It’s the Conventional Thought That Counts

2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelley J. Correll ◽  
Cecilia L. Ridgeway ◽  
Ezra W. Zuckerman ◽  
Sharon Jank ◽  
Sara Jordan-Bloch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
High Status ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Inference Problem ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Many

A core claim of sociological theory is that modern institutions fall short of their meritocratic ideals, whereby rewards should be allocated based on achievement-related criteria. Instead, high-status actors often experience a “status advantage”: they are rewarded disproportionately to the quality of their performance. We develop and test a theory of status advantage in meritocratic settings. The most influential model in past research derives status advantage from decision-makers’ tendency to infer quality from status when quality is uncertain. The theory developed here integrates and extends this and other theories to explain the emergence of status advantage in the many meritocratic contexts where the decision-maker’s personal, first-order sense of quality is less important to the decision. We argue that in such contexts, decision-makers must often coordinate with others to make the “best” decision, and thus they focus on the “third-order inference” problem of discerning who or what “most people” think is higher quality, as encoded in status beliefs. Three experiments demonstrate that under such conditions, status advantages can emerge even though (1) status information does not resolve uncertainty about quality; (2) the status belief is illegitimate; and (3) no party to the decision personally prefers the higher-status option. The theory implies that status hierarchies are resilient in the face of significant dissent but may be subject to public challenge.

Answers and Questions: Evans-Pritchard On Nuer Religion

1983 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Burton
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Logical Consistency ◽  
Anthropological Study ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Catholic Church

AbstractIf my discernment of the thought that underlies his study of Nuer religion is not entirely misconstrued, then one can assert a logical consistency between Collingwood's methodology for history and Evans-Pritchard's for ethnography. It is worthwhile, in that light, to consider the fact that "at one time Evans-Pritchard contemplated writing Collingwood's biography" (Beidelman 1974:559). One commentator, (Kuper 1980:118) typifies this methodology as "postwar idealism" and suggests that the major works he published in the later decades of his presence at Oxford demonstrate the "sterility" of his methodology and theory. Still others have hinted that his entry into the Catholic Church was later reflected in his depiction of Nuer religous life. These are remarkable assertions, when one takes the time to reflect on the many ways in which his own approach and writings have so profoundly influenced the direction of anthropological enquiry in his own country and abroad. The fact is, one can no longer write ethnography in lieu of a solid understanding of the historical circumstances which have resulted in the contemporary 'ethnographic present'. At the same time, practitioners of the discipline have addressed from almost every angle the proposition that all ethnography is indeed a good part confession-that we write what we are able to see. That is precisely the quality of the work that will guarantee the status of Nuer religion as a classic. The methods of history and anthropology can only become more similar. Anyone who holds an absence of definition or presumed repugnance toward theory as criticisms of his contributions, has truly lost the forest for the trees. It is all the more remarkable that his methodological and theoretical advances in the anthropological study of religion are to be found not in his answers, but in the questions he raised.10

scholarly journals Urinary incontinence as the socioeconomic problem

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
Krystyna Klimaszewska ◽  
Mariola Bartusek
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Health Needs ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Costs Of Treatment ◽  
Social Discomfort

Abstract Introduction. Urinary incontinence, meaning irrespective of will leakage of urine, is a serious health problem, and has the status of social disease basing on the epidemiological data concerning number of affected populations suffering from it Taking into consideration the chronic character of the disease and increasing social discomfort including social exclusion, the costs of treatment and rehabilitation should be lower so patients could improve the quality of their lives in other aspects. That is why it is important to deeply analyze the costs of urinary incontinence in terms of diagnostics, treatment and rehabilitation. Aim. Costs analysis related to diagnostics and treatment of urinary incontinence incurred by patient, or co-financed/funded by the National Health Fund on the basis of the literature review. Summary. The few but regularly prepared reports show that there is a clear need for changes in the funding of services provided to patients with health needs. Both the social and economic aspects are important for each patient and should be deeply analysed by public funds decision makers. It would be much easier to take an action if the probability of complete cure was high.

Policing Black sound: performing UK Grime and Rap music under routinised surveillance

Soundings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (75) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Cheraine Donalea Scott
Keyword(s):  
Rap Music ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Black Music ◽  
Black Musicians ◽  
Black Voices ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Face ◽  
Artistic Freedom ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Right

The recent sounds of BLM protests can be thought of as reconstituting George Floyd's extinguished voice - amplifying his solitary protest against restraint through creating a ruckus that interrupted the wider silencing of Black voices. UK Grime and Rap music is another way in which these silences are being challenged today, in the face of all the attempts to police it and close it down, and to restrict the artistic freedom of young Black musicians, especially as expressed in Drill music. Policing Black sound is part of the wider policing of the black body - and restrictions on Black music are discussed in relation to the many laws on anti-social behaviour that have been enacted since New Labour's first creation of ASBOs. David Starkey's fear about whites becoming black is linked to a long-held fear on the right about the potentially corrupting effect of Black music on white listeners, and its perceived threat to the status quo - the spread of a 'dub virus'.

