scholarly journals Јазичната политика во Република Македонија – меѓу законската регулатива и практиката

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 223-234
Author(s):  
Симона [Simona] Груевска-Маџоска [Gruevska-Madžoska]
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Official Language ◽  
World War ◽  
Framework Agreement ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Core Subjects ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

Language policy in the Republic of Macedonia – between legislation and practice The question about the status of the Macedonian language manifests itself for the first time in the 19th century, but its resolution starts with the codification of the Macedonian lan­guage after World War II. The Macedonian language is then declared as an official language in the Macedonian republic and equal amongst the other languages in SFR Yugoslavia. However, the official language in SFR Yugoslavia (the language of international communication, mili­tary dealings, one of the core subjects in all elementary schools etc.) was the Serbo‑Croatian language. With the formation of an independent Republic of Macedonia, the Macedonian language became the only official language until the peace deal Ohrid Framework Agreement was signed, when the language of the largest ethnic minority – the Albanian language – gains the status of an official language. The issue of interest of this article is whether the Macedonian language has changed its status and to what extent, what are the terms of legislation for it and the real situation in which it is found in the Republic of Macedonia. Polityka językowa w Republice Macedonii – między ustawodawstwem a praktyką Artykuł poświęcony jest zagadnieniom związanym ze zmianą statusu języka macedoń­skiego, jego stanem prawnym i faktyczną sytuacją językową w Republice Macedonii.Kwestia statusu języka macedońskiego pojawiła się po raz pierwszy w XIX wieku, lecz jej właściwe rozwiązanie nastąpiło wraz z kodyfikacją języka literackiego po II wojnie świa­towej. Wówczas język macedoński został uznany za oficjalny w Socjalistycznej Republice Macedonii i równouprawniony z pozostałymi językami w SFR Jugosławii, przy czym języ­kiem oficjalnym federacyjnego państwa był serbskochorwacki/chorwackoserbski (jako język komunikacji międzynarodowej, język armii i przedmiot obowiązkowego nauczania w szkole podstawowej itd.).Z chwilą ukonstytuowania się Republiki Macedonii jako niezależnego państwa język ma­cedoński został jedynym językiem oficjalnym, sytuacja taka trwała aż do podpisania umowy w Ochrydzie (Ohridskiot ramoven dogovor), kiedy to także albański – jako język największej mniejszości etnicznej w kraju – zyskał status języka oficjalnego.

scholarly journals From the history of Serbian question in Macedonia: Culturological aspect

Balcanica ◽  
2002 ◽  
pp. 227-252
Author(s):  
Prvoslav Radic
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
World War ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Balkan Wars ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The One

Contemporary Serbian Question in Macedonia is most closely related to major political events in the Balkans in 19th and 20th centuries. Starting from the social and historical processes in this region of the Balkans, the author examines this question through several fundamental periods, wishing to look into the status of Serbian population in Macedonia of the time against this background. The first period began with the First Serbian Uprising (1804) heralding the creation of the first free Serbian state in the Balkans, and ended with the conclusion of Liberation Wars (1878) leaving considerable Serbian territories liberated. The second period started at the time of conclusion of liberation wars and lasted till the beginning of the Balkan Wars in 1912. The third period was the one from the conclusion of Balkan Wars till the end of World War II (1945). The fourth period commenced at the end of World War II and lasted till the disintegration of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the 1990s. The last, fifth period refers to the contemporary state of affairs in the Republic of Macedonia since the disintegration of the SFRY, i.e. the independence of the Republic of Macedonia in 1991. The analysis of the status of Serbian Question here is predominantly related to the culturological aspect through examining the circumstances in education literature, and in culture in general. It shows that the status of Serbian ethnic minority in Macedonia was closely related to social, historical and political setting in these areas of the Balkans. In the new social and political environment, the status of the remaining Serbian ethnic minority in Macedonia is uncertain. In the recent decades, unstable political circumstances in this area have had adverse effects on the presence of Serbian ethnic element in Macedonian territories, even more so since it fails to receive sufficient national support from both sides.

