After ethnic civil war

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 817-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Dyrstad
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
War Experiences ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

While the study of the causes of civil war is a well-established subdiscipline in international relations, the effects of civil war on society remain less understood. Yet, such effects could have crucial implications for long-term stability and democracy in a country after the reaching of a peace agreement. This article contributes to the understanding of the effects of warfare on interethnic relations, notably attitudes of ethno-nationalism. Two hypotheses are tested: first, that the prevalence of ethno-nationalism is higher after than before the war, and second, that individuals who have been directly affected by the war are more nationalist than others. The variation in ethno-nationalism is examined over time, between countries, and between ethnic groups. Three countries that did not experience conflict on their own territory serve as a control group. The effect of individual war exposure is also tested in the analysis. Sources include survey data from the former Yugoslavia in 1989, shortly before the outbreak of war in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and in 2003, some years after the violence in the region ended. Contrary to common beliefs, the study shows that ethno-nationalism does not necessarily increase with ethnic civil war. The individual war experiences are less important than expected.

Adaptive Reconfiguration of Intrinsic Community Structure in Children with 5-Year Abacus Training

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Chunjie Wang ◽  
Yuzhao Yao ◽  
Changsong Zhou ◽  
Feiyan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Cognitive Intervention ◽  
Modular Organization ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Math Ability ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT Human learning can be understood as a network phenomenon, underpinned by the adaptive reconfiguration of modular organization. However, the plasticity of community structure (CS) in resting-state network induced by cognitive intervention has never been investigated. Here, we explored the individual difference of intrinsic CS between children with 5-year abacus-based mental calculation (AMC) training (35 subjects) and their peers without prior experience in AMC (31 subjects). Using permutation-based analysis between subjects in the two groups, we found the significant alteration of intrinsic CS, with training-attenuated individual difference. The alteration of CS focused on selective subsets of cortical regions (“core areas”), predominantly affiliated to the visual, somatomotor, and default-mode subsystems. These subsystems exhibited training-promoted cohesion with attenuated interaction between them, from the perspective of individuals’ CS. Moreover, the cohesion of visual network could predict training-improved math ability in the AMC group, but not in the control group. Finally, the whole network displayed enhanced segregation in the AMC group, including higher modularity index, more provincial hubs, lower participation coefficient, and fewer between-module links, largely due to the segregation of “core areas.” Collectively, our findings suggested that the intrinsic CS could get reconfigured toward more localized processing and segregated architecture after long-term cognitive training.

scholarly journals Agenesis of Maxillary Lateral Incisors: Treatment Involves Much More Than Just Canine Guidance

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giordani Santos Silveira ◽  
José Nelson Mucha
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Congenital Absence ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Canine Guidance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Inform Decision Making

Objective: In this study, we aimed highlight some clinical features present in patients whose maxillary lateral incisors are missing, and proposed more logical, rational and predictable solutions to inform decision making in rehabilitation procedures. Methods: Literature review and discussion. Conclusion: Choosing the best possible treatment for congenital absence of maxillary lateral incisors depends on the multidisciplinary diagnosis of facial, occlusal, functional and periodontal features. It also depends on the individual long-term stability, and it does not only rely on canine-guided disocclusion.

scholarly journals Evaluation of long-term stability of mesiodistal axial inclinations of maxillary molars through panoramic radiographs in subjects treated with Pendulum appliance

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Andrade Rocha ◽  
Renato Rodrigues de Almeida ◽  
José Fernando Castanha Henriques ◽  
Carlos Flores-Mir ◽  
Marcio Rodrigues de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Panoramic Radiograph ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Maxillary Molars ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Maxillary Molar ◽  
Pendulum Appliance ◽  
The Stability

Objective: To evaluate the stability of mesiodistal inclination of maxillary molars produced by a pendulum appliance, five years after completion of orthodontic treatment. Angulation changes were compared to an untreated sample. Methods: The sample consisted of 20 patients (14 females and 6 males) with Class II, Division 1 malocclusion that was treated through molar distalization with a pendulum appliance followed by cervical headgear and full fixed appliances. Maxillary molar inclination was evaluated through panoramic radiograph. The mean age at pretreatment was 14.3 ± 1.6 years, whereas at immediate post-treatment it was 18.6 ± 1.8 years, and at long-term post-treatment it was 23.8 ± 2.0 years. A control group of 16 untreated individuals with untreated normocclusion ranging in age from 12 to 17 years old were used as comparison group. Data were statistically analyzed with independent t-tests and ANOVA test followed by Tukey post-hoc tests. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between T1 (94.50) and T2 (98.80) as well as between T2 and T3 (94.70) for maxillary first molars. Maxillary second molars did not show any statistically significant positional changes during the evaluated time periods T1 (107.50), T2 (109.30) and T3 (106.90). Conclusion: Although maxillary first molars underwent distal crown inclination immediately after treatment, approximately five years thereafter their roots tended to upright close to the pretreatment positions.

