Demonstration Measurements of Water Vapor, Cirrus Clouds, and Carbon Dioxide Using a High-Performance Raman Lidar

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1377-1388 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Whiteman ◽  
Kurt Rush ◽  
Igor Veselovskii ◽  
Martin Cadirola ◽  
Joseph Comer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Cirrus Clouds ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Raman Lidar ◽  
Cloud Optical Depth ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Water Vapor Mixing Ratio

Abstract Profile measurements of atmospheric water vapor, cirrus clouds, and carbon dioxide using the Raman Airborne Spectroscopic lidar (RASL) during ground-based, upward-looking tests are presented here. These measurements improve upon any previously demonstrated using Raman lidar. Daytime boundary layer profiling of water vapor mixing ratio up to an altitude of approximately 4 km under moist, midsummer conditions is performed with less than 5% random error using temporal and spatial resolution of 2 min and 60–210 m, respectively. Daytime cirrus cloud optical depth and extinction-to-backscatter ratio measurements are made using a 1-min average. The potential to simultaneously profile carbon dioxide and water vapor mixing ratio through the boundary layer and extending into the free troposphere during the nighttime is also demonstrated.

scholarly journals Temperature profiling of the atmospheric boundary layer with rotational Raman lidar during the HD(CP)<sup>2</sup> Observational Prototype Experiment

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 2867-2881 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Hammann ◽  
A. Behrendt ◽  
F. Le Mounier ◽  
V. Wulfmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Atmospheric Boundary Layer ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Raman Lidar ◽  
Backscatter Signal ◽  
Low Background ◽  
Water Vapor Mixing Ratio

Abstract. The temperature measurements of the rotational Raman lidar of the University of Hohenheim (UHOH RRL) during the High Definition of Clouds and Precipitation for advancing Climate Prediction (HD(CP)2) Observation Prototype Experiment (HOPE) in April and May 2013 are discussed. The lidar consists of a frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser at 355 nm with 10 W average power at 50 Hz, a two-mirror scanner, a 40 cm receiving telescope, and a highly efficient polychromator with cascading interference filters for separating four signals: the elastic backscatter signal, two rotational Raman signals with different temperature dependence, and the vibrational Raman signal of water vapor. The main measurement variable of the UHOH RRL is temperature. For the HOPE campaign, the lidar receiver was optimized for high and low background levels, with a novel switch for the passband of the second rotational Raman channel. The instrument delivers atmospheric profiles of water vapor mixing ratio as well as particle backscatter coefficient and particle extinction coefficient as further products. As examples for the measurement performance, measurements of the temperature gradient and water vapor mixing ratio revealing the development of the atmospheric boundary layer within 25 h are presented. As expected from simulations, a reduction of the measurement uncertainty of 70% during nighttime was achieved with the new low-background setting. A two-mirror scanner allows for measurements in different directions. When pointing the scanner to low elevation, measurements close to the ground become possible which are otherwise impossible due to the non-total overlap of laser beam and receiving telescope field of view in the near range. An example of a low-level temperature measurement is presented which resolves the temperature gradient at the top of the stable nighttime boundary layer 100 m above the ground.

scholarly journals Day and nighttime observations of water vapor and aerosol optical profiles in the boundary layer observed by Caeli Raman lidar during the TROpomi vaLIdation eXperiment (TROLIX’19)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Gouveia ◽  
Arnoud Apituley
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Cloud Formation ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Raman Lidar ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
Tropospheric Aerosol ◽  
Validation Experiment ◽  
Water Vapor Mixing Ratio