Introduction

2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Peter Avery ◽  
Alexandra D’Arcy ◽  
Keren Rice
Keyword(s):  
World Englishes ◽  
Canadian English ◽  
The Past ◽  
English Usage ◽  
The Status ◽  
Oxford Dictionary ◽  
The Many ◽  
Quality Of Research

The past twenty-five years have seen an enormous growth in research into World Englishes, reflecting a new recognition of the status of the many national English dialects. Canadian English has been no exception to this trend and we have witnessed a dramatic increase in the quantity and quality of research into this variety. The stature it is now accorded as a separate dialect of English is reflected in the number of dictionaries, thesauruses, usage guides, and other reference works published since the late 1990s that were devoted specifically to Canadian English (e.g., Guide to Canadian English usage; Canadian Oxford dictionary; Oxford Canadian Dictionary; Collins essential Canadian English dictionary and thesaurus; Fitzhenry and Whiteside Canadian thesaurus) as well as audio-visual productions (e.g., Dialects of Canadian English; Talking Canadian).

Modulation Transfer Function Measurement System at Different Contrasts for CCD Camera

2012 ◽  
Vol 241-244 ◽  
pp. 648-652
Author(s):  
Wen Juan Li ◽  
Chuan Liang ◽  
Ning Zhi Jin ◽  
Mei Lan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Imaging Systems ◽  
Integrating Sphere ◽  
Test Target ◽  
Modulation Transfer ◽  
Imaging Quality ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Many

In order to achieve MTFs at different contrasts, the MTF measurement system is designed and developed. Two integrating spheres are used to illuminate the face and back of the test target uniformly. The target luminance and background luminance of the test target are regulated by adjusting the attenuators near the entrance of each integrating sphere. The many groups’ experimental results indicate that the luminance differences between the values by the system and those by L88 first level luminance meter, which is checked by National Institute of Metrology P. R. China, are within ±0.3 cd/m2. Thereby the measurement precision can be ensured in MTF test. MTFs of Sony camera and Cannon camera at different contrasts are measured by this system. The measurement values show that MTFs at different contrasts can demonstrate the imaging quality fully and objectively. This study provides an effective method to evaluate the imaging quality of visible imaging systems.

scholarly journals Reducing the Use of Antimicrobials as a Solution to the Challenge of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Approaching an Ethical Dilemma through the Lens of Planetary Health

Challenges ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Samuel O. Abimbola ◽  
Melvine Anyango Otieno ◽  
Jennifer Cole
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Planetary Health ◽  
The Right To Know ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Right

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. Controlled dispensation of antimicrobial drugs is the most echoed solution among many that have been postulated to counter this problem. However, the life-impacting significance of antimicrobials makes this approach a very complex one, which must be considered under the lens of health and planetary ethics. As the problem of AMR is not peculiar to only a few people, the right to know the risk, as well as decisions as to when and how antimicrobials are used should, not be granted to only a few decision makers, but be used as drivers to advance planetary health knowledge in a way that benefits individuals, society, and future generations. Within an ethical framework, implementing policies that extend the efficacy period of antimicrobials should be considered in a way that balances range, choice, and quality of drugs against stewardship activities. The challenge of AMR cannot be eliminated completely by reduced use of antimicrobials only; understanding how, where and when reduction is necessary, and social structures and patterns (as well as existing health and government systems) are required if any global/national intervention would be successful and equitable. We may well have gone past the stage of adopting precautionary principles as the danger we face presents no iota of uncertainty. The measures to control AMR’s emergence and its spread are well presented. Nevertheless, we must not ere from the path of justice and equity even in the face of certain danger.

scholarly journals Progress in perceptual research: the case of prosopagnosia

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Albonico ◽  
Jason Barton
Keyword(s):  
Face Processing ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Object Processing ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Many ◽  
Developmental Variant ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Prosopagnosia is an impairment in the ability to recognize faces and can be acquired after a brain lesion or occur as a developmental variant. Studies of prosopagnosia make important contributions to our understanding of face processing and object recognition in the human visual system. We review four areas of advances in the study of this condition in recent years. First are issues surrounding the diagnosis of prosopagnosia, including the development and evaluation of newer tests and proposals for diagnostic criteria, especially for the developmental variant. Second are studies of the structural basis of prosopagnosia, including the application of more advanced neuroimaging techniques in studies of the developmental variant. Third are issues concerning the face specificity of the defect in prosopagnosia, namely whether other object processing is affected to some degree and in particular the status of visual word processing in light of recent predictions from the “many-to-many hypothesis”. Finally, there have been recent rehabilitative trials of perceptual learning applied to larger groups of prosopagnosic subjects that show that face impairments are not immutable in this condition.

