Effects of Marker Type, Viewing Angle, and Vehicle Velocity on Perception of Traffic Markers in a Dynamic Viewing Situation

1973 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
C.J. Ladan ◽  
T. M. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Stimulus Orientation ◽  
Traffic Situation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Viewing Angle ◽  
Dynamic Traffic ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
Marker Type ◽  
Vehicle Velocity ◽  
Film Clips

The effects of two types of “stop” markers, nine angles of orientation, four vehicle velocities, and their interactions were studied in a dynamic traffic situation. Because “stop” markers are seen in constant transformation in actual driving situations, the experiment studied dynamic conditions in the laboratory by variation of the mentioned factors in short (10-sec.) film clips. Thirty subjects responded to each clip in one of three possible categories: (1) “stop,” (2) “not stop,” and (3) “not seen“ (not detected). Responses of the first two types were then categorized as either correct or in error, based on stimulus orientation. An analysis of variance proved the factors of marker type, viewing angle, and their interaction to be statistically significant, while the factor of vehicle velocity and other interactions proved not significant. More correct responses were produced by the curved marker than by the two-dimensional marker at most angles of orientation and at all vehicle velocities.

scholarly journals PENGARUH ELECTRONIC ROAD PRICING TERHADAP VOLUME LALU LINTAS PADA RUAS JALAN BLOK M – KOTA

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Randy Senapati ◽  
Najid Najid
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Road Pricing ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Traffic Situation ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Efficient Price ◽  
Light Vehicle ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
Direct Observation Method

Electronic road pricing is a prepaid road which is used to decrease the traffic volume with put on the on board unit device as the payment tool. The high number of vehicle volume at Jakarta become one of the main reason of electronic road pricing used at the traffic. On this research will be discussed about the condition of Blok M – Kota traffic situation, this road is a main access for people especially to work. to analyze the vehicle volume will be using direct observation method to get the volume, velocity and intensiveness of the traffic. Direct observation will be used to watch vehicle such as motorcycle, light vehicle and weight vehicle. With observation data we will get graphic about the connectivity between velocity and intensiveness that will be modified with questionnaire. Questionnaire data will be spreaded out to get the percentage of decreased volume and estimated price for electronic road pricing. the price and time will be processed with analysis of variance method (ANOVA) asissted with SPSS program. With this research, we expected to learn the electronic road pricing with most efficient price to decrease the vehicle volume at Blok M – Kota road. AbstrakElectronic Road Pricing adalah jalan berbayar yang digunakan untuk mengurangi volume lalu lintas dengan cara memasangkan alat On Board Unit sebagai alat pembayarannya. Tingginya volume kendaraan di Jakarta menjadi alasan utama Electronic Road Pricing digunakan pada lalu lintas. Pada penelitian ini, dibahas mengenai kondisi lalu lintas Blok M – Kota, ruas jalan ini merupakan akses pengguna jalan untuk menuju perkantoran dan tempat wisata. Untuk menganalisa volume kendaraan akan digunakan metode observasi langsung untuk mendapatkan volume, kecepatan dan kepadatan lalu lintas. Observasi langsung dilakukan dengan memperhatikan kendaraan bermotor roda dua, kendaraan ringan dan kendaraan berat. Dengan data observasi akan didapat grafik hubungan antara kecepatan dan kedapatan yang akan dimodifikasi dengan data kuesioner. Data kuesioner disebar untuk mendapatkan persentase penurunan volume dan perkiraan harga Electronic Road Pricing untuk mengurangi volume lalu lintas. Pilihan harga dan waktu akan diolah dengan metode analysis of variance (ANOVA) dengan dibantu program SPSS. Diharapkan pada analisis penelitian ini dapat mengetahui biaya Electronic Road Pricing yang paling efisien untuk mengurangi volume kendaraan pada ruas jalan Blok M – Kota.

scholarly journals IMAGE BASED RECOGNITION OF DYNAMIC TRAFFIC SITUATIONS BY EVALUATING THE EXTERIOR SURROUNDING AND INTERIOR SPACE OF VEHICLES

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-3/W3 ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
A. Hanel ◽  
H. Klöden ◽  
L. Hoegner ◽  
U. Stilla
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Traffic Situation ◽  
Dynamic Traffic ◽  
Interior Space ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Vehicle Fleet ◽  
New Strategies

Today, cameras mounted in vehicles are used to observe the driver as well as the objects around a vehicle. In this article, an outline of a concept for image based recognition of dynamic traffic situations is shown. A dynamic traffic situation will be described by road users and their intentions. Images will be taken by a vehicle fleet and aggregated on a server. On these images, new strategies for machine learning will be applied iteratively when new data has arrived on the server. The results of the learning process will be models describing the traffic situation and will be transmitted back to the recording vehicles. The recognition will be performed as a standalone function in the vehicles and will use the received models. It can be expected, that this method can make the detection and classification of objects around the vehicles more reliable. In addition, the prediction of their actions for the next seconds should be possible. As one example how this concept is used, a method to recognize the illumination situation of a traffic scene is described. This allows to handle different appearances of objects depending on the illumination of the scene. Different illumination classes will be defined to distinguish different illumination situations. Intensity based features are extracted from the images and used by a classifier to assign an image to an illumination class. This method is being tested for a real data set of daytime and nighttime images. It can be shown, that the illumination class can be classified correctly for more than 80% of the images.

scholarly journals The Use of Egocentric and Allocentric Reference Frames in Static and Dynamic Conditions in Humans

