scholarly journals How Marriage Matters for the Intergenerational Mobility of Family Income: Heterogeneity by Gender, Life Course, and Birth Cohort

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-380
Author(s):  
Seongsoo Choi ◽  
Inkwan Chung ◽  
Richard Breen
Keyword(s):  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Parental Income ◽  
Marital Sorting ◽  
Market Status ◽  
Income Accounting ◽  
Recent Cohort

Adult children’s labor market status and their type of marriage are major channels through which family advantages are passed from one generation to the next. However, these two routes are seldom studied together. We develop a theoretical approach to incorporate marriage entry and marital sorting into the intergenerational transmission of family income, accounting for differences between sons and daughters and considering education as a central explanatory factor. Using a novel decomposition method applied to data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we find that marriage plays a major role in intergenerational transmission only among daughters and not until they reach their late-30s. This is more salient in the recent cohort in our data (people born 1963 to 1975). Marital status and marital sorting are comparably important in accounting for the role of marriage, but sorting becomes more important over cohorts. The increasing earnings returns to education over a husband’s career and the weakening association between parental income and daughter’s own earnings explain why marital sorting, and marriage overall, have been growing more important for intergenerational transmission from parents to their daughters.

Moonlighting Husbands or Working Wives

1982 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
NEIL O. ALPER ◽  
MARK J. MORLOCK
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Binary Logit ◽  
Market Opportunities ◽  
The University ◽  
First Job ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

In households where the husband is the primary income earner, family income may be augmented either by the husband taking a second job (moonlighting) or by the wife obtaining a first job. In this article, binary logit estimating techniques are employed to investigate empirically the types of factors affecting this decision. The data used in the empirical analysis are Wave X (1977) of the University of Michigan's Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The authors find that the relative labor market opportunities of the husband and the wife, the value of the alternative uses of the wife's time, and the attitudes of both the husband and the wife toward the wife's market work all play a significant and predictable role as determinants of moonlighting. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Leaving Home for College and Gaining Independence

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 981-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara H Mulder ◽  
William A V Clark
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Event History ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
Leaving Home ◽  
Parental Income ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Returning Home ◽  
The Usa

As more and more young US adults attend college it has become an increasingly important filter in the process of becoming an independent household. Now for a large number of young adults living in the USA, living away at college is a first step in the process of gaining residential and economic independence. We analyze leaving home to go to college, the choice between returning home and becoming independent after living away at college, and the influence of experience with living away at college on becoming an independent household. We use data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and multilevel event-history and logistic-regression models to show that the likelihood of leaving home for college is positively affected by the father's education and the parental income. Unlike in previous research, we find evidence for the ‘feathered-nest’ hypothesis, in that the likelihood of returning home increases with parental income.

scholarly journals Family Income Level, Variability, and Trend as Predictors of Child Achievement and Behavior

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather D. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Income Variability ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Child Achievement

Abstract Recent decades have seen increases in the variability of family income, tepid income growth rates for all but the richest families, and widening income inequality. These trends are concerning for child well-being, given the importance of income to parental investments and parenting practices. Growing evidence suggests that a high level of change is disruptive to family processes and that chronic stress affects physiology as well as psychology. This study used the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development Supplement to estimate associations between three dimensions of childhood income dynamics—level, variability, and trend—and child achievement and behavior. After income level was controlled for, income variability during childhood was not associated with child achievement or behavior, but an increasing five-year trend in income-to-needs was modestly beneficial to behavior measures. Subgroup analysis suggests some adverse effects of income variability and trend on reading and behavior for non-White children but no clear patterns by child's age or family income or wealth levels.

scholarly journals Data Watch: The Panel Study of Income Dynamics

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Brown ◽  
Greg J Duncan ◽  
Frank P Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Poverty Dynamics ◽  
Job Tenure ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Family Behavior

By collecting annual economic and demographic information from a large and representative sample of U.S. households for over a quarter century, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics has compiled a remarkably useful set of microdata. This article describes the PSID and how its unique longitudinal and, in some cases, intergenerational features have been used for studies of intertemporal models of labor supply; wages, employment, and job tenure; consumption; poverty dynamics; extended-family behavior; and the intergenerational transmission of economic status.