scholarly journals Daži agrāk aktuāli akadēmiskās dzīves aspekti: venia legendi un privātdocenta statuss pasaulē un Rīgas Politehnikumā (1862–1896)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 9-29
Author(s):  
Māris Baltiņš
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Pētījumā aplūkots privātdocenta statuss, kas pasaulē tika ieviests 18. gadsimtā un, sākot no 19. gadsimta otrās puses līdz Otrā pasaules kara beigām, pastāvēja arī Latvijā. Privātdocenta statuss salīdzināts ar citu pasaules valstu, galvenokārt vācu tipa universitātēm. Jēdzienu «venia legendi» un «privātdocents» skaidrojumi ar piemēriem no Rīgas Politehnikuma (RP) mācībspēku darbības atspoguļo šos jēdzienus no dažādiem aspektiem, lai 21. gadsimtā būtu saprotams to lietojums iepriekšējos gadsimtos. Autors pētījumam izmantojis arhīvu dokumentus un bibliotēku krājumus, balstoties ne tikai Latvijas, bet arī Krievijas, Vācijas un citu valstu zinātnieku atziņās. The study examines the status of a private docent, the academic position which was introduced across the world in the 18th century and which also existed in Latvia from the second half of the 19th century until the end of World War II. The status of the private docent as it used to be understood in Latvia is compared with other countries, mainly considering German-type universities. Definition of the terms «venia legendi» and «private docent» providing examples of academic activity of the lecturers of Riga Polytechnicum (RP) allow considering these concepts from various perspectives in order to make their meaning and usage in the previous centuries transparent for the users in the 21st century. Conducting the present research, the author has used archival documents and library collections, the theoretical framework includes the findings of not only the Latvian scientists, but also researchers from Russia, Germany and other countries.

scholarly journals Wo manchmal die Gebeine bleichen

2018 ◽  
pp. 63-77
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Żuchowski
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
World War ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
European Culture ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

The status of cemeteries in European culture is unique. Tombs with inscriptionsinforming about the names of the buried are peculiar examples of historical documentswhich persuasively illustrate the history of a given region by revealing thetruth about the nationality, religious beliefs, and social status of the buried. Thus,cemeteries become unique reservoirs of memory, sometimes turning into objects ofideologically biased interest and even destruction. That was the case of the Protestantcemeteries in Poland which suffered as a result of historical ideologization affectingthe regions formerly populated by Germans. A metaphorical account of thatprocess can be found in The Call of the Toad, a novel by Günter Grass.However, the problem is much more complicated. Since the 19th century changesin urban planning of European cities resulted in transforming cemeteries into parks.Various developments of this kind can be observed in Poznań, where till 1939 cemeterieswere connected to particular confessions, and, with an exception of the garrisoncemetery, there were no burying grounds open to all. The cemeteries which belongedto parishes and communities were taken over by the city and gradually transformedinto parks, except the historic ones (the Roman Catholic cemetery on Wzgórze Św.Wojciecha, the Protestant Holy Cross cemetery on Ogrodowa St., and the Jewishcemetery on Głogowska St.). Such changes required a proper waiting period from themoment of the burying ground’s closing to its final disappearance. Fifty years afterthe last burial a cemetery could be officially taken over by the city. Transformationswhich began at the beginning of the 20th century were continued in the 1930s, to becompleted in the 1950s.Under the Nazi occupation, the decrees of the administrator of the Warthegaumade it possible for the city to take over the confessional cemeteries (Roman Catholic,Jewish, and Protestant). Those regulations remained valid after World War II. TheCity Council took over Protestant and Jewish cemeteries, and removed some RomanCatholic ones. Some of them have been transformed into parks. Consequently, all theProtestant and Jewish cemeteries, and some Roman Catholic ones, disappeared fromthe city map in 1945–1973. Most of them have been changed into parks and squares.The Protestant cemeteries were considered German and the parks located on suchareas received significant names, e.g., Victory Park, Partisans’ Park, etc. Cemeterieswere often being closed in a hurry and until today on some construction sites contractorscan find human bones.