scholarly journals Analisis Routing Protocol Is-Is Dengan MPLS Traffic Engineering Menggunakan GNS3

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Hendra Bayu Susueno ◽  
Imam Tri Wibowo ◽  
Siti Ummi Masruroh ◽  
Dewi Khairani ◽  
I’im Umamil Khoiri
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Traffic Engineering ◽  
Link State ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Control ◽  
Label Switched Path

In the digital era is , the internet becomes a necessity . the increasing number of internet usage by various parties encourages ISPs to improve their service quality . To overcome the problem the IETF has introduced a service Multiprotcol . MPLS-TE allows for schemes TE where the tip router of the label switched path (LSP) can calculate the many routes efficiently through the network to the router tip of the tail of the LSP. TE consists of three steps principal that is the size , model, and control . MPLS-TE allows for schemes TE where the tip router of the label switched path (LSP) can calculate the many routes efficiently through the network to the router tip of the tail of the LSP. ISIS is one of the routing protocol that was created for the OSI mode, using the method of link state as a method of collecting the route , ISIS also will perform the collection of information and the status of all the links that exist in the network . Analysis of the IS-IS routing protocol with the Multiprotocol label switch Traffic Engineering based on the parameters of quality of service (QoS), namely throughput and packet loss where the simulation uses the GNS3 network emulator. The test results prove that the values of throughput and packet loss are not much different.

The Church of Ireland: a critical bibliography, 1536–1992 PartV: 1800–1870

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (112) ◽  
pp. 369-376
Author(s):  
Fergus O’Ferrall
Keyword(s):  
Church Of England ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
Political Relationships ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Church Of Ireland ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Church

The ‘United Church of England and Ireland’, established by the Act of Union ‘for ever’ as ‘an essential and fundamental part of the Union’, survived less than seventy years. N. D. Emerson, in his 1933 essay on the church in this period, presented the history of the church in the first half of the nineteenth century as ‘the history of many separate interests and movements’; he suggested a thesis of fundamental importance in the historiography of the Church of Ireland: Beneath the externals of a worldly Establishment, and behind the pomp of a Protestant ascendancy, was the real Church of Ireland, possessed of a pure and reformed faith more consciously grasped as the century advanced and labouring to present its message in the face of apathy and discouragement, as well as of more active and hostile opposition.Recent historical work has begun to trace the ‘many separate interests and movements’ and to explore in detail both the ‘worldly Establishment’ and the increasingly predominant evangelical influence of the Church of Ireland during the post-union period. The main topics investigated have been the structure of the church, the political relationships of the church, the evangelical movement, the mentalities of various social groups (drawing upon literary sources), and local or regional studies. The numerous gaps in the research and in our knowledge which exist seem now all the starker given the high quality of so many recent studies concerning the Church of Ireland in this period.

The influence of status differentiation on vertical brand extension

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-423
Author(s):  
Xiang Fang ◽  
Shengdong Lin
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Brand Image ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Experiment Design ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
High Status ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Line Extension ◽  
The Status ◽  
Status Differentiation

Purpose In this paper, the authors aim to propose that status differentiation, the extent to which people differentiate their behaviors or attribute power to others according to perceived status differences, moderates the effect of stretch direction upward or downward and brand image prestige or functional on consumers 2019 responses to line extensions. Design/methodology/approach This study was a 2 (culture: Chinese vs American) × 2 (stretch direction: up vs down) × 2 (brand image: prestige vs functional) experiment design. Study 2 was a 2 (status differentiation: high vs low) × 2 (stretch direction: up vs down) × 2 (brand image: prestige vs functional) experiment design. Findings The results of two studies show that high status differentiation has a positive prestige-enhancement effect on an upward extension but a detrimental effect on a downward extension. This effect is more pronounced for prestige brands than for functional brands. In addition, the authors have found similar patterns for the prestige perceptions of the parent brands after extension. Research limitations/implications This research makes important contributions to the fields of cross-cultural psychology. The status differentiation beliefs could be primed temporarily and had a significant impact on individuals’ responses to line extension. Practical implications The research identifies status differentiation as an important factor for marketers to consider when extending their brands to global markets. Originality/value Past research on vertical extensions has examined numerous factors influencing consumers’ responses. This paper is the only one to examine culture factor.

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