Parents’ Perspectives on How to Improve the Childhood Vaccination Process

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy A. Lieu ◽  
Brian J. Zikmund-Fisher ◽  
Cathy Chou ◽  
G. Thomas Ray ◽  
Eve Wittenberg
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Online Panel ◽  
National Studies ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Vaccine Information ◽  
Parents Experiences

Few national studies have asked parents how to improve the childhood vaccination process. We surveyed a nationally representative online panel of parents on how to improve this process, rationales for nonstandard approaches, and alternatives to the standard schedule. Twelve percent of the 1222 respondents reported using nonstandard approaches: 3.2% used a specific schedule, 6.0% had no specific schedule, and 2.5% declined all vaccinations. The most common rationales were that too many vaccines are given at once, and discomfort with vaccine ingredients. Regarding how to improve the process, parents using the standard schedule most often said nothing could be improved (51%), or better vaccine information (22%). Those using nonstandard approaches most often would have liked more choice (40%) or better vaccine information (26%). Parents’ experiences with the vaccination process could be improved by offering information prior to visits, giving more information about side effects, and allowing more flexibility about vaccine scheduling.

scholarly journals Gender differences in depression across Europe: a systematic review of cross-national studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Hagen ◽  
E Goldmann
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
National Studies ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Older Populations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Country Specific ◽  
Cross National

Abstract Background Across countries and cultures, depressive disorders are more common among females than among males; however, the magnitude of gender differences varies between populations and may be a result of different country-specific social policies and cultural factors. This systematic review seeks to synthesise evidence from nationally representative, cross-national studies across Europe (EU-28 plus Switzerland and Norway) and to describe the impact of country-specific factors on gender differences in depression. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Embase were searched through March 2019 for peer-reviewed, nationally representative studies that included at least two European countries, used structured assessment for depressive disorders or symptoms, and reported or allowed for the calculation of gender ratios or differences. No restrictions on language or publication date were applied. Risk of bias was assessed using a tool specifically designed for population-based prevalence studies. Results Twenty-one studies were included in this review, ten of which were based on surveys limited to older populations. Despite the use of different analytical approaches, metrics, scales, and cut-off points, depressive disorders were more common among females than among males in all but a few instances, with substantial variation in the magnitude of gender differences between countries and across studies. There is evidence of smaller gender differences in Northern Europe and greater gender gaps in Southern and Eastern Europe, as well as among older populations. Conclusions Despite methodological heterogeneity between studies, there is evidence that gender differences in depression vary substantially across Europe. These differences may be associated with welfare state regimes and appear to be less pronounced in younger cohorts. Further cross-national research on gender disparities in depression between age groups, birth cohorts, and ethnic subpopulations is warranted. Key messages While depressive disorders are more prevalent among females than among males in virtually all of Europe, the magnitude of gender differences varies substantially between countries. There is some evidence that gender differences in depressive disorders are greater in countries with weaker welfare states and lower macro-level gender equality, as well as among older populations.

Selling a gun to a stranger without a background check: acceptable behaviour?

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hemenway ◽  
Deborah Azrael ◽  
Matthew Miller
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Firm Growth ◽  
High School Education ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Background Checks ◽  
Online Panel ◽  
Background Check ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Strongly Agree

ObjectiveOne way that guns get into the wrong hands is via gun sales without a background check. While the large majority of Americans support laws requiring universal background checks, no prior study has assessed whether Americans think it is acceptable behaviour to sell a gun to a stranger without a background check, whether or not there is a law against it.MethodsWe sponsored a nationally representative survey of over 3900 American adults, oversampling gun owners, using an online panel provided by the survey firm Growth for Knowledge.ResultsOver 72% of American adults agree or strongly agree with the statement that ‘whether it is legal or not, it is NOT acceptable to sell a gun to a stranger without a background check’ and 11% disagree or strongly disagree. Subgroups less likely to agree are young adults, men, conservatives, those with less than a high school education and gun owners.ConclusionReducing the number of guns sold without a background check could help reduce the flow of guns to felons. Changes in normative attitudes and behaviours, as well as changes in law, could help accomplish this goal. Most Americans, including gun owners, believe selling a gun to a stranger without a background check is not acceptable behaviour.

Empirical Generalizability

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Luis Small
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
The Core ◽  
National Studies ◽  
Nationally Representative

This chapter presents each of the book’s core empirical propositions about how much graduate students change, retain, develop, avoid, and make use of confidants and compares them with nationally representative data. Drawing on original surveys and recent findings from other national studies, it examines whether other populations make decisions about whom to talk to as the graduate students did. Among the most significant findings: the core discussion networks of people at all ages change most often as they experience transitions that alter those with whom they interact on a regular basis; people actually confide often in individuals they are not close to; people often avoid those they are close to; people are willing to forgo closeness for empathy; people will often confide in whomever is around. In general, while graduate students are unique, their decisions with respect to confiding in others are largely not.