Resolving the taxonomic puzzle of Boana cinerascens (Spix, 1824), with resurrection of Hyla granosa gracilis Melin, 1941 (Anura: Hylidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4750 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCELO JOSÉ STURARO ◽  
JOÃO CARLOS LOPES COSTA ◽  
ADRIANO O. MACIEL ◽  
GERALDO R. LIMA-FILHO ◽  
FERNANDO J. M. ROJAS-RUNJAIC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
New Species ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
World War ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
The Status ◽  
New Material ◽  
The 19Th Century

Expeditions to unexplored or little explored places are important for discovering new species and also for collecting new samples (including specimens and tissues for DNA sequencing ) that may help resolve a plethora of taxonomic problems. In the 19th century, several naturalists explored a number of localities in Amazonia, describing species for which type material was deposited, mostly, in European museums of natural history. Some of these types were lost or destroyed in World War II and recent expeditions have focused on sampling new material from the type localities. material from Boana cinerascens, which allowed us to infer phylogenetic relationships of the Boana punctata group (i.e., green Boana), based on DNA sequence data, and to revaluate the status of B. cinerascens and its synonyms. We designate, redescribe and illustrate a neotype for B. cinerascens, which was described by Spix in 1824, from the Municipality of Tefé, State of Amazonas, Brazil. We revalidate, redescribe, and illustrate Hyla granosa gracilis Melin, 1941(= Boana gracilis). Corroborating previous studies, the green Boana were not recovered as a monophyletic group. Boana cinerascens is sister of B. gracilis plus a clade containing B. atlantica + B. punctata (both species not recovered as monophyletic). 

scholarly journals Russian-Chinese Treaties: Milestones and Zigzags of History. I. From the 17th century to World War II

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-65
Author(s):  
Yury TAVROVSKIY
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Critical Juncture ◽  
Indelible Mark ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century

The relations between Russia and China were recorded in numerous documents, among which treaties were of particular value. Some of them were gradually becoming outdated, others were denounced after several years, but some remained quite relevant for decades. As documents of the highest international legal level leaving an indelible mark on the bilateral relations, treaties are the most suitable tool to track and perceive clearly their dynamics. Part I of the article reviews treaty relations between the two countries from the beginning of diplomatic contacts in the early seventeenth century to World War II. While Russian-Chinese relations expanded especially rapidly since the middle of the 19th century the Non-Aggression Treaty of 1937 is especially noteworthy as it proved to be of great value for the interests of both the USSR and the Republic of China at a critical juncture in their history.

scholarly journals Selected Aspects of Polish-Mexican Relations on the Political, Economic and Cultural-Scientific Level in the 21st Century

Ad Americam ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 59-82
Author(s):  
Justyna Łapaj-Kucharska
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Latin American ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
First Time ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Polish Foreign

Polish-Mexican relations on the political, economic, cultural and scientific levels have developed over the decades. The first political contacts between our two countries, after Poland regained its independence, were established in the 1920s. However, interstate contacts have not been developed on a larger scale. This was due, among others, to the fact that the Latin American countries did not occupy a priority position in Polish foreign policy neither before or after World War II. After 1990, Mexico became one of Poland’s most important Latin American partners. The Polish-Mexican trade exchange has been growing systematically. In 2015, it exceeded USD 1 billion for the first time in history. In April 2017 the first, historic visit at the highest level of the President of the Republic of Poland, Andrzej Duda, took place in Mexico. It was a positive manifestation of the need to strengthen relations at the highest level and to testify the political will to intensify Poland’s relations with Mexico. In the second decade of the 21st century, we can talk about a “new opening” in Polish-Mexican relations. This manifests itself in both political and economic as well as cultural and scientific contacts. This article shows the most important manifestations of Poland’s relations with Mexico in the first and second decade of the 21st century with some references to previous years.

scholarly journals Ein Land, nur Opfer? Zu Gruppenstereotypen in der Auseinandersetzung um die lettische Sprachenpolitik am Beispiel des Sprachreferendums von 2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra J. Langer
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Official Language ◽  
World War ◽  
The Republic ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
The Russian Language

