Campaign Effects and the Elusive Swing Voter in Modern Machine Politics

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth F. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Vote Choice ◽  
Vote Buying ◽  
Panel Surveys ◽  
Campaign Effects ◽  
Political Machines ◽  
Behavioral Theories ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern Machine

Are vote-choice buying attempts successful? Much research across the social sciences argues that political machines expertly turn citizens into clients, undermining core aspects of democracy. Using insights from behavioral theories of vote choice, I argue that standard partisan campaigns can diminish vote-choice buying’s efficiency. Machines face a targeting problem: Local brokers identify good clients using long-term markers but then campaigns shift many citizens’ vote-relevant attitudes in ways that brokers cannot detect, leading to targeting errors. Vote-choice buying remains effective on recipients who are unmoved by the campaigns, but this group is small where campaigns are influential. Tests using panel surveys from Mexico’s 2000 and 2012 elections measure vote-buying attempts with direct questions and list experiments, employ various measures of campaign influence, and rely on new and existing estimation techniques. The findings yield a more optimistic view of the quality of elections in new democracies than current literature implies.

Discussion Networks, Campaign Effects, and Vote Choice

2020 ◽  
pp. 94-128
Author(s):  
Andy Baker ◽  
Barry Ames ◽  
Lúcio Rennó
Keyword(s):  
Social Ties ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
Vote Choice ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Preference Change ◽  
Panel Surveys ◽  
Campaign Effects ◽  
Preference Stability ◽  
The Social

This chapter demonstrates that the dynamics of vote choice described in the previous chapter are caused by the discussion and social ties described in Chapter 2. During campaigns, discussion with disagreeing partners tends to induce preference change in voters, while discussion only with agreeing partners reinforces vote intentions, causing preference stability. The chapter illustrates this relationship at multiple levels of analysis, estimating relationships in the Brazilian and Mexican panel surveys in ways that address threats to causal inference. Quotations from the qualitative data also reveal social influence in action, showing vividly that many voters defer to their more politically knowledgeable social ties. In short, the votes cast on election day in Brazil and Mexico are socially informed. The chapter also shows that the social influences that occur during campaigns determine who wins elections. Candidates whose mid-campaign supporters encounter high rates of disagreement from social ties struggle to hold on to these voters through election day. These voters' preferences are less reinforced in conversation, so many switch to different candidates. The candidate they previously supported collapses in the polls.

Facial transplantation: historical developments and future directions

2015 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
G L Garrett ◽  
I Beegun ◽  
A D'souza
Keyword(s):  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Facial Transplantation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Bibliographic Search ◽  
Historical Developments

AbstractObjective:To present the clinical outcomes obtained by the first facial transplant teams worldwide, reviewing current practice and addressing controversies.Methods:A bibliographic search of Medline and Embase databases was performed, and a comparative analysis of all articles published from 1980 to the present was conducted. Two independent investigators screened the manuscripts in accordance with pre-defined criteria.Results:A total of 12 partial and 5 full facial transplants were recorded in the literature. Procedures included partial and near-total facial myocutaneous flaps, and complex osteomyocutaneous grafts. Fifteen patients had fully vascularised grafts, and two patients died of transplant-related and infectious complications.Conclusion:Facial transplantation can restore quality of life and enable the social re-integration of recipients. Results published by the first facial transplant teams are promising. However, long-term reports of aesthetic and functional outcomes are needed to more precisely define outcomes. In addition, significant technical, medical and ethical issues remain to be solved.

scholarly journals Long-term change in health-related quality of life in patients with asthma

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 708-714
Author(s):  
N. L. Perel’man ◽  
V. P. Kolosov
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Asthma Control ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Cold Air ◽  
The Social ◽  
Activity Domain

