The Invisible Hand of Democracy

2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 587-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID A. LAKE ◽  
MATTHEW A. BAUM

Despite considerable normative support, analysts have failed to identify any systematic effects of democracy on domestic policy outputs. Building on a theory of the state as a monopoly producer of public services and establishing a common foundation for studying variations in regimes and their policy consequences, the authors hypothesize that democratic states will earn fewer monopoly rents and produce a higher level of services than autocracies. They test this hypothesis both cross-sectionally and over time for a variety of public health and education indicators. The statistical results strongly support their hypotheses. The authors conclude that democracy has real, substantively important effects on the daily lives and well-being of individuals around the globe.

2021 ◽  
pp. 307-316
Author(s):  
Richard Parker ◽  
Jonathan Garcia ◽  
Miguel Muñoz-Laboy ◽  
Marni Sommer ◽  
Patrick Wilson

This chapter seeks to provide an overview of this rapidly growing body of work in public health. It describes the initial public health response to sexuality in the context of HIV and AIDS, as well as the ways in which that response has been gradually broadened over time in order to provide a more comprehensive approach to sexual health and well-being. It also focuses on both the local and the global dimensions of this work, in both developed and developing countries, and as much in the work of local communities struggling to respond to the needs of their own populations, as well as on the part of a range of international agencies that are increasingly seeking to address a range of challenges to sexual health.


2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 021-025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto De Capua

Environment, ecosystem, greenhouse effect emissions, public health, energy, sustainable development. This is an incomplete list of elements that are part of our daily lives, which show today’s human footprint responsibility over the health of the planet. Although these issues have been for decades on all policy statements on development the situation is not improving. Indeed, constantly, we are called to change our lifestyle and our models of well-being that are causing an exaggerated and increasing waste of energy and resources, along with the increase of the overall impact of human species on natural systems. I do believe the environment is a resource that has been exploited and neglected for too long, however I am also convinced that excessive (ab)use of certain terms, such as the concept of sustainability, has weakened its driving force and innovation. There is no doubt that the thematic areas related to the monitoring of environmental quality and sustainable development dominate the cultural and socio-economic scenery for the articulation program design and governance of the territory, but the risk we are running today is to flatten themes of 'environment only for propaganda or even worse for the market. The report is a reasoning on innovation, technology and the complexity that now accompanies any work of transformation and that should lead to a "possible future”.


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Clara Braz dos Santos ◽  
Bruno Ocelli Ungheri ◽  
Everton Rocha Soares ◽  
Renato Melo Ferreira

NTRODUÇÃO: O envelhecimento é um processo que afeta diferentes sistemas do ser humano, impactando a saúde e a vida social das pessoas. A prática de exercício físico contribui com a atenuação dos aspectos negativos que possam emergir com o tempo, sendo o esporte praticado na categoria master uma opção para fruição de uma vida saudável, com vistas à promoção do bem-estar. Nessa esteira, a competição pode se fazer presente no cotidiano dos praticantes, que podem ter atuado como atletas quando mais jovens ou simplesmente se engajado a um estilo de vida norteado pela prática de exercício físico. OBJETIVO: Determinar os motivos que levam nadadores masters a treinarem e competirem. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 75 atletas de natação master, sendo 55 homens e 20 mulheres, com idade 42,5±12,8 anos, pertencentes a diversas categorias competitivas. Foi utilizado o Instrumento de Diagnóstico de Adesão à Prática de Natação - IDAPRAN, com a finalidade de estabelecer o perfil e a razão pela qual o(a) atleta permanece na natação. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que o início da prática na natação ocorreu após 40 anos, correspondendo 48% da amostra, 73,3% dos avaliados tiveram pelo menos 15 anos de envolvimento com a modalidade. Os motivos de abandono dos atletas que iniciaram jovens, estão relacionados a foco nos estudos (63%) e trabalho (22%). Os principais motivos relacionados para se manter na prática da natação foram sempre ter gostado da modalidade (27%), evitar problemas de saúde (24%) e se sentir bem fisicamente (perceber-se como atleta) (19%). Adicionalmente, o desafio existente na prática e os benefícios à saúde foram considerados como muito importantes para adesão na natação. CONCLUSÃO: O engajamento à natação pelos atletas master se dá por meio de diferentes motivos, contudo a manutenção da saúde e o sentimento de condicionamento físico, aliado aos motivos psicossociais são as determinantes mais latentes. Old, But never obsolete! Masters swimmers: Reasons for sport practice engagement ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Aging is a process that affects different systems of the human being, impacting people’s health and social life. The practice of physical exercise contributes to the mitigation of negative aspects that emerge over time, being the sport practiced in the master category an option for the enjoyment of a healthy life, with a view to promoting well-being. In this wake, a competition can be present in the daily lives of practitioners, who may have acted as athletes when they were younger or simply engaged in a lifestyle guided by the practice of physical exercise. OBJECTIVE: To determine the reasons why master swimmers train and compete. METHODS: 75 master swimmers participated in the study, 55 men and 20 women, aged 42.5±12.8 years, belonging to several competitive categories. The Instrument of Accession Diagnostics in Swimming Practice (IDAPRAN) was used, with the profile established and the reason why the athlete was qualified in swimming. RESULTS: It was observed that the beginning of the practice in the occurrence after 40 years corresponds to 48% of the sample, 73.3% of those obtained at least 15 years of occurrence with the modality. The reasons for dropout athletes who started young, are related to focus on studies (63%) and work (22%). The main factors related to staying in the practice of swimming were always having enjoyed the sport (27%), avoiding health problems (24%) and feeling physically well (perceiving yourself as an athlete) (19%). In addition, the challenge in practice and the health benefits were considered to be very important for adherence to swimming.CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the commitment to swimming by the master athletes occurs by through different reasons, however the maintenance of health and the feeling of physical conditioning, combined with psychosocial reasons are the most latent.


