Different but the Same

2016 ◽  
Vol 666 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine M. Donato ◽  
Amanda R. Carrico ◽  
Blake Sisk ◽  
Bhumika Piya
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Event History ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Bank Account ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Unique Dataset

This article builds on prior studies that document how legal status stratifies society, specifically in outcomes related to international migration. Here, we study such outcomes in Bangladesh, a low-lying nation that has experienced dramatic environmental changes in recent decades and high rates of out-migration. We do event history analyses of a new and unique dataset that includes information from approximately eighteen hundred households in nine villages to investigate whether and how legal status differentiates out-migration from Bangladesh. We find substantial variation in legal status among the women and men who make an initial international trip and that unauthorized migration affects other labor market and economic outcomes: it reduces the number of hours that migrants work in destination countries, lowers the odds that migrants pay taxes or open a bank account, and increases the odds that migrants use social contacts to find jobs.

Environmental Concerns and International Migration

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme Hugo
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Independent Variable

This article focuses on international migration occurring as a result of environmental changes and processes. It briefly reviews attempts to conceptualize environment-related migration and then considers the extent to which environmental factors have been and may be significant in initiating migration. Following is an examination of migration as an independent variable in the migration-environment relationship. Finally, ethical and policy dimensions are addressed.

The Influence of Legal Status on the Labor Market Impact of Immigration

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Undocumented Workers ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
The Status ◽  
Market Wage ◽  
Resident Aliens

This article explores the labor market changes that would take place as a result of an amnesty that would regularize the status of undocumented workers without changing the total size of the alien workforce. The theoretical analysis suggests that the influence of legal status on market wage rates and on minimum wage enforcement is weak and that to the extent that there is an effect, it depends on particular institutional arrangements. Although data are not adequate for a definite measurement of these effects, those data that are available support this conclusion. It does appear that the presence of undocumented as opposed to resident aliens can weaken union organizing efforts.

scholarly journals Economic incentives to target species and fish size: prices and fine-scale product attributes in Norwegian fisheries

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 733-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Asche ◽  
Yanyou Chen ◽  
Martin D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Product Form ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
King Crab ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
As Species ◽  
Harvest Timing ◽  
Unique Dataset

Abstract Improved fisheries management provides fishers with more opportunities to maximize harvest value by accounting for valuable attributes of the harvest such as species, harvest timing, fish size, product form, and landing location. Harvest values can also vary by vessel and gear type. Moreover, the extent of targeting can influence the ecosystem in which the fishers operate and provide important management challenges. We utilize a unique dataset containing daily vessel-level fish landings in one region of Norway in 2010 to investigate the value of an array of attributes, including species, product form, product condition, timing, fish size, vessel type, gear type, and landing location for cod and other whitefish species, as well as king crab. We also investigate to what extent landed value differs across different communities, firms, and plants. The results indicate substantial variation for all attributes, highlighting opportunities for fishers as well as potential management challenges. For whitefish, the species landed accounts for three-quarters of the variation in prices. For cod in particular, the fish size accounts for nearly all variation in prices. In these fisheries, market conditions justify management focus on the biological composition of the catch.

Citizen Advantage, Undocumented Disadvantage, or Both? The Comparative Educational Outcomes of Second and 1.5‐Generation Latino Young Adults1

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 1080-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Patler
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
High School Completion ◽  
1.5 Generation ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Data Constraints

Recent research theorizes a widening sociopolitical gap between undocumented and documented immigrants — but also between citizens and noncitizens generally — with implications for mobility. How might legal inequality influence educational outcomes? Largely due to data constraints, much existing research is unable to distinguish between legal statuses. Yet, legal status may help explain inconsistent findings of “immigrant advantage” among Latinos. Using survey data from Latino young adults in California, I explore how legal status impacts high school completion, post‐secondary enrollment, and labor market expectations. I find evidence of undocumented disadvantage and citizenship advantage in completion and enrollment, but no differences in expectations. Findings suggest that scholars should pay closer attention to the role of legal background in shaping mobility.

