scholarly journals The Perception of Automation Reliability and Acceptance of Automated Advice

Author(s):  
Jack Hutchinson ◽  
Luke Strickland ◽  
Simon Farrell ◽  
Shayne Loft

Objective Examine (1) the extent to which humans can accurately estimate automation reliability and calibrate to changes in reliability, and how this is impacted by the recent accuracy of automation; and (2) factors that impact the acceptance of automated advice, including true automation reliability, reliability perception, and the difference between an operator’s perception of automation reliability and perception of their own reliability. Background Existing evidence suggests humans can adapt to changes in automation reliability but generally underestimate reliability. Cognitive science indicates that humans heavily weight evidence from more recent experiences. Method Participants monitored the behavior of maritime vessels (contacts) in order to classify them, and then received advice from automation regarding classification. Participants were assigned to either an initially high (90%) or low (60%) automation reliability condition. After some time, reliability switched to 75% in both conditions. Results Participants initially underestimated automation reliability. After the change in true reliability, estimates in both conditions moved towards the common true reliability, but did not reach it. There were recency effects, with lower future reliability estimates immediately following incorrect automation advice. With lower initial reliability, automation acceptance rates tracked true reliability more closely than perceived reliability. A positive difference between participant assessments of the reliability of automation and their own reliability predicted greater automation acceptance. Conclusion Humans underestimate the reliability of automation, and we have demonstrated several critical factors that impact the perception of automation reliability and automation use. Application The findings have potential implications for training and adaptive human-automation teaming.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Hutchinson ◽  
Simon Farrell ◽  
Luke Joseph Gough Strickland ◽  
Shayne Loft

Human perception of automation reliability and automation acceptance behaviours are key to effective human-automation teaming. This study examined factors that impact perceptions of automation reliability over time and the acceptance of automated advice. Participants completed a maritime vessel classification task in which they classified vessels (contacts) with the assistance of automation. In Experiment 1 automation reliability successively switched from high to low (or vice versa). In Experiment 2 automation reliability decreased by varying magnitudes before returning to high. Participants did not initially calibrate to true reliability and experiencing low automation reliability reduced future reliability estimates when experiencing subsequent high reliability. Automation acceptance was predicted by positive differences between participants perception of automation reliability and confidence in their own classification reliability. Experiencing low automation reliability caused perceptions of reliability and automation acceptance rates to diverge. These findings have important implications for training and adaptive human-automation teaming in complex and dynamic environments.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-115
Author(s):  
Syed Mahmudul Hasan

The Narration of Aisyah (May Allah be pleased with her), is the main focus of the controversy among Bangladeshi scholars on the issue of women's prayer in the mosque. The reason for the dispute is that a group of them issued the ruling based on the phenomenon of the text, and the others explained the ruling of Hadith according to the common situation in the society. If the circumstances change, the ruling will change along with it, because the originality of the issue is permissible, that is proven from other texts. This research adopts an inductive method to survey the Prophetic hadiths that talk about the prayer of women in the Mosque in terms of permissibility and prohibition and analytical method to analyze the difference in opinion of Bangladeshi scholars related to this issue. The research finds that the ruling of Shari’ah is a process that is continuous and permanent. But in necessity and emergency, it has the notion of flexibility and explanation. In the issue of women’s presence in the mosque, they should be allowed if they abide by the suggestions of Prophet (s) and should not if they don’t. So, Prohibition is not from the prophet (s), but it is from their obedience to the ruling.


Author(s):  
Anne Phillips

No one wants to be treated like an object, regarded as an item of property, or put up for sale. Yet many people frame personal autonomy in terms of self-ownership, representing themselves as property owners with the right to do as they wish with their bodies. Others do not use the language of property, but are similarly insistent on the rights of free individuals to decide for themselves whether to engage in commercial transactions for sex, reproduction, or organ sales. Drawing on analyses of rape, surrogacy, and markets in human organs, this book challenges notions of freedom based on ownership of our bodies and argues against the normalization of markets in bodily services and parts. The book explores the risks associated with metaphors of property and the reasons why the commodification of the body remains problematic. The book asks what is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale? What, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex, reproduction, or human body parts, and the other markets we commonly applaud? The book contends that body markets occupy the outer edges of a continuum that is, in some way, a feature of all labor markets. But it also emphasizes that we all have bodies, and considers the implications of this otherwise banal fact for equality. Bodies remind us of shared vulnerability, alerting us to the common experience of living as embodied beings in the same world. Examining the complex issue of body exceptionalism, the book demonstrates that treating the body as property makes human equality harder to comprehend.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Kunal Debnath

High culture is a collection of ideologies, beliefs, thoughts, trends, practices and works-- intellectual or creative-- that is intended for refined, cultured and educated elite people. Low culture is the culture of the common people and the mass. Popular culture is something that is always, most importantly, related to everyday average people and their experiences of the world; it is urban, changing and consumeristic in nature. Folk culture is the culture of preindustrial (premarket, precommodity) communities.


2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
Petya Yordanova – Dinova

This paper explores the comparative analysis of the financial controlling, who is a result from the common controlling concept and the financial management. In the specialized literature, financial controlling is seen as an innovative approach to financial management. It is often presented as the most promising instrument of financial diagnostics. Generally speaking, financial controlling is seen as a process of managing the company`s assets which are valued in monetary measures. The difference between the financial management and the financial controlling is that the second covers all functions of management, analysis and control of finances, aiming at maximizing their effective use and increasing the value of the enterprise. Financial controlling is often seen as a function of the common practice of financial management. Its objective is to preserve the financial stability and financial sustainability of enterprises operating in a highly aggressive business environment.


