A Comparison of Daily Temperature-Averaging Methods: Spatial Variability and Recent Change for the CONUS

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 979-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jase Bernhardt ◽  
Andrew M. Carleton ◽  
Chris LaMagna
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
First Order ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Hourly Temperature ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weather Stations

Abstract Traditionally, the daily average air temperature at a weather station is computed by taking the mean of two values, the maximum temperature (Tmax) and the minimum temperature (Tmin), over a 24-h period. These values form the basis for numerous studies of long-term climatologies (e.g., 30-yr normals) and recent temperature trends and changes. However, many first-order weather stations—such as those at airports—also record hourly temperature data. Using an average of the 24 hourly temperature readings to compute daily average temperature has been shown to provide a more precise and representative estimate of a given day’s temperature. This study assesses the spatial variability of the differences in these two methods of daily temperature averaging [i.e., (Tmax + Tmin)/2; average of 24 hourly temperature values] for 215 first-order weather stations across the conterminous United States (CONUS) over the 30-yr period 1981–2010. A statistically significant difference is shown between the two methods, as well as consistent overestimation of temperature by the traditional method [(Tmax + Tmin)/2], particularly in southern and coastal portions of the CONUS. The explanation for the long-term difference between the two methods is the underlying assumption for the twice-daily method that the diurnal curve of temperature is symmetrical. Moreover, this paper demonstrates a spatially coherent pattern in the difference compared to the most recent part of the temperature record (2001–15). The spatial and temporal differences shown have implications for assessments of the physical factors influencing the diurnal temperature curve, as well as the exact magnitude of contemporary climate change.

scholarly journals Recent trends in daily temperature extremes over northeastern Spain (1960–2006)

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2583-2603 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. El Kenawy ◽  
J. I. López-Moreno ◽  
S. M. Vicente-Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Growing Season Length ◽  
Cold Extremes

Abstract. Spatial and temporal characteristics of extreme temperature events in northeastern Spain have been investigated. The analysis is based on long-term, high-quality, and homogenous daily maximum and minimum temperature of 128 observatories spanning the period from 1960 to 2006. A total of 21 indices were used to assess changes in both the cold and hot tails of the daily temperature distributions. The presence of trends in temperature extremes was assessed by means of the Mann-Kendall test. However, the autocorrelation function (ACF) and a bootstrap methodology were used to account for the influence of serial correlation and cross-correlation on the trend assessment. In general, the observed changes are more prevalent in hot extremes than in cold extremes. This finding can largely be linked to the increase found in the mean maximum temperature during the last few decades. The results indicate a significant increase in the frequency and intensity of most of the hot temperature extremes. An increase in warm nights (TN90p: 3.3 days decade−1), warm days (TX90p: 2.7 days decade−1), tropical nights (TR20: 0.6 days decade−1) and the annual high maximum temperature (TXx: 0.27 °C decade−1) was detected in the 47-yr period. In contrast, most of the indices related to cold temperature extremes (e.g. cold days (TX10p), cold nights (TN10p), very cold days (TN1p), and frost days (FD0)) demonstrated a decreasing but statistically insignificant trend. Although there is no evidence of a long-term trend in cold extremes, significant interdecadal variations were noted. Almost no significant trends in temperature variability indices (e.g. diurnal temperature range (DTR) and growing season length (GSL)) are detected. Spatially, the coastal areas along the Mediterranean Sea and the Cantabrian Sea experienced stronger warming compared with mainland areas. Given that only few earlier studies analyzed observed changes in temperature extremes at fine spatial resolution across the Iberian Peninsula, the results of this work can improve our understanding of climatology of temperature extremes. Also, these findings can have different hydrological, ecological and agricultural implications (e.g. crop yields, energy consumption, land use planning and water resources management).

