scholarly journals Ein Land, nur Opfer? Zu Gruppenstereotypen in der Auseinandersetzung um die lettische Sprachenpolitik am Beispiel des Sprachreferendums von 2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra J. Langer
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Official Language ◽  
World War ◽  
The Republic ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
The Russian Language

On February 18th 2012 the referendum on the Draft Law ‘Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia’ took place in Latvia. Its purpose was to decide whether or not the Russian language should be made the second official language of the Republic of Latvia. But this referendum was just the preliminary climax in a chain of events that exposed the relations between the ethnic Latvian and the ethnic Russian parts of Latvian society. The burden of historical events concerning the loss of Latvia's independence after World War II and its as-similation in the Sowjet Union including deportations and the repression of the Latvian national identity still effects the relations between Latvia’s citizens, especially when it comes to political decisions. This article gives an overview over the chain of events leading to the referendum including observations about the perticular importance of language in terms of national identity. The main focus, however, will be on the analysis of relations between ethnic Latvians and ethnic Russians based on Niklas Luhmann's concept of trust. Mistrust as the downside of trust is constitutive for many parts of Latvian public life, which is widely discussed in all social sectors and even passed on through the generations. Considering the trust issues within Latvian society severe consequences for everyday life can be detected: long-term stereotypes and prejudice between the ethnic groups. In this article the kind and content of the stereotypes and prejudices are named and analyzed. This leads to the question, if it is even necessary to use Erving Goffmans concept of stigma to describe the relations.

scholarly journals ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ДИНАМИЗМ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ОСЕТИНСКОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Senko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
Lexical Processes ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
North Ossetia

В статье рассматриваются лексические процессы, свидетельствующие об активизации осетинского словарного фонда, проявляющейся, в частности, в проникновении в исконный и иноязычный речевой оборот единиц, ранее находившихся на периферии лингвистической структуры или же для нее в целом не актуальных. В условиях глобализации, стирания национальных отличий регионалистические исследования языков все чаще привлекают научное внимание, что свидетельствует о несомненной важности данной научной специализации. Цель статьи – описание функционального динамизма лексической системы современного осетинского литературного языка на фоне таких актуальных векторов глобальной языковой динамики, как либерализация и демократизация языков, а также современного языкового контактирования в аспекте сравнения с действием указанных факторов в современном русском литературном языке. Представляются наблюдения над влиянием диалектного потенциала, а также влиянием другой тенденции, формирующей современный языковой вкус, – либерализации языка, приводящей к обновлению литературного канона. Функциональный динамизм осетинского языка рассматривается и на фоне современного языкового контактирования, которое представляет собой широкомасштабное явление, наглядно демонстрирующее влияние языковой глобализации; отмечается, что параллельно в современном мире наблюдается интеграция локальных сообществ, стремление их к определенной автаркии, в том числе на уровне языковых систем. Работа показала, что в осетинском языке функциональные сдвиги проявляются в русле взаимодействия двух разнонаправленных векторов современной языковой динамики: с одной стороны, глобализации, с другой, регионализации. На материале указанных наблюдений обнаруживаются особенности современной осетинской и русской лексической динамики. Утверждается, что изменения в сфере языковой политики, произошедшие в последнее время в Республике Северная Осетия-Алания, обусловливают наряду с активным влиянием на осетинский язык русского языка возникновение параллельной, осетинско-русской, линии языковых контактов; данное обстоятельство объективно диктуется самой природой последних: известно, что любой долговременный этнический контакт не может быть односторонним.The article deals with lexical processes that indicate the activation of the Ossetian vocabulary. The purpose of the article is to describe the functional dynamism of the lexical system of the modern Ossetian literary language. In the aspect of comparison with the vocabulary of modern Russian literary language. The work showed that functional shifts in the Ossetian language are manifested in the interaction of two different vectors of modern language dynamics: on the one hand, globalization, on the other hand, regionalization. The material of these observations reveals the features of modern Ossetian and Russian lexical dynamics. Russian language policy in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, along with the active influence of the Russian language on the Ossetian language, causes the emergence of a parallel, Ossetian-Russian, line of language contacts. This fact is objectively dictated by the very nature of the latter: it is well known that any long-term ethnic contact cannot be unilateral.

scholarly journals Јазичната политика во Република Македонија – меѓу законската регулатива и практиката

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 223-234
Author(s):  
Симона [Simona] Груевска-Маџоска [Gruevska-Madžoska]
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Official Language ◽  
World War ◽  
Framework Agreement ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Core Subjects ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