Associations Between Conspiracism and the Rejection of Scientific Innovations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew Marques ◽  
John Kerr ◽  
Matt Williams ◽  
Mathew Ling ◽  
Jim McLennan
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Science Attitudes ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Gm Food ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Scientific Innovations

Public opinion regarding scientific developments such as genetically modified (GM) food can be mixed. We suggest such science-based technological innovations are rejected by some because they are perceived to be advanced as part of a conspiracy. In nationally representative samples (Australia n=1,011; New Zealand n=754) we report the associations between five conspiracism facets and anti-science attitudes. Results indicate broad public opposition to GM food and use of nuclear power, but more acceptance of renewable power, potable recycled water, 5G networks, and childhood vaccinations. There were small to moderate associations between the rejection of scientific innovations and conspiracism. Multivariate models estimating unique associations of conspiracism facets with anti-science attitudes suggested several novel and important relationships, particularly for childhood vaccination, GM food, and 5G networks. We discuss the importance of examining factors such as conspiracism in understanding what may motivate and sustain rejection of scientific evidence-based claims about socially contentious technological innovations.

What Affects People’s Willingness to Participate in Qualitative Research? An Experimental Comparison of Five Incentives

Field Methods ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget Kelly ◽  
Marjorie Margolis ◽  
Lauren McCormack ◽  
Patricia A. LeBaron ◽  
Dhuly Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Qualitative Interview ◽  
Experimental Comparison ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
Online Panel ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact

The literature on factors that influence participation in qualitative research is lacking. We conducted an experiment with a nationally representative sample to test the impact of different incentive types and amounts on willingness to participate in a hypothetical qualitative interview. We randomized participants from an online panel to one of the five versions of a recruitment ad: no incentive, a nonmonetary incentive, US$25, US$50, or US$75 ( N = 4,136). All three monetary incentives resulted in greater willingness to participate than no incentive or a nonmonetary incentive. No differences emerged between no incentive and a nonmonetary incentive (drawing for noncash prize). Among those who had at least some willingness, US$75 produced more willingness than US$25. The US$50 and US$75 amounts did not differ. Results suggest incentives matter in achieving participation in qualitative research, but there may be diminishing returns. Nonmonetary incentives may not result in higher participation than no incentive at all.

Vaccine Hesitancy and Online Information: The Influence of Digital Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah Getman ◽  
Mohammad Helmi ◽  
Hal Roberts ◽  
Alfa Yansane ◽  
David Cutler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Online Information ◽  
Digital Networks ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Vaccine Information

Aims. This article analyzes the digital childhood vaccination information network for vaccine-hesitant parents. The goal of this study was to explore the structure and influence of vaccine-hesitant content online by generating a database and network analysis of vaccine-relevant content. Method. We used Media Cloud, a searchable big-data platform of over 550 million stories from 50,000 media sources, for quantitative and qualitative study of an online media sample based on keyword selection. We generated a hyperlink network map and measured indegree centrality of the sources and vaccine sentiment for a random sample of 450 stories. Results. 28,122 publications from 4,817 sources met inclusion criteria. Clustered communities formed based on shared hyperlinks; communities tended to link within, not among, each other. The plurality of information was provaccine (46.44%, 95% confidence interval [39.86%, 53.20%]). The most influential sources were in the health community (National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) or mainstream media ( New York Times); some user-generated sources also had strong influence and were provaccine (Wikipedia). The vaccine-hesitant community rarely interacted with provaccine content and simultaneously used primary provaccine content within vaccine-hesitant narratives. Conclusion. The sentiment of the overall conversation was consistent with scientific evidence. These findings demonstrate an online environment where scientific evidence online drives vaccine information outside of the vaccine-hesitant community but is also prominently used and misused within the robust vaccine-hesitant community. Future communication efforts should take current context into account; more information may not prevent vaccine hesitancy.

scholarly journals Parental Online Information Access and Childhood Vaccination Decisions in North America: Scoping Review (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Ashfield ◽  
Lorie Donelle
Keyword(s):  
Health Information ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Online Health Information ◽  
Online Information ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Vaccine Information

BACKGROUND Immunizing children throughout their early years prevents the spread of communicable disease and decreases the morbidity and mortality associated with many vaccine-preventable diseases. Searching online allows individuals rapid access to health information. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review was to develop an understanding of the existing literature of parents’ online health information-seeking behaviors to inform their vaccination choices for their children and to identify gaps in the literature around parents’ use of online health information and their vaccination choices. METHODS A scoping review of peer-reviewed literature from Canada and the United States was performed. The following databases were utilized to perform the search: PubMed, CINAHL, Nursing & Allied Health Database, Scopus, and PsycINFO. The purpose of this review was to examine parents’ use of online information seeking related to vaccine information and to understand how parents utilize this information to inform decisions about vaccinating their children. Of the 34 papers included in the review, 4 relevant themes and subthemes were identified: information seeking, online information resources, online vaccine content, and trust in health care providers. RESULTS Examination of the literature revealed conflicting information regarding parents’ use of social media and online resources to inform decisions around vaccinating their children. There is evidence of significant misinformation regarding vaccine risks online. Parents’ digital health literacy levels are unknown and may affect their ability to appraise online vaccination information. CONCLUSIONS Parents are seeking vaccine information from online sources. However, the influence of online vaccine information on parental vaccine practices remains uncertain.

