Dual processes of oculomotor capture by abrupt onset: Rapid involuntary capture and sluggish voluntary prioritization

The mechanisms that underlie the integration of visual and goal-related signals for the production of saccades remain poorly understood. Here, we examined how spatial proximity of competing stimuli shapes goal-directed responses in the superior colliculus (SC), a midbrain structure closely associated with the control of visual attention and eye movements. Monkeys were trained to perform an oculomotor-capture task [Theeuwes, J., Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., Irwin, D. E., & Zelinsky, G. J. Influence of attentional capture on oculomotor control. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 25, 1595–1608, 1999], in which a target singleton was revealed via an isoluminant color change in all but one item. On a portion of the trials, an additional salient item abruptly appeared near or far from the target. We quantified how spatial proximity between the abrupt-onset and the target shaped the goal-directed response. We found that the appearance of an abrupt-onset near the target induced a transient decrease in goal-directed discharge of SC visuomotor neurons. Although this was indicative of spatial competition, it was immediately followed by a rebound in presaccadic activation, which facilitated the saccadic response (i.e., it induced shorter saccadic RT). A similar suppression also occurred at most nontarget locations even in the absence of the abrupt-onset. This is indicative of a mechanism that enabled monkeys to quickly discount stimuli that shared the common nontarget feature. These results reveal a pattern of excitation/inhibition across the SC visuomotor map that acted to facilitate optimal behavior—the short duration suppression minimized the probability of capture by salient distractors, whereas a subsequent boost in accumulation rate ensured a fast goal-directed response. Such nonlinear dynamics should be incorporated into future biologically plausible models of saccade behavior.

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Oculomotor capture by abrupt onsets reveals concurrent programming of voluntary and involuntary saccades

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x99382157 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 689-690 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Arthur F. Kramer ◽

David E. Irwin ◽

Jan Theeuwes ◽

Sowon Hahn

Keyword(s):

Concurrent Programming ◽

Abrupt Onset ◽

Sudden Onset ◽

Saccade Target ◽

Oculomotor Capture ◽

Voluntary Saccade ◽

Winner Take All ◽

Saccade Preparation ◽

Salience Map ◽

Take All

In several recent experiments we have found that the eyes are often captured by the appearance of a sudden onset in a display, even though subjects intend to move their eyes elsewhere. Very brief fixations are made on the abrupt onset before the eyes complete their intended movement to the previously defined target. These results indicate concurrent programming of a voluntary saccade to the defined saccade target and an involuntary saccade to the sudden onset. This is inconsistent with the idea that a single salience map determines the location of a saccade in a winner-take-all fashion. Other results indicate that subjects attend to more than one location in a display during saccade preparation, contrary to the claim that covert attentional scanning plays no role in saccade generation.

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Temporal Tradeoffs Among Central Arrow, Peripheral Arrow and Abrupt Onset Cues

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e665412011-346 ◽

1992 ◽

Author(s):

James F. Juola ◽

Hideya Koshino ◽

C. Bruce Warner

Keyword(s):

Abrupt Onset ◽

Central Arrow

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Dual processes in risky decision making: Gist and verbatim-based modes of processing

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e683342011-061 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Britain A. Mills ◽

Valerie F. Reyna ◽

Steven M. Estrada

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Dual Processes ◽

Risky Decision Making ◽

Risky Decision ◽

Modes Of Processing

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Cardiomyopathies: An Overview

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22147722 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (14) ◽

pp. 7722

Author(s):

Tiziana Ciarambino ◽

Giovanni Menna ◽

Gennaro Sansone ◽

Mauro Giordano

Keyword(s):

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽

Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽

Sudden Cardiac Arrest ◽

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy ◽

The United States ◽

Abrupt Onset ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy ◽

Athletic Field ◽

Fibrofatty Tissue

Background: Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of pathologies characterized by structural and functional alterations of the heart. Aims: The purpose of this narrative review is to focus on the most important cardiomyopathies and their epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Methods: Clinical trials were identified by Pubmed until 30 March 2021. The search keywords were “cardiomyopathies, sudden cardiac arrest, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ARCV), takotsubo syndrome”. Results: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common primary cardiomyopathy, with a prevalence of 1:500 persons. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) has a prevalence of 1:2500 and is the leading indication for heart transplantation. Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is the least common of the major cardiomyopathies, representing 2% to 5% of cases. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ARCV) is a pathology characterized by the substitution of the myocardium by fibrofatty tissue. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is defined as an abrupt onset of left ventricular dysfunction in response to severe emotional or physiologic stress. Conclusion: In particular, it has been reported that HCM is the most important cause of sudden death on the athletic field in the United States. It is needless to say how important it is to know which changes in the heart due to physical activity are normal, and when they are pathological.