Language policy in the Republic of Macedonia – between legislation and practice The question about the status of the Macedonian language manifests itself for the first time in the 19th century, but its resolution starts with the codification of the Macedonian lan­guage after World War II. The Macedonian language is then declared as an official language in the Macedonian republic and equal amongst the other languages in SFR Yugoslavia. However, the official language in SFR Yugoslavia (the language of international communication, mili­tary dealings, one of the core subjects in all elementary schools etc.) was the Serbo‑Croatian language. With the formation of an independent Republic of Macedonia, the Macedonian language became the only official language until the peace deal Ohrid Framework Agreement was signed, when the language of the largest ethnic minority – the Albanian language – gains the status of an official language. The issue of interest of this article is whether the Macedonian language has changed its status and to what extent, what are the terms of legislation for it and the real situation in which it is found in the Republic of Macedonia. Polityka językowa w Republice Macedonii – między ustawodawstwem a praktyką Artykuł poświęcony jest zagadnieniom związanym ze zmianą statusu języka macedoń­skiego, jego stanem prawnym i faktyczną sytuacją językową w Republice Macedonii.Kwestia statusu języka macedońskiego pojawiła się po raz pierwszy w XIX wieku, lecz jej właściwe rozwiązanie nastąpiło wraz z kodyfikacją języka literackiego po II wojnie świa­towej. Wówczas język macedoński został uznany za oficjalny w Socjalistycznej Republice Macedonii i równouprawniony z pozostałymi językami w SFR Jugosławii, przy czym języ­kiem oficjalnym federacyjnego państwa był serbskochorwacki/chorwackoserbski (jako język komunikacji międzynarodowej, język armii i przedmiot obowiązkowego nauczania w szkole podstawowej itd.).Z chwilą ukonstytuowania się Republiki Macedonii jako niezależnego państwa język ma­cedoński został jedynym językiem oficjalnym, sytuacja taka trwała aż do podpisania umowy w Ochrydzie (Ohridskiot ramoven dogovor), kiedy to także albański – jako język największej mniejszości etnicznej w kraju – zyskał status języka oficjalnego.

Ukrainian Studies in Canada

1978 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-43
Author(s):  
Bohdan Krawchenko
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
World War ◽  
Canadian Universities ◽  
University Courses ◽  
Canadian Population ◽  
New Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Language

The development of university courses and programs in Ukrainian studies is a recent phenomenon in the ninety-year-old history of Ukrainians in Canada. It begins only with the end of World War II and coincides with the influx of the postwar immigration. Not only did this newest Ukrainian-Canadian population provide the bulk of the teaching staff for Ukrainian programs, but also the development of courses and programs was greatly stimulated by the educational needs of the various generations in this sector of the Ukrainian population. Prior to 1945, university courses in Ukrainian studies did not exist at Canadian universities. In evaluating the late arrival of Ukrainian studies on Canadian campuses, one should not lose sight of the fact that Slavic studies in this country are a relatively new development, stimulated by the last war and in particular by the need to deal with the Soviet allies. The first courses in the Russian language were introduced only in 1943, at Carleton College and Dalhousie University. The development of Ukrainian programs quickly followed the instroduction of Russian studies in Canada.

US Grand Strategy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Cavanna
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
World War ◽  
Liberal Internationalism ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Cold War

In its most general sense, grand strategy can be defined as the overarching vision that shapes a state’s foreign policy and approach to national security. Like any strategy, it requires the coherent articulation of the state’s ends and means, which necessitates prioritizing vital interests, identifying key threats and opportunities, and (within certain limits) adapting to circumstances. What makes it truly “grand” is that it encompasses both wartime and peacetime, harnesses immediate realities to long-term objectives, and requires the coordination of all instruments of power (military, economic, etc.). Although American leaders have practiced grand strategic thinking since the early days of the Republic, the concept of grand strategy itself only started to emerge during World War I due to the expansion and diversification of the state’s resources and prerogatives, the advent of industrial warfare, and the growing role of populations in domestic politics and international conflicts. Moreover, it was only during World War II that it detached itself from military strategy and gained real currency among decision-makers. The contours, desirability, and very feasibility of grand strategy have inspired lively debates. However, many scholars and leaders consider it a worthy (albeit complex) endeavor that can reduce the risk of resource-squandering, signal intentions to both allies and enemies, facilitate adjustments to international upheavals, and establish a baseline for accountability. America’s grand strategy evolved from relative isolationism to full-blown liberal internationalism after 1945. Yet its conceptualization and implementation are inherently contentious processes because of political/bureaucratic infighting and recurrent dilemmas such as the uncertain geographic delimitation of US interests, the clash of ideals and Realpolitik, and the tension between unilateralism and multilateralism. The end of the Cold War, the 9/11 attacks, China’s rise, and other challenges have further compounded those lines of fracture.