&lt;p&gt;To foster our understanding of the role that the vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosols and water vapor plays on the climate system, the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research in the Netherlands has been providing measurements with its high performance multi-wavelength Raman lidar (Caeli) on a regular basis and during intensive periods of observations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;From late August to early October, 2019, the Cabauw site was the central point for the active remote sensing activities during the TROpomi vaLIdation eXperiment (TROLIX&amp;#8217;19), a campaign which used a combination of in-situ and remote sensing measurements, both ground and air-borne based, for the validation of Sentinel-5p/TROPOMI level 2 products. During this campaign, Raman lidar measurements were performed under a variety of atmospheric conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this work, we present the Caeli simultaneous measurements of aerosol optical properties and water vapor mixing ratio profiles during the TROLIX'19 campaign. A general clean atmosphere was observed, with eventual occurrence of mid-tropospheric aerosol layers and a persistent stratospheric layer observed for many days. Profiles of extinction and backscatter coefficients have been processed both locally and through the central processing facilities of the European lidar network (ACTRIS-EARLINET). The precision of the day and nighttime water vapor mixing ratio retrievals were accessed, showing that high resolution profiles were possible in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) during daytime and throughout the troposphere during nighttime, allowing the measurement of dry air mixing in the PBL and information for heat flux studies. Time and vertically resolved aerosol and water vapor fields around cloud formation events are explored.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Temperature profiling of the atmospheric boundary layer with rotational Raman lidar during the HD(CP)<sup>2</sup> observational prototype experiment

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 28973-29018 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Hammann ◽  
A. Behrendt ◽  
F. Le Mounier ◽  
V. Wulfmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Atmospheric Boundary Layer ◽  
Significant Advance ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Raman Lidar ◽  
Backscatter Signal ◽  
Low Background ◽  
Water Vapor Mixing Ratio

Abstract. The temperature measurements of the Rotational Raman Lidar of the University of Hohenheim (UHOH RRL) during the High Definition of Clouds and Precipitation for advancing Climate Prediction (HD(CP)2 Prototype Experiment (HOPE) in April and May 2013 are discussed. The lidar consists of a frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser at 355 nm with 10 W average power at 50 Hz, a two-mirror scanner, a 40 cm receiving telescope and a highly efficient polychromator with cascading interference filters for separating four signals: the elastic backscatter signal, two rotational Raman signals with different temperature dependence, and the vibrational Raman signal of water vapor. The main measurement variable of the UHOH RRL is temperature. For the HOPE campaign, the lidar receiver was optimized for high and low background levels, respectively, with a novel switch for the passband of the second rotational Raman channel. The instrument delivers atmospheric profiles of water vapor mixing ratio as well as particle backscatter coefficient and particle extinction coefficient as further products. As examples for the measurement performance, measurements of the temperature gradient and water vapor mixing ratio revealing the development of the atmospheric boundary layer within 25 h are presented. As expected from simulations, a significant advance during nighttime was achieved with the new low-background setting. A two-mirror scanner allows for measurements in different directions. When pointing the scanner to low elevation, measurements close to the ground become possible which are otherwise impossible due to the non-total overlap of laser beam and receiving telescope field-of-view in the near range. We present an example of a low-level temperature measurement which resolves the temperature gradient at the top of the stable nighttime boundary layer a hundred meters above the ground.

Subcloud and Cloud-Base Latent Heat Fluxes during Shallow Cumulus Convection

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 1081-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil P. Lareau
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Cumulus Convection ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Convective Boundary ◽  
Water Vapor Mixing Ratio

Abstract Doppler and Raman lidar observations of vertical velocity and water vapor mixing ratio are used to probe the physics and statistics of subcloud and cloud-base latent heat fluxes during cumulus convection at the ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in Oklahoma, United States. The statistical results show that latent heat fluxes increase with height from the surface up to ~0.8Zi (where Zi is the convective boundary layer depth) and then decrease to ~0 at Zi. Peak fluxes aloft exceeding 500 W m−2 are associated with periods of increased cumulus cloud cover and stronger jumps in the mean humidity profile. These entrainment fluxes are much larger than the surface fluxes, indicating substantial drying over the 0–0.8Zi layer accompanied by moistening aloft as the CBL deepens over the diurnal cycle. We also show that the boundary layer humidity budget is approximately closed by computing the flux divergence across the 0–0.8Zi layer. Composite subcloud velocity and water vapor anomalies show that clouds are linked to coherent updraft and moisture plumes. The moisture anomaly is Gaussian, most pronounced above 0.8Zi and systematically wider than the velocity anomaly, which has a narrow central updraft flanked by downdrafts. This size and shape disparity results in downdrafts characterized by a high water vapor mixing ratio and thus a broad joint probability density function (JPDF) of velocity and mixing ratio in the upper CBL. We also show that cloud-base latent heat fluxes can be both positive and negative and that the instantaneous positive fluxes can be very large (~10 000 W m−2). However, since cloud fraction tends to be small, the net impact of these fluxes remains modest.