On February 18th 2012 the referendum on the Draft Law ‘Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia’ took place in Latvia. Its purpose was to decide whether or not the Russian language should be made the second official language of the Republic of Latvia. But this referendum was just the preliminary climax in a chain of events that exposed the relations between the ethnic Latvian and the ethnic Russian parts of Latvian society. The burden of historical events concerning the loss of Latvia's independence after World War II and its as-similation in the Sowjet Union including deportations and the repression of the Latvian national identity still effects the relations between Latvia’s citizens, especially when it comes to political decisions. This article gives an overview over the chain of events leading to the referendum including observations about the perticular importance of language in terms of national identity. The main focus, however, will be on the analysis of relations between ethnic Latvians and ethnic Russians based on Niklas Luhmann's concept of trust. Mistrust as the downside of trust is constitutive for many parts of Latvian public life, which is widely discussed in all social sectors and even passed on through the generations. Considering the trust issues within Latvian society severe consequences for everyday life can be detected: long-term stereotypes and prejudice between the ethnic groups. In this article the kind and content of the stereotypes and prejudices are named and analyzed. This leads to the question, if it is even necessary to use Erving Goffmans concept of stigma to describe the relations.

scholarly journals Some Previously Relevant Aspects of Academic Life: Venia Legendi and the Status of a Private Docent in the World and in Riga Polytechnicum (1862–1896)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 9-30
Author(s):  
Māris Baltiņš
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
21St Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Academic Life ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The study examines the status of a private docent, the academic position which was introduced across the world in the 18th century and which also existed in Latvia from the second half of the 19th century until the end of World War II. The status of the private docent as it used to be understood in Latvia is compared with other countries, mainly considering German-type universities. Definition of the terms «venia legendi» and «private docent» providing examples of academic activity of the lecturers of Riga Polytechnicum (RP) allow considering these concepts from various perspectives in order to make their meaning and usage in the previous centuries transparent for the users in the 21st century. Conducting the present research, the author has used archival documents and library collections, the theoretical framework includes the findings of not only the Latvian scientists, but also researchers from Russia, Germany and other countries.

scholarly journals Strong Disagreements West-Moscow on the Future of the World After World War II

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Alban Malia
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
World War ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
European Continent ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Ministers ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The European continent after the end of World War II was completely destroyed. A destruction of such proportions was not even done in the 30-year War three hundred years ago, not even in the Napoleonic wars of the 19th century. Now the victors had to prepare the treaties. This did not turn out to be a simple task. For the first time the Council of Foreign Ministers of the victorious countries met in London from September 11 until October 2, 1945. The first problem faced by this council was the opposition of Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov to accept France and China as allies. France was dissatisfied with the Soviet move and again felt excluded from major decisions. US President Harry Truman appealed directly to Stalin, but the latter did not respond. The Western allies proved determined. They would not allow any of their allies to be excluded from Soviet desires. This act was also the first disagreement between the Western foreign ministers and the Soviet foreign minister.

The Legal Status of Local Government in South Africa under the New Constitutional Dispensation

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mbuzeni Mathenjwa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
First Time

The history of local government in South Africa dates back to a time during the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910. With regard to the status of local government, the Union of South Africa Act placed local government under the jurisdiction of the provinces. The status of local government was not changed by the formation of the Republic of South Africa in 1961 because local government was placed under the further jurisdiction of the provinces. Local government was enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa arguably for the first time in 1993. Under the interim Constitution local government was rendered autonomous and empowered to regulate its affairs. Local government was further enshrined in the final Constitution of 1996, which commenced on 4 February 1997. The Constitution refers to local government together with the national and provincial governments as spheres of government which are distinctive, interdependent and interrelated. This article discusses the autonomy of local government under the 1996 Constitution. This it does by analysing case law on the evolution of the status of local government. The discussion on the powers and functions of local government explains the scheme by which government powers are allocated, where the 1996 Constitution distributes powers to the different spheres of government. Finally, a conclusion is drawn on the legal status of local government within the new constitutional dispensation.

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