Improvement on Conductivity for Thick Film Aluminum Paste

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 4726-4734
Author(s):  
K. C. Chuang ◽  
Wen-Hsi Lee
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Thick Film ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Glass Frit ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Liquid Phase Sintering ◽  
Reducing Atmosphere ◽  
Al Powder ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Oxidation Effect

With the development of thick-film paste, silver and copper are circulating in the market as the electric conductive fillings currently. Unfortunately, the cost of silver is exceedingly high, while the copper has to be sintered in the reducing atmosphere. In this study, we proposed to exert aluminum as the filling due to its low cost, good electrical conductivity, and capability of being sintered in air. By means of the fracture mechanism of the oxidation layer of the Al surface and the liquid phase sintering, the Al paste with high solid content is used to implement high electrical conductivity. Based on that Al powder with large particle size tends to fracture easily, while it is easy for Al powder with small size to fill the gap, we mixed Al powder with large and small particle sizes at different proportion, so that the internal micro-structure and the oxidization are observed. However, when glass frit was added into mixed Al powder, the Al particles are wet by glass frit for bonding Al particles as well as inhibiting oxidation. Effect of the glass frit content and the solid content of Al paste on conductivity are investigated in this study. The sheet resistance of Al paste sintered at 850 °C for 10 min. can be reduced to 4.5 mΩ/□ when Al paste is formulated based on the mixed Al particles with proportion of big to small (4:1) at 10 wt% glass frit content and 80 wt% solid content.

Improvement on Conductivity for Thick Film Aluminum Paste

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 4596-4604
Author(s):  
K. C. Chuang ◽  
Wen-Hsi Lee
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Thick Film ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Glass Frit ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Liquid Phase Sintering ◽  
Reducing Atmosphere ◽  
Al Powder ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Oxidation Effect

With the development of thick-film paste, silver and copper are circulating in the market as the electric conductive fillings currently. Unfortunately, the cost of silver is exceedingly high, while the copper has to be sintered in the reducing atmosphere. In this study, we proposed to exert aluminum as the filling due to its low cost, good electrical conductivity, and capability of being sintered in air. By means of the fracture mechanism of the oxidation layer of the Al surface and the liquid phase sintering, the Al paste with high solid content is used to implement high electrical conductivity. Based on that Al powder with large particle size tends to fracture easily, while it is easy for Al powder with small size to fill the gap, we mixed Al powder with large and small particle sizes at different proportion, so that the internal micro-structure and the oxidization are observed. However, when glass frit was added into mixed Al powder, the Al particles are wet by glass frit for bonding Al particles as well as inhibiting oxidation. Effect of the glass frit content and the solid content of Al paste on conductivity are investigated in this study. The sheet resistance of Al paste sintered at 850 °C for 10 min. can be reduced to 4.5 mΩ/□ when Al paste is formulated based on the mixed Al particles with proportion of big to small (4:1) at 10 wt% glass frit content and 80 wt% solid content.

The Development of Conductive Pastes for Solar Cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 557-559 ◽  
pp. 1201-1204
Author(s):  
Jung Ting Tsai ◽  
Chun Yuan Huang ◽  
Shung Tian Lin
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Electrochemical Properties ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Glass Frit ◽  
Organic Binder ◽  
Semiconductor Substrate ◽  
Physical Chemical

Electrode pastes are used in solar cells for the formation of electrodes at both ends of the semiconductor substrate. The physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties of electrode pastes have important influences on the conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cells. Generally speaking, the constituents of electrode paste include organic binder, solvent, metallic conductive powders, glass frit, and some minor additives, all specially formulated to attain the properties of good electrical conductivity, wide sintering temperature, low warp, low pollution, and low cost.

Advance Protection for Three Phase Induction Motor using Microcontroller Atmega32

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Karan S Belsare ◽  
Gajanan D Patil
Keyword(s):  
Induction Motor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Cost Factor ◽  
Protection Scheme ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
The Cost

A low cost and reliable protection scheme has been designed for a three phase induction motor against unbalance voltages, under voltage, over voltage, short circuit and overheating protection. Taking the cost factor into consideration the design has been proposed using microcontroller Atmega32, MOSFETs, relays, small CTs and PTs. However the sensitivity of the protection scheme has been not compromised. The design has been tested online in the laboratory for small motors and the same can be implemented for larger motors by replacing the i-v converters and relays of suitable ratings.