The impact of hyperthermia after acute carbon monoxide poisoning on neurological sequelae

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Moon ◽  
BJ Chun ◽  
SD Lee ◽  
MH Shin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Co Poisoning ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Neurological Outcomes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

This study investigated whether hyperthermia within the first 24 h after presentation was associated with long-term neurological outcomes after acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. This retrospective study included 200 patients with acute severe CO poisoning. Hyperthermia (≥ 37.5°C) developed during the first 24 h after presentation in 55 (27.5%) patients, and poor long-term neurological sequelae assessed at 23 months after acute CO poisoning developed in 19.5% of the patients. The incidence of poor long-term neurological outcomes was significantly higher in the hyperthermia group than in the normothermia group. Patients with poor long-term neurological outcomes had higher maximum temperatures than patients with good outcomes. No significant difference was found in the time of hyperthermia onset within the first day according to the neurological outcomes. Hyperthermia (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 5.009 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.556–16.126)) and maximum temperature (aOR 2.581 (95% CI 1.098–6.063)) within the first 24 h after presentation to the emergency department were independently associated with poor long-term neurological outcomes. Body temperature measurements, which are easily and noninvasively recorded at the bedside in any facility, help to predict the risk for poor long-term neurological outcomes. This study carefully emphasizes fastidious control of pyrexia, particularly during the early period after acute CO poisoning.

Altitudinal Variation in the Photosynthetic Characteristics of Snow Gum, Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. Ex Spreng. I. Seasonal Changes Under Field Conditions in the Snowy Mountains Area of South-Eastern Australia

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
RO Slayter ◽  
PA Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Photosynthetic Characteristics ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
South Eastern Australia

A field study of seasonal changes in the photosynthetic characteristics of three altitudinal populations of the snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex. Spreng) was conducted at elevations of 915, 1215 and 1645 m in the Snowy Mountains area of south-eastern Australia. At optimal temperatures in midsummer, peak rates of photosynthesis under CO2-saturating conditions (Psub) reached levels of 125-135 ng cm-2 sec-1, and under ambient CO2 conditions (Pamb) reached levels of 45-55 ng cm-2 sec-1. Corresponding values of the intracellular resistance to CO2 transfer (ri) were 5-6 sec cm-1, and of the gas phase resistance to water-vapour transfer (r,) 1.2-2 sec cm-1. Measured at temperatures of 15, 20 and 25°C, the peak seasonal values of Pmax showed no significant difference between sites, but at 5° and 10° peak values were highest at the highest elevation (coldest site), and at 30° and 35° peak values were highest at the lowest elevation (warmest site). Generally similar patterns applied to Paamb. These features are consistent with the view that E. Pauciflora shows continuous variation in many physiological characteristics over its altitudinal range. At each site the temperature optimum for photosynthesis changed markedly during the season, and was closely correlated both with the long-term maximum air temperature and with the mean maximum temperature of the 10 days prior to the date of measurement. This appeared to reflect long-term adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus of each population to the general temperature conditions at each site, combined with a short-term acclimation to the prevailing seasonal temperature regime.

scholarly journals Trend Analysis of Temperature and Humidity in Kwara State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Adeniyi Adedapo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Temperature Minimum ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Anomaly Index

Abstract This paper examines the trend analysis of temperature and relative humidity in Kwara State. Climatic data on annual mean temperature (minimum and maximum) and relative humidity for 40 years (1978-2017) were collected from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) Ilorin. Semi-Average method, Mann- Kendull statistics and regression method were used to analyse the trend in temperature and relative humidity. The Standardized Anomaly Index (SAI) was also used to examine the changes in temperature and humidity over the period of 1978-2017. The result of the analysis indicates that temperature (minimum and maximum) and relative humidity exhibit an upward trend. This implies that temperature and relative humidity increase over the period of 1978-2017. The Mann-Kendull statistics values show that there is no significant difference in the values of temperature (minimum and maximum) and relative humidity. The result of the Standardized Anomaly Index (SAI) also revealed that the values of temperature and humidity fluctuated around the long –term mean. About 50% of the annual average relative humidity falls above the long term average while 40% of the annual mean maximum temperature falls above the long term average. It can therefore, be deduced that there is the possibility of increment in the values of temperature and relative humidity which could cause a serious challenge to human health and climate change. The study therefore, suggests that increase and fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity should be a critical factor in designing strategies to mitigate the effect of climate change on the environment and human health.

Changes in Palm Temperature as Predictor of Long-term Cure of Sympathicotomy for Palmar hyperhidrosis?

