Violence: Occurrence and reporting

1977 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Krupinskif ◽  
Roma Emmerson
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Bodily Harm ◽  
The Public ◽  
Grievous Bodily Harm ◽  
Real Increase ◽  
The 19Th Century

A study has been carried out to determine whether there has been a real increase in violent crime in Victoria or whether the public has been affected by the greater prominence given to violence in the mass media. The rates of violent crime, based on “persons taken into custody or proceeded against” were highest in the seventies and eighties of the 19th century. They, then, showed a steady decline until the mid thirties of the 20th century. Since the fifties, there has been an increase, but, with the exception of assault causing grievous bodily harm, they are still much lower than they were 100 years ago. The content analysis of the four main dailies ( The Age, The Argus, the Herald and the Sun) has shown an increasing coverage of violent crime both in the number, and in the size of articles devoted to it. The authors discuss the reasons for and possible effects of this phenomenon.

scholarly journals Minangkabau Women's Movement for the Progress of Women's Education in West Sumatera

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Sitto Rahmana ◽  
Syafruddin Nurdin ◽  
Eka Putra Wirman
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Education Policy ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Women's Movement ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Female Leaders ◽  
The Public ◽  
The 19Th Century

<p><em>Education in Minangkabau from the 19th century to the early 20th century was not too pro-Minangs women. Recognizing the situation and conditions at that time, several Minangkabau women moved and fought against injustice, including Rohana Kudus, Rahmah El Yunusiah, and Rasuna Said. This Minangs female figure fights for women's rights with various strategies and movements. This research uses qualitative by collecting data through interviews and documentation. This study shows that the movements carried out by female leaders in Minangkabau have contributed to contemporary Islamic education in Minangkabau, such as 1) Liberating women from educational backwardness. 2) Take an education policy to get women out of colonialism. 3) Inspire women to continue to develop their minds. 4) Educating women through mass media as a way to educate the public.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em><em><span lang="EN-US">Pendidikan di Minangkabau pada abad ke-19 sampai awal abad ke-20 tidak terlalu berpihak kepada kaum perempuan Minang. Melihat situasi dan kondisi saat itu, beberapa perempuan Minangkabau bergerak dan berjuang dalam melawan ketidakadilan diantaranya adalah : Rohana Kudus, Rahmah El Yunusiah, dan Rasuna Said. Tokoh perempuan Minang ini memperjuangkan hak-hak perempuan dengan berbagai strategi dan pergerakan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa, pergerakan yang dilakukan oleh tokoh- tokoh perempuan di Minangkabau memiliki kontribusi pada pendidikan Islam kontemporer di Minangkabau seperti: 1) Melakukan pembebasan perempuan dari keterbelakangan pendidikan. 2) Mengambil kebijakan pendidikan untuk mengeluarkan perempuan dari keterjajahan. 3) Menginspirasi perempuan untuk terus mengembangkan pemikiran. 4) Mendidik perempuan melalui media massa sebagai salah satu cara mencerdaskan masyarakat.</span></em></em></p>

scholarly journals Literacka historia ołowiu. Rekonesans

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-146
Author(s):  
Marta Tomczok
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Press ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article offers an overview and preliminary arrangements of literary texts, chosen paintings and films (most of them from the past three centuries) which feature the motif of lead. The presence of lead as a symbol has been detected in poetry which treated the problem of war and peace; occasionally this use of lead has occurred in relation to printing, typesetting, and – less frequently – children’s toys. Much more often the motif of lead has been used in literary works to introduce the topic of melancholia and to express artists’ interest in alchemy. An analysis of literary prose at the turn of the 20th century related to zinc and lead metallurgy shows that lead did not occur in the context of mining, chemistry, and medicine until the 19th century. On the basis of studies of the press, historical literature, and contemporary reportage, the article shows the toxic nature of lead and its harmful effect on people and the environment, about which artists and authors try to warn the public at the turn of the 21st century. The article shows that the parallel between melancholia and saturnism is a well-documented phenomenon.

scholarly journals “The Only Pictures in Memory of the Great War”: The Heroic Spirit, Orientalism, and the Problems of Representational Depictions of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-255
Author(s):  
Andrei Teslya
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Pictorial Representation ◽  
Great War ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
Balkan Crisis ◽  
Pictorial Representations ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Great War

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 spawned a request from both the government and the public for an appropriate pictorial representation to be evaluated in the categories of ‘high art’, a request which revealed the inability of the predominant aesthetics to be satisfied. The paintings on the subjects of the preceding Balkan Crisis of 1875–1876 easily appealed to the existing reserve of descriptive means in primarily appealing to Orientalist motives by using the international Oriental-artistic language. In this case, painters such as K. Makovsky or V. Polenov did not need to resort to some inversions in the “Turkestan Series” by V. Vereshchagin: the developed artistic language allowed the conveying of the desired content without loss. On the contrary, attempts to present pictorial representations of the Russo-Turkish War found that the old military art was no longer perceived as genuine “art”. Thus, in not being regarded as a proper fixation of “memorable events”, the prevailing new aesthetics was unable to convey the pathos and heroics desired by the authorities. At the same time, it was found that a strong aesthetic effect in military plots was achieved through “seriality”, the interpretation of similar plots as isolated and independent. However, this did not produce a significant effect, that is to say, painting as such was not self-sufficient since it required the assistance of the text, the sequence of images, etc. The problem was reduced significantly with the new aesthetics of the 20th century, and in the last decades of the 19th century, in connection with mentioned above difficulties of painting, historical plots acquired new value, providing new opportunities for the representation of heroic themes while simultaneously giving greater aesthetic freedom.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN SHIP-ACCOUNTING PRACTICES TO 1900: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE VESSELS