scholarly journals Profiling water vapor mixing ratios in Finland by means of a Raman lidar, a satellite and a model

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4303-4316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Filioglou ◽  
Anna Nikandrova ◽  
Sami Niemelä ◽  
Holger Baars ◽  
Tero Mielonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Raman Lidar ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Seasonal Analysis ◽  
Relative Errors ◽  
Water Vapor Mixing Ratio

Abstract. We present tropospheric water vapor profiles measured with a Raman lidar during three field campaigns held in Finland. Co-located radio soundings are available throughout the period for the calibration of the lidar signals. We investigate the possibility of calibrating the lidar water vapor profiles in the absence of co-existing on-site soundings using water vapor profiles from the combined Advanced InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) satellite product; the Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement INternational and High Resolution Limited Area Model (ALADIN/HIRLAM) numerical weather prediction (NWP) system, and the nearest radio sounding station located 100 km away from the lidar site (only for the permanent location of the lidar). The uncertainties of the calibration factor derived from the soundings, the satellite and the model data are  < 2.8, 7.4 and 3.9 %, respectively. We also include water vapor mixing ratio intercomparisons between the radio soundings and the various instruments/model for the period of the campaigns. A good agreement is observed for all comparisons with relative errors that do not exceed 50 % up to 8 km altitude in most cases. A 4-year seasonal analysis of vertical water vapor is also presented for the Kuopio site in Finland. During winter months, the air in Kuopio is dry (1.15±0.40 g kg−1); during summer it is wet (5.54±1.02 g kg−1); and at other times, the air is in an intermediate state. These are averaged values over the lowest 2 km in the atmosphere. Above that height a quick decrease in water vapor mixing ratios is observed, except during summer months where favorable atmospheric conditions enable higher mixing ratio values at higher altitudes. Lastly, the seasonal change in disagreement between the lidar and the model has been studied. The analysis showed that, on average, the model underestimates water vapor mixing ratios at high altitudes during spring and summer.

scholarly journals Water Vapor Calibration: Using a Raman Lidar and Radiosoundings to Obtain Highly Resolved Water Vapor Profiles

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birte Kulla ◽  
Christoph Ritter
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Raman Lidar ◽  
Independent Information ◽  
European Arctic ◽  
Water Vapor Mixing Ratio ◽  
A Site ◽  
Individual Profiles

We revised the calibration of a water vapor Raman lidar by co-located radiosoundings for a site in the high European Arctic. For this purpose, we defined robust criteria for a valid calibration. One of these criteria is the logarithm of the water vapor mixing ratio between the sonde and the lidar. With an error analysis, we showed that for our site correlations smaller than 0.95 could be explained neither by noise in the lidar nor by wrong assumptions concerning the aerosol or Rayleigh extinction. However, highly variable correlation coefficients between sonde and consecutive lidar profiles were found, suggesting that small scale variability of the humidity was our largest source of error. Therefore, not all co-located radiosoundings are useful for lidar calibration. As we assumed these changes to be non-systematic, averaging over several independent measurements increased the calibration’s quality. The calibration of the water vapor measurements from the lidar for individual profiles varied by less than ±5%. The seasonal median, used for calibration in this study, was stable and reliable (confidence ±1% for the season with most calibration profiles). Thus, the water vapor mixing ratio profiles from the Koldewey Aerosol Raman Lidar (KARL) are very accurate. They show high temporal variability up to 4 km altitude and, therefore, provide additional, independent information to the radiosonde.

scholarly journals Water Vapor Mixing Ratio Distribution Inversion by Raman Lidar in Beijing

2020 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 06020
Author(s):  
SiQi Yu ◽  
Dong Liu ◽  
JiWei Xu ◽  
ZhenZhu Wang ◽  
DeCheng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Radiosonde Data ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Raman Lidar ◽  
Ratio Distribution ◽  
Water Vapor Mixing Ratio ◽  
Detection Instrument ◽  
Active Detection ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Good Agreement