scholarly journals Using a Discrete Choice Experiment to Examine the Factors Influencing Clinical Trial Participation in a Nationally Representative Sample

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Queally ◽  
Declan Devane ◽  
Matthew D. Griffin ◽  
Paddy Gillespie ◽  
Abhay Pandit
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Financial Incentive ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract IntroductionUnderstanding the key factors that inform an individual’s decision-making process for participating in a clinical trial (CT) can improve the efficiency of recruitment for CT studies. Currently, little is known, in quantitative terms, about the relative importance of the different factors that influence CT participation decisions.ObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to design and conduct a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to identify critical factors, or attributes, that influence CT participation, and to estimate public preferences for, and trade-offs between, different levels of these attributes.MethodsA DCE was designed, with input from a public patient involvement (PPI) panel and conducted via an online survey of 525 nationally representative Irish citizens. The attributes identified and included in the DCE to inform CT participation included: (1) communication, (2) financial incentive, (3) likelihood of benefit, (4) risk of side effects, and (5) follow up period. All respondents were presented with a set of choice cards and asked to choose between participating in one of two CTs, differentiated by their attributes levels, or opt-out. A series of econometric statistical regression models were estimated to generate the results of interest.ResultsRespondents had preferences which, in order of relative importance, had a lower risk of side effects, a higher likelihood of benefit, a shorter follow up, information communicated by the respondent’s doctor or nurse, and a financial incentive for participation.ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to utilise a DCE to estimate preferences of the public regarding factors influencing CT participation. These findings may be useful for future CT design as they enable researchers to elicit how individuals may weigh up their choices and consider trade-offs between factors that affect their decision to participate. This study was also the first DCE to include a PPI panel to help inform the DCE design and development.

scholarly journals Internet Exposure Associated With Canadian Parents� Perception of Risk on Childhood Immunization: Cross-Sectional Study (Preprint)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Lee Tustin ◽  
Natasha Sarah Crowcroft ◽  
Dionne Gesink ◽  
Ian Johnson ◽  
Jennifer Keelan
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Ordinal Scale ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Parental Perception ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Perception Of Risk ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Vaccine Information

BACKGROUND There is a large presence of provaccination and antivaccination content on the Internet. The Internet has been identified as an important source for parents to seek and share vaccine information. There are concerns that parental fears or hesitancy on childhood immunizations are increasing due to the popularity of social media and exposure to online antivaccination sentiment. No other studies have investigated the association between seeking vaccine information online and Canadian parents’ perception of risk on childhood immunization. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the potential association between seeking vaccine information on the Internet and Canadian parents’ perception of risk on childhood immunization in order to quantify the perceived association and increase our understanding on the impact of the Internet to help guide public health interventions. METHODS We analyzed this association in two population samples: a self-selecting Web-based sample of Canadian parents recruited through Facebook (n=966) and a population-based sample of parents recruited by random digit dialing (RDD; n=951). The outcome was parental perception of vaccine safety on a seven-point ordinal scale from “not safe” to “extremely safe.” An ordinal regression model was used to investigate if Internet information seeking on childhood vaccination predicted parental perception of vaccine safety. RESULTS After adjusting for income level, Internet reliability, age of parent, and region, the odds of perceiving vaccines as less safe rather than more safe were 1.6 times higher (95% CI 1.3-2.1) for parents who used the Internet to search for vaccination information compared to parents who did not search the Internet in the Web-based sample, and 2.0 times higher (95% CI 1.6-2.5) in the population-based RDD sample. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the Internet is significantly associated with Canadian parents’ negative perception of vaccine risk. Governmental and scientific sectors should consider the development and implementation of Web-based vaccine interventions to promote confidence in immunization.

Vaccine Information Pamphlets: More Information Than Parents Want?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-334
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Fitzgerald ◽  
Deborah E. Glotzer
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Primary Care Center ◽  
Childhood Immunizations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vaccine Information ◽  
Almost All ◽  
To Receive

Objective. To assess the information needs of parents regarding childhood immunizations, and their satisfaction with the Vaccine Information Pamphlets (VIPs). Research design. Verbally administered, forced-choice survey of a representative sample. Setting. Urban teaching hospital-primary care center (N = 73), neighborhood health center (N = 75), and a suburban private practice (N = 75). Participants. Parents or guardians of children scheduled for routine checkups, aged 1 month to 18 years, presenting for routine health care maintenance visits. Results. Of 227 parents, 223 completed the survey. Almost all (98%) had prior experience with their children's immunizations, and 7% reported a history of a "bad" experience. Most parents stated that it was "very important" to receive information about immunizations regarding: diseases prevented by the immunizations (89%); common side effects (91%); serious side effects (89%); contraindications (91%). Eighty percent of parents indicated they wanted immunization information discussed with each vaccination. Forty-three percent of the parents were familiar with the VIPs; of these, 88% reported that the amount of information was "just right," and 94% thought the VIPs were helpful. However, 29% thought the VIPs were either too long, or somewhat too long. Conclusions. Parents indicate that they want information about many aspects of immunizations, and those familiar with the VIPs report high levels of satisfaction with the pamphlets.

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