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-51
Author(s):  
Jan Richard Heier
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Accounting Model ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The U.S

Accounting has always been utilitarian in nature. It adapts to the changes in the business environment by meeting the need for new types of information. The change in waterborne transportation in the U.S. during the 19th century provides an example of such an environmental change that led to a need for accounting adaptation. With the advent of the steamboat, old accounting methods were modified and new ones created to meet the changes in the business environment. In the process, a standardized ships-accounting model was developed. The model can be seen in the accounting records of three ships that sailed at the beginning of the 20th century.

scholarly journals Catalogue of the primatological collection of the Torino University

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Calvini ◽  
Maria Stella Siori ◽  
Spartaco Gippoliti ◽  
Marco Pavia
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Type Specimen ◽  
Zoological Garden ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The revised catalogue of primatological material stored in the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali of Torino and in the Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi of the Università degli Studi di Torino and belonging to the historical material of the Torino University is introduced. The material, 494 specimens belonging to 399 individuals of 122 taxa, is of particular importance since specimens were mainly obtained during the 19th Century and the beginning of the 20th Century. A relevant part of the collection was created by the collaborators of the Museum, among which it is worth to mention F. De Filippi, A. Borelli and E. Festa, while other material came from purchases and donations from private people or the Royal Zoological Garden of Torino. Great part of the specimens is stuffed but also the osteological materials are of particular importance, as many of them derived from the specimens before being prepared and consisting of skulls or more or less complete skeletons. After this revision, the Lectotype and Paralectotypes of <em>Alouatta</em> <em>palliata</em> <em>aequatorialis</em> have been selected, and the type-specimen of the <em>brunnea</em> variety of <em>Cebus</em> <em>albifrons</em> <em>cuscinus</em> has been recognized. In addition, some specimens of particular historical-scientific importance have also been identified and here presented for the first time.

scholarly journals Most Frequent Problems of Building Structures of Urban Apartment Buildings from 2nd Half of 19th Century and the Start of 20th Century

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Klara Kroftova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Horizontal Load ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Basic Prerequisite

An urban residential building from the second half of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century, the so-called tenement house, is a significant representative of the architecture of the developing urban fabric in Central Europe. The vertical and horizontal load-bearing structures of these houses currently tend to show characteristic, repeated defects and failures. Their knowledge may, in many cases, facilitate and speed up the design of the historic building’s restoration without compromising its heritage value in this process. The article presents the summary of the most frequently occurring defects and failures of these buildings. The summary, however, is not an absolute one, and, in the case of major damage to the building, it still applies that, first of all, a detailed analysis of the causes and consequences of defects and failures must be made as a basic prerequisite for the reliability and long-term durability of the building’s restoration and rehabilitation. An integral part of the rehabilitation of buildings must be the elimination of the causes of the appearance of their failures and remediation of all defects impairing their structural safety, health safety and energy efficiency.

The origins of syncopation in American popular music

Popular Music ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-41
Author(s):  
David Temperley
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Vocal Music ◽  
Piano Music ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
American Popular Music ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Fourth Position

AbstractThe origins of syncopation in 20th-century American popular music have been a source of controversy. I offer a new account of this historical process. I distinguish between second-position syncopation, an accent on the second quarter of a half-note or quarter-note unit, and fourth-position syncopation, an accent on the fourth quarter of such a unit. Unlike second-position syncopation, fourth-position syncopation tends to have an anticipatory character. In an earlier study I presented evidence suggesting British roots for second-position syncopation. in contrast, fourth-position syncopation – the focus of the current study – seems to have had no presence in published 19th-century vocal music, British or American. It first appears in notation in ragtime songs and piano music at the very end of the 19th century; it was also used in recordings by African-American singers before it was widely notated.

Zum Aufstieg und Niedergang des Normalarbeitsverhältnisses in Deutschland 1800-2010 - ein Forschungsprojekt

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Pierenkemper ◽  
Klaus F. Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Employment Contract ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Future ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Welfare State

AbstractThis paper attempts to trace the construction of the standard employment contract in Germany from the beginning of the 19th century onwards. In 20th century Germany, it was reinforced alongside with the consolidation of the welfare state and developed into the modern concept of the standard employment contract. Due to globalization forces and dynamics of capitalist market economies, the standard employment contract has turned into an obstacle in the way of modern economy’s progress. The future might be determined by increasing work flexibility, rising working hours, falling income and increasing unemployment rates, rendering the standard employment contract anachronistic and obsolete.

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