2020 ◽  
pp. 787-801
Author(s):  
S MORARESKU ◽  
K VLCEK
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Spatial Navigation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Coding ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
Spatial Reference Frames ◽  
Static Conditions

The dissociation between egocentric and allocentric reference frames is well established. Spatial coding relative to oneself has been associated with a brain network distinct from spatial coding using a cognitive map independently of the actual position. These differences were, however, revealed by a variety of tasks from both static conditions, using a series of images, and dynamic conditions, using movements through space. We aimed to clarify how these paradigms correspond to each other concerning the neural correlates of the use of egocentric and allocentric reference frames. We review here studies of allocentric and egocentric judgments used in static two- and three-dimensional tasks and compare their results with the findings from spatial navigation studies. We argue that neural correlates of allocentric coding in static conditions but using complex three-dimensional scenes and involving spatial memory of participants resemble those in spatial navigation studies, while allocentric representations in two-dimensional tasks are connected with other perceptual and attentional processes. In contrast, the brain networks associated with the egocentric reference frame in static two-dimensional and three-dimensional tasks and spatial navigation tasks are, with some limitations, more similar. Our review demonstrates the heterogeneity of experimental designs focused on spatial reference frames. At the same time, it indicates similarities in brain activation during reference frame use despite this heterogeneity.

scholarly journals Influence of Radiographic Viewing Perspective on Glenoid Inclination Measurement

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 247154921882498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter N Chalmers ◽  
Thomas Suter ◽  
Matthijs Jacxsens ◽  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Chong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Viewing Angle ◽  
Plain Radiographs ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Orthopedic Surgeons ◽  
Viewing Perspective

Introduction The purposes of this study were to determine (1) whether glenoid inclination (GI) could be accurately measured on plain radiographs as compared to a gold-standard 3-dimensional (3D) measure and (2) whether GI could be reliably measured on plain radiographs. Materials and Methods Digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) were made from 3D computed tomography reconstructions of 68 normal cadaver scapulae. DRRs were made in a variety of viewing angles. Inclination was measured on these DRRs. These measurements were also made using a gold-standard 3D method. Measurements were made by 2 orthopedic surgeons and 1 surgeon twice, to calculate interrater and intrarater intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results The gold-standard 3D β was 83 ± 5° (72°–98°). On neutral plain radiographs, the mean ± standard deviation 2D β angle was 80 ± 6° (range, 66°–99°). With regard to accuracy, the 2D β angle was significantly different from the 3D β angle, with the 2D β underestimating the 3D β by 5° (95% confidence intervals −1 to 12). With regard to reliability, interrater ICCs for 2D β with a neutral viewing angle was 0.79. Two-dimensional β varied widely with viewing angle from 0.24 to 0.88. Interrater ICCs for the 3D method was 0.83 (0.60–0.92). Intrarater ICCs for all 3 techniques were high (>0.91). Conclusions Two-dimensional radiographic GI measurement is not accurate, as it underestimates the 3D value by an average of 5° when compared to the gold-standard 3D measurement. GI 2D measurement reliability varies with viewing angle on plain radiographs and thus to accurately and reliably measure inclination 3D imaging is necessary.

scholarly journals Correlational investigation of air pollutant emissions and fuel consumption of motor vehicle in various dynamic conditions

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
Vehicle Velocity

<p>Air pollutant emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines are highly susceptible to the conditions of engine operation. The purpose of this research was to investigate the correlation between the emissions of individual pollutants (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide), the fuel consumption and various dynamic conditions of the operation of an engine. The empirical data was obtained by testing of passenger car with a spark-ignition engine on a chassis dynamometer in 12 various driving tests, both type-approval and special. The results indicate, that the strongest correlation exists between the emissions of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons and between the fuel consumption and the emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide. The weakest correlation was found to be between the emissions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. The average value of vehicle velocity proved to be suitable zero-dimensional characteristic of the dynamic driving conditions. The correlation between the emission of hydrocarbons and the average vehicle velocity can be assessed as the strongest, while between the emission of nitrogen oxides and the average vehicle velocity – the weakest.</p>

Nonlinear Dynamics of a Four-Wheel Vehicle With Lateral Load Transfer Effects

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Nguyen ◽  
Gregory Schultz ◽  
Balakumar Balachandran
Keyword(s):  
Load Transfer ◽  
Transient Behavior ◽  
Lateral Load ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Vehicle Model ◽  
Transfer Effects ◽  
Vehicle Handling ◽  
Roll Moment ◽  
Moment Distribution ◽  
Vehicle Velocity

Two-dimensional, in-plane maneuvers are investigated by using a four-wheel vehicle model. Individual tire slip angles and loading conditions are considered. Lateral load transfer and roll moment distribution effects are included in the two-dimensional analysis by applying instantaneous roll angle propagation. Numerical simulations are performed for a heavily loaded vehicle. Bifurcations of equilibria are presented with respect to vehicle velocity and roll stiffness. This effort provides a framework for vehicle handling assessment in terms of nonlinear regions of performance, transient behavior, and roll moment distribution.

Viewing-angle characterization of reflective-type liquid-crystal displays by using an ellipsoidal mirror and a two-dimensional CCD camera

2001 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
Akira Kawaguchi ◽  
Michio Tsujio ◽  
Tetsuo Hamada ◽  
Masayoshi Funato ◽  
Yuji Yoda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Liquid Crystal Displays ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Viewing Angle ◽  
Ellipsoidal Mirror
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