The aim of this study was to investigate long-term change in health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with asthma in real clinical practice and in relation to emotional disorders, cooperativeness (cooperation between the patient and the physician, and adherence to treatment), and cold air-provoked bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR).Methods. This observational study involved 32 patients with mild to moderate asthma. The study duration was 7.5 to 10 years. HRQL was assessed using SF-36 questionnaire and Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ); emotional disorders were diagnosed using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Patients’ cooperativeness assessment was based on number of a patient’s scheduled visits to a physician during the study. The asthma control level was evaluated using the Asthma Control Test (ACT).Results. A significant worsening was found in the social activity domain of HRQL in the total group of the patients. According to AQLQ, a significant improvement was seen in the activity and symptoms domains and in the total score of quality of life (QoL). Long-term pharmacological treatment of asthma decreased anxiety and depression levels. The asthma control (ACT score) increased from 13.2 ± 1.0 to 19.7 ± 1.1 (р = 0.00003). Anxiety and depression decreased in patients with high cooperativeness during the long-term follow-up, while the total QoL and the specific QoL were unchanged excluding the social activity domain. A significant worsening in the activity scale and in the emotional scale of specific QoL together with growing depression and decreasing control of asthma were found in patients with lower cooperativeness. The cold air-provoked BNR slowed down the long-term improvement in the social activity domain. The cold air-provoked BNR also decreased patient-reported evaluation of daily activity.Conclusion. The long-term basic therapy of asthma provides a positive trend in HRQL in the real clinical practice independently on worsening of the disease. Lower cooperativeness of a patient could decrease specific QoL, which, in turn, worsens the control of asthma and contributes to negative emotional background and destructive behavior.

scholarly journals Quality of Life in Young Adults With Cerebral Palsy: A Longitudinal Analysis of the SPARCLE Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Vidart d'Egurbide Bagazgoïtia ◽  
Virginie Ehlinger ◽  
Carine Duffaut ◽  
Jérôme Fauconnier ◽  
Silke Schmidt-Schuchert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
The Social

Introduction: While most people with cerebral palsy (CP) will have a life expectancy similar to that of the general population, international research has primarily focused on childhood and adolescence; and knowledge about the quality of life (QoL) of young adults with CP, its trajectories, and associated factors remains scarce.Methods: This longitudinal study included young adults with CP living in five European regions and who had previously participated in the SPARCLE cohort as children and/or adolescents. Their QoL in the psychological well-being and social relationships domains was estimated using age-appropriate validated instruments (KIDSCREEN-52 in childhood/adolescence and WHOQOL-Bref in young adulthood). We used generalized linear mixed-effect models with random intercept to estimate long-term trajectories of QoL in both domains and to investigate whether severity of impairment, pain, and seizure influenced these trajectories. We sought to identify potentially different trajectories of QoL from childhood to adulthood using a shape-based clustering method.Results: In total, 164 young adults with CP aged 22–27 years participated in the study. Psychological well-being linearly decreased by 0.78 points (scale 0–100) per year (95% confidence interval (CI) −0.99 to −0.56) from childhood to young adulthood, whereas QoL in the social relationships domain increased (β coefficient 1.24, 95% CI 0.92–1.55). Severity of impairment was associated with reduced QoL in all life periods of the study (childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood): motor impairment with social relationships, and more nuancedly intellectual disability with psychological well-being and social relationships. At all periods, frequent pain significantly reduced psychological well-being, and seizures were associated with lower QoL in the social relationships domain. In both domains, we identified a group of individuals with CP who presented a reverse trajectory compared with the general QoL trajectory.Conclusion: Identification of QoL trajectories and their associated factors yields improved knowledge about the experience of individuals with CP until young adulthood. Further studies are needed to better understand the determinants that have the greatest influence on the different shapes of long-term trajectories of QoL.

scholarly journals Social Prescribing as ‘Social Cure’: A longitudinal study of the health benefits of social connectedness within a Social Prescribing pathway

2020 ◽  
pp. 135910532094499
Author(s):  
Juliet Ruth Helen Wakefield ◽  
Blerina Kellezi ◽  
Clifford Stevenson ◽  
Niamh McNamara ◽  
Mhairi Bowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Connections ◽  
Social Prescribing ◽  
Healthcare Needs ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Memberships ◽  
The Relationship

We examined whether the Social Cure (SC) perspective explains the efficacy of a Social Prescribing (SP) pathway which addresses healthcare needs through enhancing social connections. Data were collected at pathway entry from patients with long-term health conditions, or who felt isolated/lonely/anxious ( N = 630), then again 4 months later ( N = 178), and 6-9 months later ( N = 63). Being on the pathway was associated with increased group memberships between T0 and T1. The relationship between increased group memberships and quality-of-life was serially mediated by belonging, support and loneliness. This study is the first to show SP enhances health/well-being via SC mechanisms.