Ending Civil Wars: A Case for Rebel Victory?

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Duffy Toft
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
The Other ◽  
War Termination ◽  
Negotiated Settlement ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Negotiated Settlements

Since 1990, negotiated settlements have become the preferred means for settling civil wars. Historically, however, these types of settlements have proven largely ineffective: civil wars ended by negotiated settlement are more likely to recur than those ending in victory by one side or the other. A theoretical and statistical analysis of how civil wars end reveals that the type of ending influences the prospects for longer-term outcomes. An examination of all civil war endings since 1940 finds that rebel victories are more likely to secure the peace than are negotiated settlements. A statistical analysis of civil wars from 1940 to 2002 and the case of Uganda illustrate why rebel victories result in more stable outcomes. Expanding scholarly and policy analysis of civil war termination types beyond the current default of negotiated settlement to include victories provides a much larger set of cases and variables to draw upon to enhance understanding of the conditions most likely to support long-term stability, democracy, and prosperity.

Risk and Protective Factors for Depression in Youth

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison L. Shortt ◽  
Susan H. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Ecological Framework ◽  
Preventive Interventions ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Protective Processes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

AbstractRisk and protective processes and mechanisms associated with depression in youth are discussed within a developmental–ecological framework. Risk factors at the individual (genetics, biology, affect, cognition, behaviour) and broader contextual levels (e.g., family, school, community) are proposed to interact, leading to the development of depression in youth. Transactions between these individual and contextual factors are suggested to be dynamic and reciprocal, and these transactions are expected to change over time and developmental course. The ‘best bet’ for the prevention of depression may be multicomponent and multilevel interventions that address the multiple risk and protective factors associated with depression. Preventive interventions need to focus on building protective factors within young people themselves, as well as creating health-promoting environments at home and at school. These interventions likely need to be long term and geared towards assisting youth across successive periods of development.

Peak Impact Accelerations during Track and Treadmill Running

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 639-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin M.R. Bigelow ◽  
Niell G. Elvin ◽  
Alex A. Elvin ◽  
Steven P. Arnoczky
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Acrylic Plate ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Wireless Accelerometer ◽  
Vertical Impact ◽  
Over Time

To determine whether peak vertical and horizontal impact accelerations were different while running on a track or on a treadmill, 12 healthy subjects (average age 32.8 ± 9.8 y), were fitted with a novel, wireless accelerometer capable of recording triaxial acceleration over time. The accelerometer was attached to a custom-made acrylic plate and secured at the level of the L5 vertebra via a tight fitting triathlon belt. Each subject ran 4 miles on a synthetic, indoor track at a self-selected pace and accelerations were recorded on three perpendicular axes. Seven days later, the subjects ran 4 miles on a treadmill set at the individual runner’s average pace on the track and the peak vertical and horizontal impact magnitudes between the track and treadmill were compared. There was no difference (P= .52) in the average peak vertical impact accelerations between the track and treadmill over the 4 mile run. However, peak horizontal impact accelerations were greater (P= .0012) on the track when compared with the treadmill. This study demonstrated the feasibility for long-term impact accelerations monitoring using a novel wireless accelerometer.

scholarly journals Long-Term Stability and Reproducibility of Magnetic Colloids Are Key Issues for Steady Values of Specific Power Absorption over Time

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (27) ◽  
pp. 4444-4444
Author(s):  
Beatriz Sanz ◽  
M. Pilar Calatayud ◽  
Nicolás Cassinelli ◽  
M. Ricardo Ibarra ◽  
Gerardo F. Goya
Keyword(s):  
Specific Power ◽  
Power Absorption ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Magnetic Colloids ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Stability Assessment of Four Chimeric Proteins for Human Chagas Disease Immunodiagnosis