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Assessing the impact of previous experience on lie effects through a transfer paradigm

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88387-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Claudia Mazzuca ◽

Mariagrazia Benassi ◽

Roberto Nicoletti ◽

Giuseppe Sartori ◽

Luisa Lugli

Keyword(s):

Training Session ◽

Spatial Task ◽

Dual Processes ◽

Transfer Effects ◽

Transfer Paradigm ◽

Compatible Condition ◽

Open Question ◽

The Impact ◽

Cognitive Cost ◽

Spatial Training

AbstractInfluential lines of research propose dual processes-based explanations to account for both the cognitive cost implied in lying and for that entailed in the resolution of the conflict posited by Simon tasks. The emergence and consistency of the Simon effect has been proved to be modulated by both practice effects and transfer effects. Although several studies provided evidence that the lying cognitive demand may vary as a function of practice, whether and how transfer effects could also play a role remains an open question. We addressed this question with one experiment in which participants completed a Differentiation of Deception Paradigm twice (baseline and test sessions). Crucially, between the baseline and the test sessions, participants performed a training session consisting in a spatial compatibility task with incompatible (condition 1) or compatible (condition 2) mapping, a non-spatial task (condition 3) and a no task one (condition 4). Results speak in favour of a modulation of individual performances by means of an immediate prior experience, and specifically with an incompatible spatial training.

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Modeling Software Fault-Detection and Fault-Correction Processes by Considering the Dependencies between Fault Amounts

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11156998 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (15) ◽

pp. 6998

Author(s):

Qiuying Li ◽

Hoang Pham

Keyword(s):

Time Delay ◽

Fault Detection ◽

Software Reliability ◽

Growth Models ◽

Predictive Performance ◽

Real Data ◽

Reliability Estimation ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Dual Processes ◽

Correction Process

Many NHPP software reliability growth models (SRGMs) have been proposed to assess software reliability during the past 40 years, but most of them have focused on modeling the fault detection process (FDP) in two ways: one is to ignore the fault correction process (FCP), i.e., faults are assumed to be instantaneously removed after the failure caused by the faults is detected. However, in real software development, it is not always reliable as fault removal usually needs time, i.e., the faults causing failures cannot always be removed at once and the detected failures will become more and more difficult to correct as testing progresses. Another way to model the fault correction process is to consider the time delay between the fault detection and fault correction. The time delay has been assumed to be constant and function dependent on time or random variables following some kind of distribution. In this paper, some useful approaches to the modeling of dual fault detection and correction processes are discussed. The dependencies between fault amounts of dual processes are considered instead of fault correction time-delay. A model aiming to integrate fault-detection processes and fault-correction processes, along with the incorporation of a fault introduction rate and testing coverage rate into the software reliability evaluation is proposed. The model parameters are estimated using the Least Squares Estimation (LSE) method. The descriptive and predictive performance of this proposed model and other existing NHPP SRGMs are investigated by using three real data-sets based on four criteria, respectively. The results show that the new model can be significantly effective in yielding better reliability estimation and prediction.

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Depoliticisation, hybridisation and dual processes of stigmatisation: An examination of the civilising offensive in China’s rural areas through moral review councils

The Sociological Review ◽

10.1177/00380261211029482 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 003802612110294

Author(s):

Shaoying Zhang

Keyword(s):

Public Sphere ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Dual Processes ◽

Reform Era ◽

Institutional Legitimacy ◽

The People ◽

Democratic Election

In this article, I examine the moral review councils (MRCs) established in China’s rural areas since the early 1980s. I show that MRCs create a liminal plebeian public sphere in the context of a civilising offensive that deals with the uncivil behaviours of individuals and disputes between neighbours. In this plebeian public sphere, the MRC incorporates techniques of the Maoist mass meeting, the democratic election, traditional mediation and a pedagogy of exemplars, all of which are depoliticised into purely technical instruments. Their institutional legitimacy comes from organised virtues based on councillors’ male seniority and the democratic method of their selection. MRCs, as an instrument of a civilising offensive, are a kind of paternalistic technology, which involves a complex strategy of a hybridity of acts, relationships, thoughts, desires and temptations of village residents in the context of the reform era. The people targeted in this civilising offensive often experience two levels of stigmatisation and their participation determines the effectiveness of the operation of MRCs.

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Probability cueing induced bias does not modulate attention-capture by brief abrupt-onset cues

Visual Cognition ◽

10.1080/13506285.2021.1892004 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-23

Author(s):

Aniruddha Ramgir ◽

Seema Prasad ◽

Ramesh Kumar Mishra

Keyword(s):

Abrupt Onset ◽

Attention Capture

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