Should My Spouse Be My Partner? Preliminary Evidence From the Panel Study of Income Dynamics

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Gibb Dyer ◽  
W. Justin Dyer ◽  
Richard G. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Spousal Influence ◽  
Impact On Family ◽  
Business Data ◽  
Organizational Imprinting

This study examines how firm performance and family income are affected when an “owner-managed” firm transitions to a “copreneurial” business. Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics were used to track changes in firm performance and family income from 1996 to 2006 during which time an owner-manager decided to partner with his spouse. The findings suggest that (a) involvement of one’s spouse in the business had no significant impact on firm profits and (b) working with one’s spouse had a significant impact on family income. The authors hypothesize that the lack of spousal influence on firm performance is because of their inability to influence their spouses, their lack of education and skills needed by the firm, and organizational “imprinting.” Moreover, since it is hypothesized that many spouses work for little or no pay, there would not be a significant impact on family income as the result of one’s partnering with a spouse. However, this hypothesis was not confirmed.

Earnings over the Early Work Career among Males in the Middle Class: Has Race Declined in its Significance?

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Wilson ◽  
Ian Sakura-Lemessy
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Racial Gap ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Recent Cohort

Within the context of William Wilson's “declining significance of race” thesis, this study uses data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine differences in the income gap among two cohorts of males through the early stages of their work careers in middle-class jobs during the periods 1975–82 and 1985–92. Findings indicate that the racial gap is structured in a manner that is contrary to predictions from the Wilson thesis. In particular, the gap increases over the seven-year period for both cohorts. Further, the gap is particularly pronounced among the more recent cohort. Specifically, it is larger at the outset of the seven-year period and increases more between 1985 and 1992 than between 1975 and 1982. Specific cohort and period effects that explain the racial differences in income are discussed, and directions for future research are identified.

scholarly journals The Generational Boundaries of Educational Advantage: Does Great-Grandparent Educational Attainment Predict Great-Grandchild Early Academic Achievement?

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312110605
Author(s):  
Megan Evans ◽  
Jonathan Daw ◽  
S. Michael Gaddis
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Direct Transmission ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Educational Attainments ◽  
Early Academic Achievement ◽  
The Relationship

It remains unclear how far back the intergenerational transmission of educational advantage operates because most inquiries are limited to two or three generations. In this study, the authors use four generations of family data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the association of great-grandparents’ educational attainment with their great-grandchildren’s early academic achievement, net of intervening generations’ educational attainments. The authors find that the relationship between great-grandparent educational attainment and great-grandchild early academic achievement is nonlinear, modest, and accounted for entirely by the educational attainment of intervening generations and great-grandchild demographic characteristics. Thus, for early academic achievement, the direct transmission of intergenerational educational advantage is limited to three generations in these data.

scholarly journals Estimating Moderated Causal Effects with Time-varying Treatments and Time-varying Moderators: Structural Nested Mean Models and Regression with Residuals

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey T. Wodtke ◽  
Daniel Almirall
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Adolescent Childbearing ◽  
Individual Covariates ◽  
Conventional Regression

Individuals differ in how they respond to a particular treatment or exposure, and social scientists are often interested in understanding how treatment effects are moderated by observed characteristics of individuals. Effect moderation occurs when individual covariates dampen or amplify the effect of some exposure. This article focuses on estimating moderated causal effects in longitudinal settings in which both the treatment and effect moderator vary over time. Effect moderation is typically examined using covariate by treatment interactions in regression analyses, but in the longitudinal setting, this approach may be problematic because time-varying moderators of future treatment may be affected by prior treatment—for example, moderators may also be mediators—and naively conditioning on an outcome of treatment in a conventional regression model can lead to bias. This article introduces to sociology moderated intermediate causal effects and the structural nested mean model for analyzing effect moderation in the longitudinal setting. It discusses problems with conventional regression and presents a new approach to estimation (regression with residuals) that avoids these problems. The method is illustrated using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine whether the effects of time-varying exposures to poor neighborhoods on the risk for adolescent childbearing are moderated by time-varying family income.

Marrying Within the Alma Mater: Understanding the Role of Same-University Marriages in Educational Homogamy

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-272
Author(s):  
Karly Sarita Ford
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Educational Homogamy ◽  
Organizational Settings ◽  
Elective Affinities ◽  
Rich Data

Most prior work on educational homogamy does not distinguish between college attendees who marry someone who attended the same university (same-university marriages) and those who marry someone who attended a different university (different-university marriages). This article estimates the prevalence of partnering between individuals who attended the same university in the United States. Using rich data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), this study finds that, among college graduates who marry other college graduates, about one third have same-university spouses. As higher education has massified and feminized, rates of same-university marriages have changed very little between 1973 and 2013. By distinguishing between same-university and different-university marriages, this article highlights the role that universities, as organizational settings, play in structuring elective affinities – Pierre Bourdieu’s term for the class-based shared experiences and tastes that form the basis of social and romantic ties. Educational homogamy contributes to social stratification by consolidating the educational and social advantages of the individuals and same-university marriages make up a significant portion of these partnerships.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document