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (02) ◽  
pp. 067-071
Author(s):  
Gaoli Liu ◽  
Ganjun Kang ◽  
Songping Xie ◽  
Haifeng Hu ◽  
Jie Huang
Keyword(s):  
Palmar Hyperhidrosis ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
Curative Effect ◽  
Compensatory Hyperhidrosis ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right

Objectives To investigate the long-term relationship between intraoperative temperature changes of the palm, treatment effects and compensatory hyperhidrosis (CH). Methods We retrospectively analyzed the data of 41 patients with palmar hyperhidrosis who underwent bilateral endoscopic sympathicotomy 3 to 6 years ago. Before and after the operation, changes in ipsilateral palm temperature were monitored and recorded to evaluate the curative effect of the sympathicotomy. Results All operations were performed successfully. Concerning cure, there was no statistically significant difference between patients with different maximum temperature (Tmax) values (p = 0.455). There was a very weak correlation between postoperative palm temperature (34.309 ± 1.377°C) (p = 0.049; correlation coefficient − 0.218). The T3 + T4 sympathicotomies had a higher Tmax (p = 0.000). The incidence and degree of CH had no relationship with Tmax in the left (p = 0.266 and p = 0.168, respectively) or the right hand (p = 0.640 and p = 0.824, respectively). Conclusions Temperature change has a relationship with surgery, but it cannot directly predict the long-term curative effect of a sympathicotomy or the occurrence of CH. Additional studies are required.

scholarly journals 1 km Monthly Precipitation and Temperatures Dataset for China from 1952 to 2019 based on a Brand-New and High-Quality Baseline Climatology Surface

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo Gong ◽  
Xueqiao Xiang ◽  
Huiyu Liu ◽  
Xiaojuan Xu ◽  
Fusheng Jiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Temperature Estimation ◽  
Precipitation Estimation ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. Long-term climate data and high-quality baseline climatology surface with high resolution are highly essential to multiple fields in climatological, ecological, hydrological, and environmental sciences. Here, we created a brand-new baseline climatology surface (ChinaClim_baseline) and developed a 1 km monthly precipitation and temperatures dataset in China during 1952–2019 (ChinaClim_timeseries). Thin plate spline (TPS) algorithm in each month with different model formulations by accounting for satellite-driven products, was used to generate ChinaClim_baseline and monthly climate anomaly surface. Meanwhile, climatologically aided interpolation (CAI) was used to superimpose monthly anomaly surface with ChinaClim_baseline to generate ChinaClim_timeseries. Our results showed that ChinaClim_baseline exhibited very high performance. For precipitation estimation, the value of all R2 was over 0.860, and the values of RMSEs and MAEs were 8.149 mm~21.959 mm and 2.787~14.125 mm, respectively. Temperature elements had an average R2 of 0.967~0.992, an average MAEs of 0.321~0.785 °C, and an average RMSEs between 0.485 and 1.233 °C for all months. ChinaClim_baseline performed much better than WorldClim2 and CHELSA and there were many spatial discrepancies captured among those surfaces, especially in summer months and the regions with low-density weather stations in temperate continental and high cold Tibetan Plateau. For ChinaClim_timeseries, precipitation had an average R2 of 0.699~0.923, an average RMSE between 7.449 mm and 56.756 mm, and an average of MAE of 4.263~40.271 mm for all months. Temperature elements had an average R2 of 0.936~0.985, an average RMSE between 0.807 °C and 1.766 °C, and an average MAE of 0.548~1.236 °C for all months. Compared with Peng's climate surface and CHELSAcruts, R2 increased by approximately 6 %, RMSE and MAE decreased by approximately 15 % for precipitation; R2 of temperatures had no obviously changes, but RMSE and MAE decreased by 8.37~34.02 %. The results showed that the interannual variations of ChinaClim_timeseries performed much better than other datasets, thanks to the help of ChinaClim_baseline and satellite-driven products. However, ChinaClim_baseline did not significantly improve the accuracy of precipitation estimation, but it greatly improved the accuracy of temperature estimation; the satellite-driven TRMM3B43 anomaly greatly improve the accuracy of precipitation estimation after 1998, while the LST anomaly did not effectively improve the accuracy of temperature estimation. ChinaClim_baseline can be used as an excellent baseline climatology surface for obtaining high-quality and long-term climate datasets from past to future. In the meantime, ChinaClim_timeseries of 1 km spatial resolution based on ChinaClim_baseline, is very suitable for investigating the spatial-temporal climate changes and their impacts on eco-environmental systems in China. Here, ChinaClim_baseline is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4287824 (Gong, 2020a), ChinaClim_timeseries of precipitation is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4288388 (Gong, 2020b), ChinaClim_timeseries of maximum temperature is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4288390 (Gong, 2020c) and ChinaClim_timeseries of minimum temperature is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4288392 (Gong, 2020d).

