Electrocutaneous Pulse Rate and Pulse Width Psychometric Functions for Sensory Communications

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Y. J. Szeto ◽  
John Lyman ◽  
Ronald E. Prior
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Frequency Discrimination ◽  
Just Noticeable Difference ◽  
Electrocutaneous Stimulation ◽  
Maximum Frequency ◽  
Sensory Communication

Psychometric functions of pulse rate (PR) and pulse width (PW) from electrocutaneous stimuli were determined using the method of comparative judgments. The study revealed that changes in PR were more easily detected than changes in PW, as measured by the percent of just noticeable difference (jnd). The PR jnd data from test subjects indicated that maximum frequency discrimination occurred near 20 pulses per second. Using the PR and PW psychometric curves, compensatory transfer functions can be determined which will improve the efficacy of sensory communication systems based on electrocutaneous stimulation.

Rational Polynomial Transfer Function Approximations for Fluid Transients in Lines

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patompong Wongputorn ◽  
David A. Hullender ◽  
Robert L. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Exact Solution ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Viscous Friction ◽  
Total System ◽  
Nonlinear Frequency ◽  
Maximum Frequency ◽  
Rational Polynomial ◽  
Curve Fit ◽  
Fluid Transients

This paper introduces a simple approach utilizing MATLAB® computational tools for generating rational polynomial transfer functions for fluid transients in both liquid and gas fluid transmission lines. These transfer functions are obtained by curve fitting in the frequency domain the exact solution to the distributed parameter laminar flow “Dissipative Model” for fluid transients that includes nonlinear frequency dependent viscous friction terms as well as heat transfer effects in gas lines. These transfer functions are formulated so they are applicable to arbitrary line terminations and so they can be inserted directly into SIMULINK® models for time domain simulation and analysis of a total system of which the fluid lines are only internal components. The inputs to the algorithm are the internal radius and length of the line; the kinematic viscosity, density, Prandtl number, and speed of sound of the fluid; and the maximum frequency to which an accurate curve fit of the exact solution is desired. This maximum frequency normally is equal to or greater than the bandwidth of the other components in the total system to be analyzed or the maximum frequency associated with the input. The simplicity of use and accuracy in the results of the exact solution representations are demonstrated for examples of a blocked fluid line and of a line terminating into a tank. The computational algorithms are available for download from the Author’s web site. This is the first of two papers pertaining to transfer functions for fluid transients. The second paper pertains to formulating simulation diagrams for total systems containing fluid lines represented by rational polynomial transfer functions.

Electrocutaneous Coding of Information

1977 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-334
Author(s):  
Lura I. Raple ◽  
John Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shift ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Discrimination Threshold ◽  
Electrocutaneous Stimulation ◽  
Threshold Distance ◽  
Electrical Stimuli ◽  
Frequency Pulse

Responses to electrocutaneous stimulation were investigated using the two point discrimination threshold as a means of providing information about the range of sensitivity to electrical stimuli. A complete factorial design was used to investigate the effects of frequency, pulse width, and phase shift on the threshold distance at which two electrocutaneous stimuli can be discriminated. Results were analyzed by an analysis of variance. The two point discrimination threshold was found to be significant for frequency, pulse width, and the interaction between pulse width and phase shift. Electrocutaneous sensitivity was determined by the level at which the minimum two point discrimination threshold occurred.

scholarly journals Synthesis of the digital regulator of the main contour of the three-circuit system of the linear electric drive of the working body of the mechanism of onboard aviation equipment

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Y. O. Denisov ◽  
O. I. Denisov ◽  
O. O. Bursala
Keyword(s):  
Electric Drive ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Power Converter ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Fourier Series Expansion ◽  
Statistical Linearization ◽  
Current Loop ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Noticeable Effect

