual approach is examined. Research limitations/implications – The WTO framework offers the traditional route for the liberalization of trade. However, since the inception of air travel, air traffic rights have been traded between countries on a bilateral basis, involving concepts of sovereignty over national airspace. The paper offers some ideas on how the two can be integrated. Originality/value – The research draws on recent events in the Indian aviation sector. It is of importance, especially to other emerging economies with similar social-economic indicators. It objectively questions the rationales for liberalization or globalization and its merits.

scholarly journals Aid for development of international trade

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-384
Author(s):  
Predrag Bjelic ◽  
Ivana Popovic-Petrovic
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
The World ◽  
Aid For Trade ◽  
Great Development

The development of international trade was very impressive in the second half of 20th century. But even with these great development opportunities that growth of international trade can bring the small number of developed economies had succeeded to ripe benefits from it in order to develop their economies and reduce poverty. Even with the establishment of the World Trade Organization it was apparent that developing countries need assistance in order to integrate fully in international trade system. The Aid for Trade, which is a part of Official Development Assistance focusing on trade, has an aim to help developing countries build their trade capacity and the transport infrastructure so they can use trade as a powerful engine for economic growth. This paper set out to describe this new programme of trade aid developed under the auspices of WTO, as a multilateral project, to point out the readiness of donor countries and aims of beneficiary countries. But we will explore the linkages of Aid for Trade programme with bilateral and regional aid initiatives in the area of trade.

scholarly journals Cyfrowy Jedwabny Szlak i wzrastające znaczenie Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej w rywalizacji o technologiczne przywództwo na świecie

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 116-131
Author(s):  
Paula Tomaszewska
Keyword(s):  
Silk Road ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Digital Silk Road and the growing significance of the People’s Republic of China in the competition over technological supremacy in the world Over the past few years, many scientists have analyzed China’s Belt and Road Initiative, but very few have studied a significant component of this initiative – the Digital Silk Road (DSR). Although the attention regarding the implementation of the Belt and Road initiative is focused mainly on the implementation of international transport infrastructure projects, such as roads, railways or ports, it seems important to pay attention to the technological component of this project. The main goal of the article is to present the most comprehensive information possible on the Digital Silk Road and to investigate Chinese activities in this area. It should be emphasized that the early stage of development, namely the planning of the Belt and Road Initiative, as well as the Digital Silk Road, raises many scientific questions, such as: what is the Digital Silk Road? What actions have been taken to implement it? What challenges and threats can it generate? Will the Digital Silk Road contribute to an even greater exposure – the technological, growing role of China in the world? Undoubtedly, the Digital Silk Road, which is a platform promoting the development of digital connections between the countries participating in the initiative, can help spread Chinese digital “inventions – products.” In addition, it may contribute to facilitating the economic and social development of the countries along the initiative, thus improving the level of economic development of the beneficiary countries and generating new international competitive advantages. The Digital Silk Road is an inherent requirement for building China’s digital power in the world, and therefore a current and very important research area. The work on this article uses desk research on the changing position of the People’s Republic of China in the competition for technological leadership in the world, as well as the consequences it entails.

scholarly journals Imperfection of the World Trade Organization as a Hazard for International Business

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-370
Author(s):  
Krystyna Zoladkiewicz ◽  
Renata Orłowska
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
International Business ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Factitious Disorder ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
High Level

This paper examines the negative impact of the  paralysis observed in the World Trade Organization (WTO) functioning on international business. We provide an overview of the loopholes in the WTO rules and principles which became serious threats for the multilateral trading system. Our research identifies important loopholes in the MFN clause, DSB and Appellate Body. We bring clarity that the paralysis observed in the WTO functioning is a consequence of  these factors. The deviations and exceptions of the WTO rules permit the WTO members to compete “unfairly”. China is among the economies which are the most efficient in this respect. We term China’s behaviour on the global market as “economic factitious disorder”. It can be explained as permanently maintaining the status of a developing country by China and using preferences for LDCs despite a really high level of economic development. These findings indicate that the WTO lacks the mechanism to react and to prevent such abuses. They were not envisaged by the WTO creators, which suggests the need of the WTO reform. We contribute to international business research and the international organizations literature by identifying the causes of the paralysis of the WTO functioning.

scholarly journals On The Crossroads of Economy and Environment: Nepal and BRI

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-161
Author(s):  
Niha Pandey ◽  
Binita Subedi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Infrastructure Projects ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
International Regime ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
The World ◽  
Belt And Road

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), has imploded the international regime with much speculation and expectation. Primarily an economic move, BRI has its roots in infrastructure building around the less developed parts of the world in an attempt to increase connectivity and collaboration for trade among and between these states with all of them connected to Beijing. While BRI promises massive economic returns through connectivity, the question of environmental sustainability hangs in a balance. The situation is graver still for a country like Nepal that has been struggling for politico-economic as well as social stability. The dilemma discussed here is not only unique to Nepal, but reverberates through many developing and economically challenged nations around the world. The complexity of the situation becomes apparent not only because of environmental threats that loom large over the country, owing to mega infrastructure projects, but the lack of political as well as economic measures that need to be in place in order to assuage and counter the eminent threats through proper steps. All this requires further elaboration on how the Nepalese infrastructure sector and the BRI development model promise to address environmental sustainability. Nepal’s already constrained economy hangs in the dilemma following its decision to join the initiative.

scholarly journals Determination of Key Factors Affecting Transient Seaport Selection for Landlocked Countries in African Continent

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Badi ◽  
Dragan Pamucar
Keyword(s):  
Service Level ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Transit Country ◽  
The World ◽  
In Transit ◽  
Consistency Method

Abstract: Many countries around the world suffer from the lack of a sea port directly linked to the rest of the world. Such countries are called "landlocked countries". This leads to Weak competitiveness of their products in the global market, as well as to the high cost of the imports. Africa has the largest share of these countries, with 16 of the 43 landlocked countries around the world. The aim of this paper is to propose a general framework for criteria that can be used to choose between ports in transit countries that can be used for import or export. These criteria are related to the assessment of the sea ports in terms of infrastructure and tariffs. It is also related to transport infrastructure from the transit country to the landlocked country and the level of safety. The study identified nine criteria that could be used to compare between ports in transit countries. Using Full Consistency Method (FUCOM) to evaluate those criteria showed that the number of navigation lines is the most important criteria followed by the port service level.

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