Background:Tocilizumab (TCZ) is a monoclonal antibody that binds to the interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R), inhibiting IL-6R signal transduction to downstream inflammatory mediators. TCZ has shown to be effective as monotherapy in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients (1). However, approximately one third of patients inadequately respond to therapy and the biological mechanisms underlying lack of efficacy for TCZ remain elusive (1). Here we report gene expression differences, in both whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) RNA samples between early RA patients, categorized by clinical TCZ response (reaching DAS28 < 3.2 at 6 months). These findings could lead to identification of predictive biomarkers for TCZ response and improve RA treatment strategies.Objectives:To identify potential baseline gene expression markers for TCZ response in early RA patients using an RNA-sequencing approach.Methods:Two cohorts of RA patients were included and blood was collected at baseline, before initiating TCZ treatment (8 mg/kg every 4 weeks, intravenously). DAS28-ESR scores were calculated at baseline and clinical response to TCZ was defined as DAS28 < 3.2 at 6 months of treatment. In the first cohort (n=21 patients, previously treated with DMARDs), RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on baseline whole blood PAXgene RNA (Illumina TruSeq mRNA Stranded) and differential gene expression (DGE) profiles were measured between responders (n=14) and non-responders (n=7). For external replication, in a second cohort (n=95 therapy-naïve patients receiving TCZ monotherapy), RNA-seq was conducted on baseline PBMC RNA (SMARTer Stranded Total RNA-Seq Kit, Takara Bio) from the 2-year, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized U-Act-Early trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01034137) and DGE was analyzed between 84 responders and 11 non-responders.Results:Whole blood DGE analysis showed two significantly higher expressed genes in TCZ non-responders (False Discovery Rate, FDR < 0.05): urotensin 2 (UTS2) and caveolin-1 (CAV1). Subsequent analysis of U-Act-Early PBMC DGE showed nine differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.05) of which expression in clinical TCZ non-responders was significantly higher for eight genes (MTCOP12, ZNF774, UTS2, SLC4A1, FECH, IFIT1B, AHSP, and SPTB) and significantly lower for one gene (TND2P28M). Both analyses were corrected for baseline DAS28-ESR, age and gender. Expression of UTS2, with a proposed function in regulatory T-cells (2), was significantly higher in TCZ non-responders in both cohorts. Furthermore, gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed no distinct gene ontology or IL-6 related pathway(s) that were significantly different between TCZ-responders and non-responders.Conclusion:Several genes are differentially expressed at baseline between responders and non-responders to TCZ therapy at 6 months. Most notably, UTS2 expression is significantly higher in TCZ non-responders in both whole blood as well as PBMC cohorts. UTS2 could be a promising target for further analyses as a potential predictive biomarker for TCZ response in RA patients in combination with clinical parameters (3).References:[1]Bijlsma JWJ, Welsing PMJ, Woodworth TG, et al. Early rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab, methotrexate, or their combination (U-Act-Early): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, strategy trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10042):343-55.[2]Bhairavabhotla R, Kim YC, Glass DD, et al. Transcriptome profiling of human FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Human Immunology. 2016;77(2):201-13.[3]Gosselt HR, Verhoeven MMA, Bulatovic-Calasan M, et al. Complex machine-learning algorithms and multivariable logistic regression on par in the prediction of insufficient clinical response to methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2021;11(1).Disclosure of Interests:None declared
Rapid measurement of SARS-CoV-2 spike T cells in whole blood from vaccinated and naturally infected individuals