Janus – A New Approach to Air Combat Pilot Training

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Georges Bridel ◽  
Zdobyslaw Goraj ◽  
Lukasz Kiszkowiak ◽  
Jean-Georges Brévot ◽  
Jean-Pierre Devaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Training System ◽  
Embedded Sensors ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Combat Aircraft ◽  
Air Combat ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Advanced jet training still relies on old concepts and solutions that are no longer efficient when considering the current and forthcoming changes in air combat. The cost of those old solutions to develop and maintain combat pilot skills are important, adding even more constraints to the training limitations. The requirement of having a trainer aircraft able to perform also light combat aircraft operational mission is adding unnecessary complexity and cost without any real operational advantages to air combat mission training. Thanks to emerging technologies, the JANUS project will study the feasibility of a brand-new concept of agile manoeuvrable training aircraft and an integrated training system, able to provide a live, virtual and constructive environment. The JANUS concept is based on a lightweight, low-cost, high energy aircraft associated to a ground based Integrated Training System providing simulated and emulated signals, simulated and real opponents, combined with real-time feedback on pilot’s physiological characteristics: traditionally embedded sensors are replaced with emulated signals, simulated opponents are proposed to the pilot, enabling out of sight engagement. JANUS is also providing new cost effective and more realistic solutions for “Red air aircraft” missions, organised in so-called “Aggressor Squadrons”.

scholarly journals A low-cost wireless endoscope camera: a preliminary report

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Lazarus ◽  
M. Ncube
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive Surgery ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Video Transmission ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Constrained Environments ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background Technology currently used for surgical endoscopy was developed and is manufactured in high-income economies. The cost of this equipment makes technology transfer to resource constrained environments difficult. We aimed to design an affordable wireless endoscope to aid visualisation during rigid endoscopy and minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The initial prototype aimed to replicate a 4-mm lens used in rigid cystoscopy. Methods Focus was placed on using open-source resources to develop the wireless endoscope to significantly lower the cost and make the device accessible for resource-constrained settings. An off the shelf miniature single-board computer module was used because of its low cost (US$10) and its ability to handle high-definition (720p) video. Open-source Linux software made monitor mode (“hotspot”) wireless video transmission possible. A 1280 × 720 pixel high-definition tube camera was used to generate the video signal. Video is transmitted to a standard laptop computer for display. Bench testing included latency of wireless digital video transmission. Comparison to industry standard wired cameras was made including weight and cost. The battery life was also assessed. Results In comparison with industry standard cystoscope lens, wired camera, video processing unit and light source, the prototype costs substantially less. (US$ 230 vs 28 000). The prototype is light weight (184 g), has no cables tethering and has acceptable battery life (of over 2 h, using a 1200 mAh battery). The camera transmits video wirelessly in near real time with only imperceptible latency of < 200 ms. Image quality is high definition at 30 frames per second. Colour rendering is good, and white balancing is possible. Limitations include the lack of a zoom. Conclusion The novel wireless endoscope camera described here offers equivalent high-definition video at a markedly reduced cost to contemporary industry wired units and could contribute to making minimally invasive surgery possible in resource-constrained environments.

scholarly journals Transport Properties of Natural and Artificial Smart Fabrics Impregnated by Graphite Nanomaterial Stacks

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1018
Author(s):  
Carola Esposito Corcione ◽  
Francesca Ferrari ◽  
Raffaella Striani ◽  
Antonio Greco
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Transport Properties ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Easy Method ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Fabric Materials ◽  
The Impact

In this work, we studied the transport properties (thermal and electrical conductivity) of smart fabric materials treated with graphite nanomaterial stacks–acetone suspensions. An innovative and easy method to produce graphite nanomaterial stacks–acetone-based formulations, starting from a low-cost expandable graphite, is proposed. An original, economical, fast, and easy method to increase the thermal and electrical conductivity of textile materials was also employed for the first time. The proposed method allows the impregnation of smart fabric materials, avoiding pre-coating of the fibers, thus reducing costs and processing time, while obtaining a great increase in the transport properties. Two kinds of textiles, cotton and Lycra®, were selected as they represent the most used natural and artificial fabrics, respectively. The impact of the dimensions of the produced graphite nanomaterial stacks–acetone-based suspensions on both the uniformity of the treatment and the transport properties of the selected textile materials was accurately evaluated using several experimental techniques. An empirical relationship between the two transport properties was also successfully identified. Finally, several theoretical models were applied to predict the transport properties of the developed smart fabric materials, evidencing a good agreement with the experimental data.