scholarly journals Ukraine at the context of the language politics in the middle of the 1940-s - the end of the 1980-s (on the example of Dnipropetrovsk region)

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-64
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Nikiliev
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Science Culture ◽  
Nursery Schools ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Russian Language

It was highlighted the process and was analysed the reasons pf spreading Russian language and narrowing the sphere of the using Ukrainian language in Ukraine in the second part of the 1940s-1980-s. On the materials of Dnipropetrovs’k region, one of the most developed region of the republic in the agrarian and agricultural sphere, it was shown that it was caused by the politics of the highest state-party leadership of the URSR and the most powerful agricultural construction in the first afterwardecade in the region's towns/cities during that the wide-involvement of the significant mass of people happened from different territories of the Soviet state and their subsidence on the permanent residence in the cities that made the using of Russian language objectively acceptable as the language of the international communication. The combination of these two factors contributed the large-scale deterioration of the Russian language in all spheres of production , administrative and managerial, cultural, everyday life and in the production, was identified the russification of the high, secondary special and professional education, general schools, nursery schools. Russian language became the language of the everyday life for the majority of the urban population. It was detected that the same tendencies started to appear in the village environment. It was analysed the forms and methods of its russification. The attention is focused on the factors that was promoted the wide-spreading and the fixing of the Russian language in the region. The serious influence on this situation had the policy that began to do in the USRS after the ending of the World War II on the initiative of the secretary of the CPSU Zhdanov A. It was called «zhdanivshchyna». The new outbreak of repression was happened during this period that was directed against scientific and creative intelligence. It was happened under the slogan of the struggle with "crawl" in front of west with "the rootless cosmopolitanism", "nationalism", the departure from marxism-leninism doctrine in science, culture, art. It is indicated that, as a result of such policy of the state, the region evolved from monolingual to bilingual. It's known that the situation with permanent ringing of the using of Ukrainian language didn't wick the negative among the population of the region. This position was based on the socially-economic factors (the best security of the industrial and grocery goods, higher salary compared to non-industrial regions, and the level and quality of life). The narrowing of the language sphere of the most Ukrainian ethnic region testified about the inorganic nature of the processes of the language policy in the Republic and the great role of the party-stare leadership in a sphere of the region russification. It's assigned that the process of russification supervised by the manifestations of anger up to the national history, culture, the perception of everything Ukrainian as less valuable. It's shown the demographic intertance of the carried out policy.

Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Attila Hoare
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Civil War ◽  
World War ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Narrative History ◽  
Guerrilla Movements ◽  
History Of

This volume is a study of revolution, genocide and national identity in Bosnia-Hercegovina during World War II. It explains the civil war between two rival guerrilla movements — the Partisans and the Chetniks — both in terms of long-term socio-economic and cultural fissures in Bosnia-Hercegovina, and in terms of short-term differences in policy and ideology. A chronological narrative history of the Bosnian Partisan movement allows the reader to understand how it evolved, as it first provoked the emergence of its Chetnik rival, and was then forced to adapt under pressure from the latter.

Intercultural Experience, the Anglo-American Occupation and UNESCO in Germany 1945–1949

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Morley
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Scientific Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
United Nations Educational ◽  
Intercultural Experience ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Negative Sense

Independent of each other, though contemporaneous, the Anglo-American occupiers of Germany and the newly founded United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization employed culture to foster greater intercultural and international understanding in 1945. Both enterprises separately saw culture as offering a means of securing the peace in the long term. This article compares the stated intentions and activities of the Anglo-American occupiers and UNESCO vis-à-vis transforming morals and public opinion in Germany for the better after World War II. It reconceptualizes the mobilization of culture to transform Germany through engaging theories of cultural diplomacy and propaganda. It argues that rather than merely engaging in propaganda in the negative sense, elements of these efforts can also be viewed as propaganda in the earlier, morally neutral sense of the term, despite the fact that clear geopolitical aims lay at the heart of the cultural activities of both the occupiers and UNESCO.

РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК – ЯЗЫК ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В КГМА

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
Г. Кульбаева
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Main Motivation ◽  
Language Functioning ◽  
Teaching Language ◽  
Medical Academy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Language

Аннотация. В статье рассматривается вопрос о функционировании русского языка в образовательном пространстве КГМА. Большое место в работе занимает роль русского языка в учебной деятельности студентов-медиков. Мотивацией к изучению именно, русского языка являются следующие факторы: статус официального языка; возможность привлечь внимание широкого круга специалистов к своим исследованиям; понимание престижности русского языка. В статье нашли отражение различные формы работы по расширению сферы использования русского языка в медицинской академии. В работе уделено внимание и профильным учебным пособиям, разработанным автором статьи. Анализ некоторых заданий позволяет констатировать тот факт, что содержание пособии определено через компетенции, одной из которых является языковая. Ключевые слова:язык обучения, фундаментальные науки, соматические ФЕ, компетентностная основа, профессиональная направленность, жаргонная лексика. Аннотация. Макалада КММАнын билим берүү мейкиндеги орус тилин өздөштүү маселеси каралат. Орус тили студент-медиктердин окуу ишмердигинде чоң роль ойнойт. Расмий тил статусу, өз изилдөөлөрүнө көпчүлүк адистердин көңүлүн буруу мүмкүнчүлүгү, орус тилинин баркын түшүнүү, өзгөчөлөп билүүгө далил болуп эсептелет. Макалада медициналык академияда орус тили колдонуу чөйрөсүн кеңейтүү боюнча иштөөнү ар кандай формалары көрсөтүлгөн. Эмгекте макаланын автору иштеп чыккан адистик окуу колдонмолорго да көңул бурулган. Кээ бир тапшырмалардын анализи колдонмонун мазмуну компетенция, анын бирөөсү тил аркылуу аныкталганын факт катары көрсөтүүгө мүмкүндүк түзөт. Түйүндүү сөздөр: фундаменталдык илимдер, соматикалык фразеологизмдер, компетенттик негиз, профессионалдык багытталыш, жаргондук лексика. Summary. The article discusses the Russian language functioning in the of the KSMA’s educational space. Russian language plays a big role in the educational activity of the medical students. The main motivation of learning the Russian language has the following points: the status of the official language; the opportunity to attract the attention of a wide range of specialists to their research; understanding of the prestige of the Russian language. The article reflected various forms of work to expand the scope of the use of the Russian language at the medical academy. The work focuses on specialized textbooks developed by the author of the article. An analysis of some tasks allows us to state the fact that the content of the manual is determined through competencies, one of which is the language. Key words: teaching language, fundamental sciences, somatic phraseological unit, slang vocabulary.

LONG-TERM TRENDS IN MARITAL STATUS MORTALITY DIFFERENCES IN THE NETHERLANDS 1850–1970

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANS VAN POPPEL ◽  
INEZ JOUNG
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
World War ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Long Term Trends

This article describes the long-term trends in marital status mortality differences in the Netherlands using a unique dataset relating to the period 1850–1970. Poisson regression analysis was applied to calculate relative mortality risks by marital status. For two periods, cause-of-death by marital status could be used. Clear differences in mortality by marital status were observed, with strongly increasing advantages for married men and women and a relative increase in the mortality of widowed compared with non-married people. Excess mortality among single and formerly married men and women was visible in many cause-of-death categories, and this became more widespread during the last decades of the nineteenth century. Hypotheses are formulated that might explain why married men and women underwent a stronger decrease in mortality up until the end of World War II.

Economic Factors and the Rates of Suicide in Germany between 1881 and 1989

1995 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1331-1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siegfried Weyerer ◽  
Andreas Wiedenmann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Medical Sociology ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Economic Stress ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Potential Consequence ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Disintegration

The potential consequence of economic stress most frequently cited in the literature of medical sociology is the increase in the rate of suicide, it probably being the most valid and reliable indicator of collective mental health. To assess the probability of such being the consequence of current economic realignment in the Federal Republic of Germany, we deemed it promising to evaluate the extent to and manner in which economic factors have to date affected the frequency of suicide in Germany. The current study analyzed the effects of four economic variables (growth of the economy, average real income, unemployment and frequency of bankruptcy) on the rates of suicide in Germany from 1881 to 1989. We set the commencement date of the period analyzed as early as possible to include long-term developments as well as the effects of different moderator variables. The annual fluctuations of all four variables, in conformity with our hypothesis, correlated both in the period preceding World War II as well as in the postwar period with those in the rates of suicide. The strongest correlations held for the rate of unemployment and for the frequency of bankruptcy in times of obvious social disintegration coupled with diminished state safeguards against unemployment. Our hypothesis that the effects of economic factors would more strongly influence the rates of suicide by men as opposed to women could not be corroborated.

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