The Employment of Foreign Labor in Japan

1991 ◽  
Vol 513 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARUO SHIMADA
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Foreign Workers ◽  
Immigration Control ◽  
Foreign Labor ◽  
The Government

The problems of foreign labor in Japan have become increasingly serious economically, politically, and socially in recent years. In response to increasing labor shortages and high wages in Japan, ever larger numbers of foreign workers are entering Japan and illegally engaging in unskilled work under poor working conditions. The amended law of immigration control was put into effect on 1 June 1990, strictly prohibiting the entrance of foreigners for unauthorized work while opening doors more widely for highly skilled and knowledgeable workers. This article first briefly reviews the recent penetration of the Japanese labor market by foreign workers and then discusses potential merits of international migration of workers as well as likely demerits or dangers associated with the spontaneous influx of foreign workers into Japan under the current institutional and social conditions. The article finally proposes a large-scale work and learn program jointly administered by the government and private sector as a policy remedy to maximize the merits, and to minimize the demerits, of accepting foreign workers.

scholarly journals Rapid mutational declines of viability in Drosophila

2001 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES D. FRY
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Deleterious Mutation ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Mutation Rates ◽  
Deleterious Mutations ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Evolutionary Advantage ◽  
Neutral Genetic Variation ◽  
Assay Conditions

High rates of mildly deleterious mutation could cause the extinction of small populations, reduce neutral genetic variation and provide an evolutionary advantage for sex. In the first attempts to estimate the rate of mildly deleterious mutation, Mukai and Ohnishi allowed spontaneous mutations to accumulate on D. melanogaster second chromosomes shielded from recombination and selection. Viability of the shielded chromosomes appeared to decline rapidly, implying a deleterious mutation rate on the order of one per zygote per generation. These results have been challenged, however; at issue is whether Mukai and Ohnishi may have confounded viability declines caused by mutation with declines resulting from environmental changes or other extraneous factors. Here, using a method not sensitive to non-mutational viability changes, I reanalyse the previous mutation-accumulation (MA) experiments, and report the results of a new one. I show that in each of four experiments, including Mukai's two experiments, viability declines due to mildly deleterious mutations were rapid. The results give no support for the view that Mukai overestimated the declines. Although there is substantial variation in estimates of genomic mutation rates from the experiments, this variation is probably due to some combination of sampling error, strain differences and differences in assay conditions, rather than to failure to distinguish mutational and non-mutational viability changes.

scholarly journals The Labor Market Value to Legal Status

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando A. Lozano ◽  
Todd Sorensen
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Market Value

scholarly journals Does International Migration Pay Off? The Labor Market Situation of Finnish Return Migrants Based on Longitudinal Register Data

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Saara Koikkalainen ◽  
Ritva Linnakangas ◽  
Asko Suikkanen
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Register Data ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Return Migrants ◽  
Flexible Labor ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Market Status

International mobility is a form of flexible labor market adaptation available for young Nordic nationals who have the privilege of relatively easy return if life abroad does not work out. The article considers mobility as a labor market transition and examines the pre- and post-migration situation of two Finnish return migrant groups—those who lived abroad in 1999 and in 2004—based on longitudinal register data. It considers the consequences of return for an individual migrant: is it a form of failure in labor market integration in the country of destination or rather a sign of success whereby the skills, resources, and experiences gained abroad are brought back to the country of origin. Migrants who leave Finland nowadays often opt to move to other Nordic countries and are younger, more educated, and have a better socio-economic status than previous migrant generations. The article demonstrates that international migration does not deteriorate the returnees’ labor market status. While re-entry into the Finnish labor market may take some time and flexibility, mobility seems to pay off and have beneficial consequences: return migrants earn higher taxable incomes and have lower unemployment rates than their peers who only stayed in the national labor markets..

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