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 289
Author(s):  
Paola Alejandra Fiorani Celedon ◽  
Leonardo Maia Leony ◽  
Ueriton Dias Oliveira ◽  
Natália Erdens Maron Freitas ◽  
Ângelo Antônio Oliveira Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stability Tests ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability

The performance of an immunoassay relies on antigen-antibody interaction; hence, antigen chemical stability and structural integrity are paramount for an efficient assay. We conducted a functional, thermostability and long-term stability analysis of different chimeric antigens (IBMP), in order to assess effects of adverse conditions on four antigens employed in ELISA to diagnose Chagas disease. ELISA-based immunoassays have served as a model for biosensors development, as both assess molecular interactions. To evaluate thermostability, samples were heated and cooled to verify heat-induced denaturation reversibility. In relation to storage stability, the antigens were analyzed at 25 °C at different moments. Long-term stability tests were performed using eight sets of microplates sensitized. Antigens were structurally analyzed through circular dichroism (CD), dynamic light scattering, SDS-PAGE, and functionally evaluated by ELISA. Data suggest that IBMP antigens are stable, over adverse conditions and for over a year. Daily analysis revealed minor changes in the molecular structure. Functionally, IBMP-8.2 and IBMP-8.3 antigens showed reactivity towards anti-T. cruzi antibodies, even after 72 h at 25 °C. Long-term stability tests showed that all antigens were comparable to the control group and all antigens demonstrated stability for one year. Data suggest that the antigens maintained their function and structural characteristics even in adverse conditions, making them a sturdy and reliable candidate to be employed in future in vitro diagnostic tests applicable to different models of POC devices, such as modern biosensors in development.

scholarly journals Auditing and controlling as a tool for sme marketing risk management

2021 ◽  
pp. 225-235
Author(s):  
Vaclav Kupec ◽  
Premysl Písar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Business Environments ◽  
Marketing Risk ◽  
The Individual

The current hyper-competitive environment, rapid marketing tools, and modern techniques provide many opportunities for small and medium-sized businesses. Such opportunities could bring much in the way of rewards both for the individual companies and the wider economy. However, there are many threats associated with these business environments which cannot be overlooked. Small and medium-sized businesses are a significant stabilizing economic power within the European Union. Therefore, it is not surprising that small and medium-sized businesses competitiveness and their long-term stability are vital factors for European cohesion and development. This research aims to analyze risk management within small and medium-sized businesses, identify critical risk factors, and develop risk management, which could be applied to small and medium-sized businesses. The authors analyzed risk management's consequences and explained the variables as follows: ROA, Auditing, Controlling Management, Marketing, and Corporate Culture. Based on the research findings, the goal was to increase their interaction effectiveness, focusing on small and medium-sized businesses long-term stability and competitiveness. For achieving these aims, the paper provides two research questions and designs three hypotheses. This research was conducted from 2017 to 2020 on sample n = 432 EU small and medium-sized businesses. The reached data were analyzed by statistical method and experimental «in practice» testing. Based on the result and its experimental testing, a marketing risk management model was designed, tested, and verified using practical methods. This model could be used for the identification and avoidance of potential risks when developing a marketing strategy. The findings reached should be used to advance research and similarly for practical use within the business sphere.

scholarly journals CALIBRATION AND STABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE VLP-16 LASER SCANNER

2016 ◽  
Vol XL-3/W4 ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Glennie ◽  
A. Kusari ◽  
A. Facchin
Keyword(s):  
Stability Analysis ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Geometric Calibration ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
The Individual

We report on a calibration and stability analysis of the Velodyne VLP-16 LiDAR scanner. The sensor is evaluated for long-term stability, geometric calibration and the effect of temperature variations. To generalize the results, three separate VLP-16 sensors were examined. The results and conclusions from the analysis of each of the individual sensors was similar. We found that the VLP-16 showed a consistent level of performance, in terms of range bias and noise level over the tested temperature range from 0–40 °C. A geometric calibration was able to marginally improve the accuracy of the VLP-16 point cloud (by approximately 20%) for a single collection, however the temporal stability of the geometric calibration negated this accuracy improvement. Overall, it was found that there is some long-term walk in the ranging observations from individual lasers within the VLP-16, which likely causes the instability in the determination of geometric calibration parameters. However, despite this range walk, the point cloud delivered from the VLP-16 sensors tested showed an accuracy level within the manufacturer specifications of 3 cm RMSE, with an overall estimated RMSE of range residuals between 22 mm and 27 mm.

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