Daedalus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. 64-84
Author(s):  
Leila M. Harris

Abstract At least half of Accra's residents do not enjoy safe, secure, and affordable access to water on a regular basis. Focused on underserved communities in and around urban Accra, this essay highlights the meanings and importance of water insecurity for residents' daily lives. In particular, this essay extends beyond the well-established ways that the lack of safe and affordable access conditions poor public health outcomes, to a broader understanding of well-being informed by residents' own experiences of irregular and insecure access to water. This essay thus seeks to broaden understandings of water insecurity beyond the basic and minimum access required for daily needs, and to consider broader social-contextual dynamics, such as reported experiences of stress or conflict, that residents face daily in negotiating water insecurities.1


This chapter looks at the state of well-being measurement, as well as measurement’s role in advancing both a well-being agenda and actual well-being outcomes. A shift is underway around the world to define and measure the conditions and outcomes of equitable well-being. From the World Health Organization (WHO) to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), economic and public health leaders are helping to promote an evidence-based understanding of human well-being. Global commissions charged with refining measures of progress have also advocated for the inclusion of well-being indicators. Ultimately, measurement has the potential to motivate and persuade people and institutions to act; it galvanizes people to address well-being across political divides; it helps capture and reflect on differences in well-being between populations, over time, and across places; it can drive narratives and discourse about well-being; and it can be used to establish accountability. The chapter then assesses what makes measures meaningful, how to interpret and use data to drive change, and the next steps for measuring well-being.


2021 ◽  
pp. e1-e11
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Kegel ◽  
Josh B. Kazman ◽  
Daniel R. Clifton ◽  
Patricia A. Deuster ◽  
Sarah J. de la Motte

Objectives. To describe health-related behaviors or indicators associated with overall health and well-being using the Global Assessment Tool (GAT), a health behavior and psychosocial questionnaire completed annually by US Army personnel. Methods. We analyzed GAT responses from 2014 to 2018, consisting of 367 000 to 449 000 respondents per year. We used generalized estimating equations to predict the presence of each health behavior or indicator, aggregated by year and stratified on various demographics. Results. Key findings included decreases from 2014 to 2018 in risky health behaviors such as hazardous drinking (7.5% decrease) and tobacco use (7.9% decrease), dietary supplement use (5.0% to 10.6% decrease, depending on type), self-reported musculoskeletal injury (5.1% decrease), and pain interference (3.6% decrease). Physical activity, sleep, and nutritional habits largely remained consistent over time. Conclusions. In the Army, tobacco, alcohol, and risky dietary supplement usage appears to be declining, whereas lifestyle health behaviors have been stable. Whether these trends reflect responses to health education is unknown. The GAT provides useful insights into the health of the Army, which can be leveraged when developing health-related educational programs and policies. Public Health Implications. Health behaviors that have changed less over time (e.g., nutrition, sleep) may require novel approaches compared with those that changed more (e.g., dietary supplement use, drinking). (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print September 9, 2021: e1–e11. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306456 )


Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Martin Wurst ◽  
Isabella Kunz ◽  
Gregory Skipper ◽  
Manfred Wolfersdorf ◽  
Karl H. Beine ◽  
...  

Background: A substantial proportion of therapists experience the loss of a patient to suicide at some point during their professional life. Aims: To assess (1) the impact of a patient’s suicide on therapists distress and well-being over time, (2) which factors contribute to the reaction, and (3) which subgroup might need special interventions in the aftermath of suicide. Methods: A 63-item questionnaire was sent to all 185 Psychiatric Clinics at General Hospitals in Germany. The emotional reaction of therapists to patient’s suicide was measured immediately, after 2 weeks, and after 6 months. Results: Three out of ten therapists suffer from severe distress after a patients’ suicide. The item “overall distress” immediately after the suicide predicts emotional reactions and changes in behavior. The emotional responses immediately after the suicide explained 43.5% of the variance of total distress in a regression analysis. Limitations: The retrospective nature of the study is its primary limitation. Conclusions: Our data suggest that identifying the severely distressed subgroup could be done using a visual analog scale for overall distress. As a consequence, more specific and intensified help could be provided to these professionals.


Author(s):  
Melanie K. T. Takarangi ◽  
Deryn Strange

When people are told that their negative memories are worse than other people’s, do they later remember those events differently? We asked participants to recall a recent negative memory then, 24 h later, we gave some participants feedback about the emotional impact of their event – stating it was more or less negative compared to other people’s experiences. One week later, participants recalled the event again. We predicted that if feedback affected how participants remembered their negative experiences, their ratings of the memory’s characteristics should change over time. That is, when participants are told that their negative event is extremely negative, their memories should be more vivid, recollected strongly, and remembered from a personal perspective, compared to participants in the other conditions. Our results provide support for this hypothesis. We suggest that external feedback might be a potential mechanism in the relationship between negative memories and psychological well-being.


2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara R. Robinson ◽  
Camille Smith ◽  
Jennifer W. Kaminski ◽  
Rebecca H. Bitsko ◽  
Angelika H. Claussen ◽  
...  
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