Water Aerosol Raman Lidar-II is an active detection instrument with high temporal and spatial resolution at Nanjiao observation station, and that could continuous water vapor mixing ratio (WVMR) measurements. WVMR profiles inversion from lidar data and water ratio retrieved from radiosonde data are in good agreement. The statistical results of the vertical distribution of WVMR indicate that WVMR seasonal mean distribution is consistent with precipitation. In addition, WVMR in Nanjiao station is related to total cloud cover.

scholarly journals Comparison of IASI water vapor retrieval with H<sub>2</sub>O-Raman lidar in the framework of the Mediterranean HyMeX and ChArMEx programs

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 9583-9596 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Chazette ◽  
F. Marnas ◽  
J. Totems ◽  
X. Shang
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Raman Lidar ◽  
Operational Level ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Water Vapor Mixing Ratio ◽  
Level 2

Abstract. The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) is a new generation spaceborne passive sensor mainly dedicated to meteorological applications. Operational Level-2 products have been available via the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) for several years. In particular, vertical profiles of water vapor measurements are retrieved from infrared radiances at the global scale. Nevertheless, the robustness of such products has to be checked because only a few validations have been reported. For this purpose, the field experiments that were held during the HyMeX and ChArMEx international programs are a very good opportunity. A H2O-Raman lidar was deployed on the Balearic island of Menorca and operated continuously for ~ 6 and ~ 3 weeks during fall 2012 (Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean eXperiment – HyMeX) and summer 2013 (Chemistry–Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment – ChArMEx), respectively. It measured simultaneously the water vapor mixing ratio and aerosol optical properties. This article does not aim to describe the IASI operational H2O inversion algorithm, but to compare the vertical profiles derived from IASI onboard (meteorological operational) MetOp-A and the ground-based lidar measurements to assess the reliability of the IASI operational product for the water vapor retrieval in both the lower and middle troposphere. The links between water vapor contents and both the aerosol vertical profiles and the air mass origins are also studied. About 30 simultaneous observations, performed during nighttime in cloud free conditions, have been considered. For altitudes ranging from 2 to 7 km, root mean square errors (correlation) of ~ 0.5 g kg−1 (~ 0.77) and ~ 1.1 g kg−1 (~ 0.72) are derived between the operational IASI product and the available lidar profiles during HyMeX and ChArMEx, respectively. The values of both root mean square error and correlation are meaningful and show that the operational Level-2 product of the IASI-derived vertical water vapor mixing ratio can be considered for meteorological and climatic applications, at least in the framework of field campaigns.

scholarly journals A Lagrangian Objective Analysis Technique for Assimilating In Situ Observations with Multiple-Radar-Derived Airflow

2007 ◽  
Vol 135 (7) ◽  
pp. 2417-2442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrad L. Ziegler ◽  
Michael S. Buban ◽  
Erik N. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Lagrangian Analysis ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Virtual Potential Temperature ◽  
Water Vapor Mixing Ratio

Abstract A new Lagrangian analysis technique is developed to assimilate in situ boundary layer measurements using multi-Doppler-derived wind fields, providing output fields of water vapor mixing ratio, potential temperature, and virtual potential temperature from which the lifting condensation level (LCL) and relative humidity (RH) fields are derived. The Lagrangian analysis employs a continuity principle to bidirectionally distribute observed values of conservative variables with the 3D, evolving boundary layer airflow, followed by temporal and spatial interpolation to an analysis grid. Cloud is inferred at any grid point whose height z &gt; zLCL or equivalently where RH ≥ 100%. Lagrangian analysis of the cumulus field is placed in the context of gridded analyses of visible satellite imagery and photogrammetric cloud-base area analyses. Brief illustrative examples of boundary layer morphology derived with the Lagrangian analysis are presented based on data collected during the International H2O Project (IHOP): 1) a dryline on 22 May 2002; 2) a cold-frontal–dryline “triple point” intersection on 24 May 2002. The Lagrangian analysis preserves the sharp thermal gradients across the cold front and drylines and reveals the presence of undulations and plumes of water vapor mixing ratio and virtual potential temperature associated with deep penetrative updraft cells and convective roll circulations. Derived cloud fields are consistent with satellite-inferred cloud cover and cloud-base locations.

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