Goal The purpose of the article is to further develop analytical methods for calculating and synthesizing power electronics systems with deep pulse width modulation (PWM). A three-circuit linear electric drive system for positioning the working body of the mechanism of onboard aircraft equipment, in which the linear electric motor is controlled from a pulse width converter (PWC), is considered. The power converter is included in the current loop. It has a noticeable effect on the level of current ripple, travel speed and positioning accuracy of the operating mechanism of a linear electric drive. Methodology. To analyze the processes in the current loop, a discrete transfer function of a pulse-width converter for PWM in the final zone and «in the large» is obtained on the basis of the statistical linearization of the modulation characteristics of the multi-loop PWM model. The modulation characteristic of each circuit of the model is obtained as a result of the Fourier series expansion in Walsh functions of the output voltage of the PWM during the PWM process. Statistical linearization of modulation characteristics is performed based on Hermite polynomials. Results. During the analysis, discrete transfer functions of closed current loops, velocity and open loop position were obtained, for which a digital controller was synthesized in the form of a recursive filter. Originality. The parameters of the regulator links are found, which make it possible to complete the transient process in four PWC switching periods with an overshoot of no more than 6 %. The analysis of the speed-optimized positioning process of a linear electric drive based on the LED AT 605TU motor is carried out. Practical significance. The purpose of the analysis was to establish the relationship between the switching period of the PWM and the value of the uncompensated constant, at which the pulsations of the positioning process are minimal while ensuring the minimum overshoot and maximum speed. It was found that the specified requirements are satisfied by the ratio between the switching period, PWC and uncompensated constant in the range of one or two.

Pulse width shortening combinations (PWSC) for ultra-dense WDM systems and calculation of PWSE

2022 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Kumar ◽  
Amandeep Singh Sappal
Keyword(s):  
Wavelength Division Multiplexing ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Phase Conjugation ◽  
Link Length ◽  
Electrical Transmission ◽  
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing ◽  
Wavelength Division ◽  
Dense Wdm ◽  
Optical Communication Systems

Abstract Optical communication systems introduced paradigm shift in the forte of data transmission at higher speeds and over longer distances where, on contrary electrical transmission systems failed due to higher amplitude degradation, interferences and lower bandwidths. However, pulse width increase (PWI) in the optical fiber limits the overall distance reach and also introduces more bit errors which needs to addressed. So far, pulse width shortening fibers (PFs) and fiber Bragg grating (FG) used individually in most of the reported studies, however pulse width shortening (PWS) took either high cost (in PFs) or lower PWS efficiency (PWSE) (in FG). Therefore, in this research manuscript, we made emphasis on the combined PWS effects of diverse techniques such as optical phase conjugation (OC), FG and PFs in ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system. Total link length of 400 km has been covered in 128 channels ultra dense wavelength division multiplexing (UDWDM) system at 10 Gbps by incorporating diverse combined organized placements of FG, OC and PFs such as FG-PF, OC-PF and FG-PF-OC. Results revealed that economical and maximum PWSE arrangement for proposed system is FG-PF-OC.

Effects of Pulse Width, Pulse Rate and Paired Electrode Stimulation on Psychophysical Measures of Dynamic Range and Speech Recognition in Cochlear Implants

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond M. Bonnet ◽  
Peter-Paul B. M. Boermans ◽  
Otto F. Avenarius ◽  
Jeroen J. Briaire ◽  
Johan H. M. Frijns
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Electrode Stimulation

Frequency Domain Equalization and Adaptive OFDM vs. Single Carrier Modulation

2011 ◽  
pp. 126-132
Author(s):  
Inderjeet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Channel Sounder ◽  
Single Carrier ◽  
Adaptive Ofdm ◽  
Frequency Independent ◽  
The Individual

In the present article an attempt is made to compare multi-carrier and single carrier modulation schemes for wireless communication systems with the utilization of fast Fourier transform (FFT) and its inverse in both cases. With the assumption that in OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing), the inverse FFT transforms the complex amplitudes of the individual sub-carriers at the transmitter into time domain, the inverse operation is carried out at the receiver. In case of single carrier modulation, the FFT and its inverse are used at the input and output of the frequency domain equalizer in the receiver. Different single carrier and multi-carrier transmission systems are simulated with time-variant transfer functions measured with a wideband channel sounder. In case of OFDM, the individual sub-carriers are modulated with fixed and adaptive signal alphabets. Furthermore, a frequency-independent as well as the optimum power distribution are used. Single carrier modulation uses a single carrier, instead of the hundreds or thousands typically used in OFDM, so the peak-to-average transmitted power ratio for single carrier modulated signals is smaller. This in turn means that a SC system requires a smaller linear range to support a given average power. This enables the use of cheaper power amplifier as compared to OFDM system.[Article copies are available for purchase from InfoSci-on-Demand.com]

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