CSR Initiatives for Children - Exploring the Practices in Selected Companies in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjana Mary Varghese ◽  
Supraja C. S.
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Term Change ◽  
The Social ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Csr Strategy ◽  
Socially Relevant ◽  
Corporate Social

Of late, the concept of corporate social responsibility has gained prominence from all avenues. Across the globe, most of the prominent leading corporations seem to have realized the importance of being associated with socially relevant causes as a means of promoting their brands. Corporate have started moving from what is our share mode to what is our environmental impact and how much we are accountable mode. Nearly all leading organizations in India are involved in corporate social responsibility (CSR) programmes in areas like education, health, livelihood creation, skill development, and empowerment of not just the weaker sections of the society but the society in large. This paper examines the concept of few notable firms sacrificing profits in the social interest within the environmental realm especially for children. Although the analysis of goodwill and quality of different initiatives within the umbrella of CSR is challenging, an attempt can be made to fulfill the social responsibility. The authors have tried to take four Indian firms who are exclusively into a robust CSR strategy, where child rights are being respected and protected. These programmes aim at holistic development of the concerned. The objective, sector, modus operandi and the scope of the programmes are investigated. Also a small effort has been made to understand the needs of children in India, scope of the corporate in fulfilling those needs and facilitate long term change in the lives of the marginalized children. A brief analysis regarding the best practices by the authors suggests that integrated empowerment is needed for sustainable development in the society. Moreover protecting the rights of children should be integral to every CSR strategy. Corporate can impact the access to the necessities, which are essential for survival and development of children in many ways.

Severed Linkages

2020 ◽  
pp. 139-167
Author(s):  
Jonathan T. Hiskey ◽  
Mason W. Moseley
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
National Level ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Vote Buying ◽  
Institutional Processes ◽  
Dominant Party ◽  
Political Machines ◽  
State Of The Economy

This chapter focuses on the question of whether individuals living in political machines evaluate their incumbent government in ways that are similar to their counterparts in multiparty systems. Previous chapters established that dominant-party citizens are more likely to be exposed to corruption and vote-buying efforts and tend to be less supportive of basic democratic institutional processes. The expectation is that individuals forced to play the daily game of machine politics will not use common incumbent government performance metrics such as evaluations of the state of the economy, levels of crime and insecurity, and the quality of local health services. Through analysis of self-reported voting intentions, the chapter finds that respondents’ views on these issue areas have little impact on whether or not they will support the incumbent. This severed linkage also appears, to a lesser extent, in the evaluations of national-level politicians made by dominant-party respondents.

The Innovation of the Construction of Style of Study of Connotative Development of Higher Education

2014 ◽  
Vol 599-601 ◽  
pp. 2030-2032
Author(s):  
Jian Feng Du
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
International Communication ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
Work Requirement ◽  
Quality Of Higher Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
Dominant Direction

With the improving of the social demand for high quality talents, and promote the internationalization of higher education to, as the main position of cultivation of talents in colleges and universities need to connotative development as the dominant direction. Study style construction of colleges and universities as an important guarantee for the cultivation goal of also need to clarify the long-term, systematic work requirement and establish the long-term goal, guided by the connotative development, the introduction of modern teaching and management, strengthen the cultivation of students' social practice ability, to expand domestic and international communication, in order to improve the overall quality of higher education.

scholarly journals Contact With the Workplace During Long-Term Sickness Absence and Worker Expectations of Return to Work

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Selander ◽  
Åsa Tjulin ◽  
Ulrika Müssener ◽  
Kerstin Ekberg
Keyword(s):  
Return To Work ◽  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Health Unit ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
The Social ◽  
Union Representative ◽  
Quality Of Contact

Since long-term sickness absence constitutes a problem in most western countries, research that can facilitate return to work (RTW) is important. Today there is evidence that the social context at the workplace has a significant impact on return to work. The dual aims of the study was firstly to investigate the pattern and quality of contact between employees on long-term sick leave and different actors at the workplace, and secondly to investigate whether contacts with the workplace were associated with expectations regarding return to work. An explorative method and descriptive design was used for the first aim. For the second aim, the data was analysed in a multivariate logistic regression model. The results show that employees had frequent and, in most cases, appreciated contact with their supervisor and co-workers. Contact with other workplace actors; that is, the occupational health unit, the union representative, and the human resources department, were less frequent. Employees who experienced the contact as supportive and constructive were far more positive and optimistic than others regarding return to work. It is concluded that supervisors and co-workers should be aware that they play a significant role in the return-to-work process, and that quality of contact is what matters.

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