2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Vojtech Vigner ◽  
Jaroslav Roztocil

Comparison of high-performance time scales generated by atomic clocks in laboratories of time and frequency metrology is usually performed by means of the Common View method. Laboratories are equipped with specialized GNSS receivers which measure the difference between a local time scale and a time scale of the selected satellite. Every receiver generates log files in CGGTTS data format to record measured differences. In order to calculate time differences recorded by two receivers, it is necessary to obtain these logs from both receivers and process them. This paper deals with automation and speeding up of these processes.


2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (110) ◽  
pp. 20150609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Reinhardt ◽  
Hans Georg Breunig ◽  
Aisada Uchugonova ◽  
Karsten König

We explore the possibility of characterizing sperm cells without the need to stain them using spectral and fluorescence lifetime analyses after multi-photon excitation in an insect model. The autofluorescence emission spectrum of sperm of the common bedbug, Cimex lectularius , was consistent with the presence of flavins and NAD(P)H. The mean fluorescence lifetimes showed smaller variation in sperm extracted from the male (tau m, τ m = 1.54–1.84 ns) than in that extracted from the female sperm storage organ (tau m, τ m = 1.26–2.00 ns). The fluorescence lifetime histograms revealed four peaks. These peaks (0.18, 0.92, 2.50 and 3.80 ns) suggest the presence of NAD(P)H and flavins and show that sperm metabolism can be characterized using fluorescence lifetime imaging. The difference in fluorescence lifetime variation between the sexes is consistent with the notion that female animals alter the metabolism of sperm cells during storage. It is not consistent, however, with the idea that sperm metabolism represents a sexually selected character that provides females with information about the male genotype.


2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 1401-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Sandercock

Rack and Westbury showed that low-frequency asynchronous stimulation of a muscle produces greater force compared with synchronous stimulation. This study tested the hypothesis that the difference results from the dynamic stretch of the common elastic elements. In eight anesthetized cats, the soleus was attached to a servomechanism to control muscle length and record force. The ventral roots were divided into four bundles so each innervated approximately 1/4 of the soleus. The elasticity shared by each part of the muscle was estimated and the servomechanism programmed to compensate for its stretch. At each test frequency (5, 7.5, and 10 Hz), the muscle was stimulated by asynchronous stimulation, synchronous stimulation, summation of force with each part stimulated individually, and summation with each part stimulated individually and the servomechanism mimicking tendon stretch during asynchronous stimulation. Muscle length was isometric except for the last protocol. The observed differences were small. The greatest difference occurred during stimulation at 5 Hz with muscle length on the ascending limb of the length-tension curve. Here, the average forces, normalized by asynchronous force, were asynchronous, 100%; synchronous, 73%; summation, 110%; and summation with stretch compensation, 98%. The results support the hypothesis and suggest that the common elasticity can be used to predict force gains from asynchronous stimulation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwen Zhang ◽  
Jumin Liu ◽  
Zhihao Zhang ◽  
Beizong Tian

BackgroundA solitary fibrous tumor of the chest (SFTC) is a subtype of solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) with a low incidence rate. The purpose of this study is to analyze the diagnosis and treatment of SFTC and the difference between benign and malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura (SFTP) to improve the understanding of this rare disease.MethodsA retrospective analysis of fifty patients with SFTC (33 cases in the pleura and 17 in the lung) was performed. Clinical and imaging characteristics, pathological features, and treatment follow-up outcomes were analyzed.ResultsThe common symptoms of the 50 patients included a cough, expectoration, chest tightness, fever, and chest pain. Space occupying lesions were found via plain computed tomography (CT) and enhanced CT was used for enhancement of the tumors. It was also found that 18 cases had necrosis, and 5 cases had calcification. The histopathology results showed that frequent nuclear division, obvious morphological variation, necrosis, and the high expression of Ki-67 cells are markers of malignant SFTC. There were significant differences in age, chest tightness, necrotic foci in CT, and expression of Ki-67 between the benign and malignant SFTP cases. All the patients who received treatment were given an excellent prognosis.ConclusionA combination of enhanced CT, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry can be used for the accurate diagnosis of SFTC. Advanced age, chest tightness, necrotic foci in CT, and a high Ki-67 index were more likely to be malignant SFTP. Operation and radiofrequency ablation can provide favorable outcomes for both benign and malignant SFTC.


2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Hassane ◽  
S Palaniappan ◽  
M Szostok ◽  
M Shakeel

Abstract Aim Nasal fractures (NF) are the most common ENT presentation and commonly managed in the clinic or A&E. With the recent COVID pandemic, this study aims to assess the difference in demographics, incidence and aetiology in NF since the start of the first lockdown (16/03/2020) as well as management of nasal fractures. Method Retrospectively, data collection on demographics, history and management over 5 years (2015-2020) for all patients presenting with symptoms of nasal fracture. Data was collected on password-protected Excel spreadsheet and subsequent statistical analysis performed using IBM SPSS Statistics. Results A total of 346 patients were identified of which 36 were diagnosed during the lockdown. Seventy-one percent were ≤40 years old and common aetiology recorded was assault (n = 85), sports (n = 85) and falls (n = 77). Mechanical fall was the common aetiology in older patients. Across gender, falls was the most common aetiology in females (37/94) and assault for males (72/246). Epistaxis (57%) and nasal congestion (31.8%) were most commonly reported symptoms. Before lockdown, Fifty-six percent of the cohort underwent manipulation of NF under local anaesthetic and no intervention needed in 39% while 58% underwent no intervention during the lockdown. No patients were readmitted in 30 days who were treated conservatively or with local anaesthetic during the lockdown. Conclusions This study showed that the most common cause of NF was sports and assault while during the lockdown, falls was the leading cause. More patients were managed conservatively during the lockdown with no 30-readmission showing that conservative management was as effective as management under local anaesthetic.


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