scholarly journals Multi-Blockchain-Based IoT Data Processing Techniques to Ensure the Integrity of IoT Data in AIoT Edge Computing Environments

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3515
Author(s):  
Sung-Ho Sim ◽  
Yoon-Su Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Constant Size ◽  
Computing Environments ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Cloud Servers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
And Control

As the development of IoT technologies has progressed rapidly recently, most IoT data are focused on monitoring and control to process IoT data, but the cost of collecting and linking various IoT data increases, requiring the ability to proactively integrate and analyze collected IoT data so that cloud servers (data centers) can process smartly. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based IoT big data integrity verification technique to ensure the safety of the Third Party Auditor (TPA), which has a role in auditing the integrity of AIoT data. The proposed technique aims to minimize IoT information loss by multiple blockchain groupings of information and signature keys from IoT devices. The proposed technique allows IoT information to be effectively guaranteed the integrity of AIoT data by linking hash values designated as arbitrary, constant-size blocks with previous blocks in hierarchical chains. The proposed technique performs synchronization using location information between the central server and IoT devices to manage the cost of the integrity of IoT information at low cost. In order to easily control a large number of locations of IoT devices, we perform cross-distributed and blockchain linkage processing under constant rules to improve the load and throughput generated by IoT devices.

scholarly journals Design and Adoption of Low-Cost Point-of-Care Diagnostic Devices: Syrian Case

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 882
Author(s):  
M. Munzer Alseed ◽  
Hamzah Syed ◽  
Mehmet Cengiz Onbasli ◽  
Ali K. Yetisen ◽  
Savas Tasoglu
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Efficient Solutions ◽  
Humanitarian Crises ◽  
Technology Experience ◽  
The Cost

Civil wars produce immense humanitarian crises, causing millions of individuals to seek refuge in other countries. The rate of disease prevalence has inclined among the refugees, increasing the cost of healthcare. Complex medical conditions and high numbers of patients at healthcare centers overwhelm the healthcare system and delay diagnosis and treatment. Point-of-care (PoC) testing can provide efficient solutions to high equipment cost, late diagnosis, and low accessibility of healthcare services. However, the development of PoC devices in developing countries is challenged by several barriers. Such PoC devices may not be adopted due to prejudices about new technologies and the need for special training to use some of these devices. Here, we investigated the concerns of end users regarding PoC devices by surveying healthcare workers and doctors. The tendency to adopt PoC device changes is based on demographic factors such as work sector, education, and technology experience. The most apparent concern about PoC devices was issues regarding low accuracy, according to the surveyed clinicians.

scholarly journals A Low-Cost Water Depth and Electrical Conductivity Sensor for Detecting Inputs into Urban Stormwater Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3056
Author(s):  
Baiqian Shi ◽  
Stephen Catsamas ◽  
Peter Kolotelo ◽  
Miao Wang ◽  
Anna Lintern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Conductivity Sensor ◽  
Level Sensor

High-resolution data collection of the urban stormwater network is crucial for future asset management and illicit discharge detection, but often too expensive as sensors and ongoing frequent maintenance works are not affordable. We developed an integrated water depth, electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature sensor that is inexpensive (USD 25), low power, and easily implemented in urban drainage networks. Our low-cost sensor reliably measures the rate-of-change of water level without any re-calibration by comparing with industry-standard instruments such as HACH and HORIBA’s probes. To overcome the observed drift of level sensors, we developed an automated re-calibration approach, which significantly improved its accuracy. For applications like monitoring stormwater drains, such an approach will make higher-resolution sensing feasible from the budget control considerations, since the regular sensor re-calibration will no longer be required. For other applications like monitoring wetlands or wastewater networks, a manual re-calibration every two weeks is required to limit the sensor’s inaccuracies to ±10 mm. Apart from only being used as a calibrator for the level sensor, the conductivity sensor in this study adequately monitored EC between 0 and 10 mS/cm with a 17% relative uncertainty, which is sufficient for stormwater monitoring, especially for real-time detection of poor stormwater quality inputs. Overall, our proposed sensor can be rapidly and densely deployed in the urban drainage network for revolutionised high-density monitoring that cannot be achieved before with high-end loggers and sensors.

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