Improvement Of Curvilinear Diagrams Of Concrete Deformation

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-104
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Deformation Model ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Structures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Deformation Diagrams

Problems when calculating reinforced concrete structures based on the concrete deformation under compression diagram, which is presented both in Russian and foreign regulatory documents on the design of concrete and reinforced concrete structures are considered. The correctness of their compliance for all classes of concrete remains very approximate, especially a significant difference occurs when using Euronorm due to the different shape and sizes of the samples. At present, there are no methodical recommendations for determining the ultimate relative deformations of concrete under axial compression and the construction of curvilinear deformation diagrams, which leads to limited experimental data and, as a result, does not make it possible to enter more detailed ultimate strain values into domestic standards. The results of experimental studies to determine the ultimate relative deformations of concrete under compression for different classes of concrete, which allowed to make analytical dependences for the evaluation of the ultimate relative deformations and description of curvilinear deformation diagrams, are presented. The article discusses various options for using the deformation model to assess the stress-strain state of the structure, it is concluded that it is necessary to use not only the finite values of the ultimate deformations, but also their intermediate values. This requires reliable diagrams "s–e” for all classes of concrete. The difficulties of measuring deformations in concrete subjected to peak load, corresponding to the prismatic strength, as well as main cracks that appeared under conditions of long-term step loading are highlighted. Variants of more accurate measurements are proposed. Development and implementation of the new standard GOST "Concretes. Methods for determination of complete diagrams" on the basis of the developed method for obtaining complete diagrams of concrete deformation under compression for the evaluation of ultimate deformability of concrete under compression are necessary.

Percutaneous glycerol rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia in patients with multiple sclerosis: a long-term retrospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 1405-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Staudt ◽  
Holger Joswig ◽  
Gwynedd E. Pickett ◽  
Keith W. MacDougall ◽  
Andrew G. Parrent
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Trigeminal Neuralgia ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Medication Usage ◽  
Free Response ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Time To Recurrence ◽  
Significant Difference

OBJECTIVEThe prevalence of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS-TN) is higher than in the general population (idiopathic TN [ITN]). Glycerol rhizotomy (GR) is a percutaneous lesioning surgery commonly performed for the treatment of medically refractory TN. While treatment for acute pain relief is excellent, long-term pain relief is poorer. The object of this study was to assess the efficacy of percutaneous retrogasserian GR for the treatment of MS-TN versus ITN.METHODSA retrospective chart review was performed, identifying 219 patients who had undergone 401 GR procedures from 1983 to 2018 at a single academic institution. All patients were diagnosed with medically refractory MS-TN (182 procedures) or ITN (219 procedures). The primary outcome measures of interest were immediate pain relief and time to pain recurrence following initial and repeat GR procedures. Secondary outcomes included medication usage and presence of periprocedural hypesthesia.RESULTSThe initial pain-free response rate was similar between groups (p = 0.726): MS-TN initial GR 89.6%; MS-TN repeat GR 91.9%; ITN initial GR 89.6%; ITN repeat GR 87.0%. The median time to recurrence after initial GR was similar between MS-TN (2.7 ± 1.3 years) and ITN (2.1 ± 0.6 years) patients (p = 0.87). However, there was a statistically significant difference in the time to recurrence after repeat GR between MS-TN (2.3 ± 0.5 years) and ITN patients (1.2 ± 0.2 years; p < 0.05). The presence of periprocedural hypesthesia was highly predictive of pain-free survival (p < 0.01).CONCLUSIONSPatients with MS-TN achieve meaningful pain relief following GR, with an efficacy comparable to that following GR in patients with ITN. Initial and subsequent GR procedures are equally efficacious.

