Assessing Women’s Participation in Non-farm Activities and Its Effects on Their Household Income

Abstract The main aim of the study was to examine the role of females' economic participation in household income. To achieve this objective both primary and secondary sources of data were collected from 400 sample size using simple random sampling method. The obtained data were first analyzed using a descriptive method to describe socio-economic characteristics of women in the study area. Secondly, to identify determinants of women’s participation in economic activities and household decision-making process logit model was employed and finally, multiple linear regression method was applied to identify factors affecting the level of women's contribution to household income. The result shows that female participation in economic activities positively determines by women's training and woman’s education level and is negatively affected by the presence of children under five years of age. The contribution of women to household income on average was estimated birr 32,400.50 per annum which was nearly 36.8percent of the overall household income. The possible recommendation is government and other respective bodies must encourage women to learn more and more.

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Women Status in Labour Market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Global Economics Review ◽

10.31703/ger.2021(vi-iii).02 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol VI (III) ◽

pp. 12-31

Author(s):

Tamanna Bibi ◽

Amjad Amin ◽

Jabbar ul Haq

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Household Income ◽

Married Woman ◽

Family System ◽

Living Standard ◽

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Self Employment ◽

Women's Participation ◽

The Family

This study analyses the woman's status labour market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Four working states: self-employed, paid employees, and unpaid family helpers were investigated. Data were collected about individuals and household characteristics of women aged between (15-60) years from the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey (PSLM, 2014-15). The estimated results based on Multinomial Logit (MNL) suggest a positive and significant impact of women's age on all working categories in the labour market. The woman who owns a house, or the married woman, with multiple children or having a combined family system, or the residents of the countryside have less likelihood to take part in paid works. Participation in paid works decreases with the increase in the number of children, whereas participation in self-employment increases with the increase in the number of children. The probability of female participation in all four working states increases with the increase in the number of working individuals in the family. Whereas, probability of women's participation in the labor market decrease with the Joint family system, house owning, marriage, or higher household income.

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GENDER ROLES IN OPTIMISATION OF HOUSE-YARD LAND TO IMPROVE HOUSEHOLD INCOME (Case Study of Kampung Kucai in Kranggan Hamlet, Pojok Village, Blitar Regency)

Journal of Academic Research and Sciences (JARES) ◽

10.30957/jares.v2i1.405 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Lintar Brillian Pintakami

Keyword(s):

Gender Roles ◽

Household Income ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Women Farmers ◽

Snowball Sampling ◽

Women's Participation ◽

Role Activity ◽

Productive Role

This research aims to describe women farmer’s participation in the establishment of Kampung Kucai (Chives Hamlet) through Women Farmers Group, to identify existing gender roles, and to review to what extent do women contribute to household income by means of house-yard land optimisation for farming practice. Study area was determined purposively in Kampung Kucai, Kranggan Hamlet, Pojok Village, Blitar Regency. This research was conducted between March and April 2018. Snowball sampling was used as sampling method. There were 20 respondents interviewed, both husbands and wives actively involved in Women Farmers Group, and 5 key informants. Data were analysed using descriptive analysis with qualitative and quantitative approaches. It was found that women’s participation in the Kampung Kucai’s establishment made up from chives cultivation, promotional activities, and managing sustainably. Gender roles in the house-yard land chives farming management were identified according to role/activity, control, access, and benefit disparities between men and women. Men were found to have allocated more time on productive role compared to their women counterparts. Men allocated 10 hours per day or 66,7 % worth productive role where women allocated 5 hours per day or 33,3 %. Therefore, each contributions to household income per month were Rp. 460.230,- and Rp. 229.770,- respectively, whereas women allocated more reproductive role than their men counterparts at 50 % rate compared to 14,5 %. Keywords: Gender Roles, Women Farmer, Workloads, Income Contribution. Received: 26 February, 2017; Accepter: 15 March, 2017

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Strategic Entrepreneurial Dimensions of Rural Self Employed Women in Kerala: A Micro-Study

Shanlax International Journal of Economics ◽

10.34293/economics.v9i4.4202 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Liji Samuel

Keyword(s):

Household Income ◽

Women Entrepreneurs ◽

Business Growth ◽

Indian Women ◽

The Past ◽

Women's Participation ◽

Commercial World ◽

Employed Women

For the past 25 years, Indian women have taken a bold stance to overcome the illicit commercial world to this day. Women’s business growth can be seen as a way to empower women. During the period of participation, women’s participation in household income has increased. In India, women entrepreneurs face many challenges in starting their businesses. Earlier, women were reported to have more problems than other men in their families and discrimination against women.

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Determinants of the Supply of Women in the Labour Market: A Micro Analysis

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v30i4iipp.755-766 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 30 (4II) ◽

pp. 755-766 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Shahnaz Hamid

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Household Income ◽

Income Group ◽

Married Women ◽

Neoclassical Theory ◽

Women's Participation ◽

Analytical Work ◽

Primary Determinant ◽

Micro Analysis ◽

Labour Power

Neoclassical economists consider education to be one of the key determinants of women entering the labour market. The higher the level of education, the greater is women's participation in the labour market. [Becker (1980); Mincer (1980)]. However, the structuralist school does not look at it so simply. In their view there are many other factors besides education which compel women to· sell their labour power. [Benham (1980); Strober (1980)]. The principal factor compelling women to sell their labour is income. Therefore, according to the structuralist school the lower is women's household income, the greater is their compulsion to enter the labour market. How does this square with neoclassical theory? The structuralist school states that household income is the primary determinant of women's sale of labour power. Therefore, in a society divided by income groups lower income class women will tend to sell their labour power more. However, within each income group an increase in education will increase the supply of women's labour and its returns. Due to inadequate data, relatively little analytical work on this issue has been undertaken so the present study is an attempt to explore why some married women are engaged in earning activities, while some of them are not. Our sample consists of ever-married women, because normally they are considered independent, and their status is equal to their male partners. So they have relatively more choice in entering the labour market compared to unmarried women. A comparison of this kind will help us to identify the factors besides education in determining women's supply of labour in the market.

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