Maximum Temperature Through a Yttrium Stabilized Zirconia Ceramic After Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Irradiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel Stringer ◽  
Sarah Malley ◽  
Darrell M. Hutto ◽  
Jason A. Griggs ◽  
Susana M. Salazar Marocho
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Zirconia Ceramic ◽  
Tooth Pulp ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Power Setting ◽  
Group A

Background: The most common approach to remove yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) fixed-dental prostheses (FDPs) is by means of diamond burs attached to a high-speed handpiece. This process is time-consuming and destructive. The use of lasers over mechanical instrumentation for removal of FDPs can lead to efficient and predictable restoration retrievability. However, the heat produced might damage the tooth pulp (>42˚C). Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum temperature (T) reached during the use of different settings of the erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet Er,Cr:YSGG laser through a YSZ ceramic. Methods: YSZ slices (1 mm thick) were assigned into 7 groups. For the control group, a diamond bur was used to cut a 1 mm groove into the YSZ slices. For the 6 experimental groups, the laser was operated at a constant combination of 33% water and 66% air during 30 s with two different power settings (W) at three frequencies (PPS), as follows (W/PPS): 2.5/20, 2.5/30, 2.5/45, 4.5/20, 4.5/30, 4.5/45. The T through the YSZ slice was recorded in degrees Celsius by using a digital thermometer with a K thermocouple. Results: The median T of the control group was 26.5˚C. The use of 4.5 W resulted in the median T (˚C) of 44.2 at 20 PPS, 53.3 at 30 PPS, and 58.9 at 45 PPS, while 2.5 W showed 34.6, 31.6, and 25.0 at 20, 30, and 45 PPS, respectively. KruskalWallis one-way ANOVA showed that within each power setting, the T was similar. The high power and lowest frequency (4.5/20) showed no significant difference from the 2.5 W settings and the control group. Conclusion: The lower power setting (2.5 W) is a potential method for the use of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser to debond YSZ structures. The higher power (4.5 W) with high frequencies (30 and 45 PPS) is unsuitable.

scholarly journals A206 EVOLUTION OF PEDIATRIC AUTOIMMUNE CHOLANGITIS AND PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS INTO ADULTHOOD

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 234-236
Author(s):  
P Willems ◽  
J Hercun ◽  
C Vincent ◽  
F Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Autoimmune Cholangitis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
Liver Tests

Abstract Background The natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) in children seems to differ from PSC in adults. However, studies on this matter have been limited by short follow-up periods and inconsistent classification of patients with autoimmune cholangitis (AIC) (or overlap syndrome). Consequently, it remains unclear if long-term outcomes are affected by the clinical phenotype. Aims The aims of this is study are to describe the long-term evolution of PSC and AIC in a pediatric cohort with extension of follow-up into adulthood and to evaluate the influence of phenotype on clinical outcomes. Methods This is a retrospective study of patients with AIC or PSC followed at CHU-Sainte-Justine, a pediatric referral center in Montreal. All charts between January 1998 and December 2019 were reviewed. Patients were classified as either AIC (duct disease on cholangiography with histological features of autoimmune hepatitis) or PSC (large or small duct disease on cholangiography and/or histology). Extension of follow-up after the age of 18 was done for patients followed at the Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal. Clinical features at diagnosis, response to treatment at one year and liver-related outcomes were compared. Results 40 patients (27 PSC and 13 AIC) were followed for a median time of 71 months (range 2 to 347), with 52.5% followed into adulthood. 70% (28/40) had associated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (78% PSC vs 54% AIC; p=0.15). A similar proportion of patients had biopsy-proven significant fibrosis at diagnosis (45% PSC vs 67% AIC; p=0.23). Baseline liver tests were similar in both groups. At diagnosis, all patients were treated with ursodeoxycholic acid. Significantly more patients with AIC (77% AIC vs 30 % PSC; p=0.005) were initially treated with immunosuppressive drugs, without a significant difference in the use of Anti-TNF agents (0% AIC vs 15% PSC; p= 0.12). At one year, 55% (15/27) of patients in the PSC group had normal liver tests versus only 15% (2/13) in the AIC group (p=0.02). During follow-up, more liver-related events (cholangitis, liver transplant and cirrhosis) were reported in the AIC group (HR=3.7 (95% CI: 1.4–10), p=0.01). Abnormal liver tests at one year were a strong predictor of liver-related events during follow-up (HR=8.9(95% CI: 1.2–67.4), p=0.03), while having IBD was not (HR=0.48 (95% CI: 0.15–1.5), p=0.22). 5 patients required liver transplantation with no difference between both groups (8% CAI vs 15% CSP; p=0.53). Conclusions Pediatric patients with AIC and PSC show, at onset, similar stage of liver disease with comparable clinical and biochemical characteristics. However, patients with AIC receive more often immunosuppressive therapy and treatment response is less frequent. AIC is associated with more liver-related events and abnormal liver tests at one year are predictor of bad outcomes. Funding Agencies None

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