scholarly journals Associations of Sex Ratios and Male Incarceration Rates with Multiple Opposite-Sex Partners: Potential Social Determinants of HIV/STI Transmission

2010 ◽  
Vol 125 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 70-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique R. Pouget ◽  
Trace S. Kershaw ◽  
Linda M. Niccolai ◽  
Jeannette R. Ickovics ◽  
Kim M. Blankenship
Keyword(s):  
Social Determinants ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Male Incarceration

scholarly journals Social determinants of adult sex ratios and racial/ethnic disparities in transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in the USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1729) ◽  
pp. 20160323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Rodriguez Pouget
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Male Incarceration

In Black population centres in the USA, adult sex ratios (ASRs) are strongly female-biased primarily due to high male incarceration and early mortality rates. I explore the system of social determinants that shape these ASRs, and describe their apparent consequences. Evidence suggests that female-biased ASRs play a role, along with racial residential segregation, to increase mixing between core and peripheral members of sexual networks, facilitating transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections. Unique historical factors underlie Black male incarceration and mortality rates in the USA, making comparisons with other groups or other countries challenging. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies’.

Tree densities and sex ratios in breeding populations of dioecious Central Amazonian Myristicaceae

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Ackerly ◽  
Judy M. Rankin-De-Merona ◽  
William A. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
Canopy Tree ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
The Face ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Male To Female

ABSTRACTThe densities of the breeding populations and the sex of all flowering individuals were recorded for five dioecious canopy tree species of Central Amazonian Myristicaceae, in 11 study areas of the Minimum Critical size of Ecosystems Project totalling 22.5 ha. Adult population densities were extremely low, ranging from 0.38 to 1.61 ha–1 for the five species studied. In a 10 ha study plot the mean distance to the nearest flowering conspecific ranged from 48 to 100 m, while the mean distance to the nearest opposite sex conspecific was 147 m. The two most abundant species, Iryanthera macrophylla and Virola calophylla, both showed male-biased sex ratios, of 23:9 and 20:6, respectively. The size class distribution of males, females and non-flowering individuals in V. calophylla suggests that earlier reproductive maturation of male plants may provide a partial explanation for this bias. In I. macrophylla, since 95% of the individuals were observed flowering, the observed ratio is representative of the population, and may be caused by sex shifts from male to female. The low reproductive densities, combined with the skewed sex ratios and overlapping generations of these species, create very small effective breeding populations, placing species such as these at great risk in the face of deforestation and habitat fragmentation.

Response to “Cloning and Infertility” by Carson Strong (CQ Vol 7, No 3)

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy F. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Human Cloning ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Same Sex Couples ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Infertile Couples

Carson Strong has argued that if human cloning were safe it should be available to some infertile couples as a matter of ethics and law. He holds that cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) should be available as a reproductive option for infertile couples who could not otherwise have a child genetically related to one member of the couple. In this analysis, Strong overlooks an important category of people to whom his argument might apply, couples he has not failed to consider elsewhere. In this discussion, however, Strong refers exclusively to opposite sex couples facing obstacles such as surgically removed ovaries and the inability to produce sperm. In fact, however, there are many adult couples who, while fertile in and of themselves, are not fertile as couples. This group includes not only opposite sex couples but coupled same sex partners as well. I believe the defenses Strong offers regarding the use of SCNT by opposite sex infertile couples would extend to same sex couples for two reasons. First, some same sex couples might face the inability to have a genetically related child, and second, Strong's arguments ultimately ground a general defense of SCNT independent of the question of a couple's fertility.

Notes: Splitting hairs? Bwanya v The Master of the High Court

2021 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-534
Author(s):  
Fatima Osman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Stare Decisis ◽  
High Court ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Central Argument ◽  
To Come ◽  
Near Future

In Bwanya v The Master of the High Court 2021 (1) SA 138 (WCC), the Western Cape High Court ordered that the applicant, a partner in an opposite-sex partnership, was entitled to inherit from her deceased partner’s estate by ordering an amendment of the Intestate Succession Act 81 of 1987 to cater for unmarried opposite-sex partners. The court distinguished the case from Volks NO v Robinson 2005 (5) BCLR 446 (CC) — which precludes an unmarried partner from claiming maintenance from the deceased partner’s estate — on the basis that the case involved an inheritance claim as opposed to maintenance. The note argues that the failure of the court to deal with the central argument in Volks in respect of inheritance rights undermines the strength of the judgment. The Constitutional Court in confirmation proceedings should address this matter, and consider a softening of the doctrine of stare decisis to overrule the Volks case. Furthermore, the case opens the door to claims by other unmarried partners in polygamous relationships. While such claims involve policy considerations that are best addressed by the legislature, they are likely to come before the courts in the near future. Courts should recognise such claims in acknowledgment of the diversity in family formations in South Africa.

scholarly journals Why do you Make us Feel Good? Correlates and Interpersonal Consequences of Affective Presence in Speed–Dating

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Berrios ◽  
Peter Totterdell ◽  
Karen Niven
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Style ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Social Relations Model ◽  
Speed Dating ◽  
Perceived Responsiveness ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Romantic Interest

Recent research indicates that people consistently make others feel a certain way (e.g. happy or stressed). This individual difference has been termed affective presence, but little is known about its correlates or consequences. The present study investigated the following: (i) whether affective presence influences others’ romantic interest in a person and (ii) what types of people have positive and negative affective presence. Forty volunteers took part in a speed–dating event, during which they dated six or seven opposite–sex partners. A Social Relations Model analysis confirmed that individuals prompted consistent positive emotional reactions in others. Participants were more likely to want to see dates with greater positive affective presence again in the future, and positive affective presence explained the effects of perceived responsiveness on romantic interest. Associations between positive affective presence and trait predictors, including emotion regulation, emotional expressiveness, attachment style, agreeableness and extraversion, were also observed. The findings indicate that what emotionally distinguishes one individual from another lies in part in the emotional consequences of their behaviours on others. © 2013 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology.

The “Real” Marriage Squeeze

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean E. Veevers
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Significant Determinant ◽  
Marriage Squeeze ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Family ◽  
Opposite Sex

Among persons in midlife, about one in five is unmarried. The sex ratio in this group is about 80, which is markedly unbalanced. Although changes in fertility and in mortality are contributing factors, the “real” squeeze is due largely to the ubiquitous norm that husbands should be older than their wives. This mating gradient is the most significant determinant of the competition for mates as it is experienced by older unmarried women compared with older unmarried men. The nature and magnitude of this marriage squeeze are demonstrated using Canadian vital statistics and census data. Age differentials of brides and grooms in all marriages registered in 1981 are used to create “availability indices” that estimate the number of unmarried persons of the opposite sex that are potentially available for every 100 unmarried persons. For men, availability indices are low in the 20s, and they increase with advancing age to about one-to-one in the 50s. For women, access to potential grooms is highest in the 20s and decreases with advancing age until, in the 50s, there are only 50 potential grooms per 100 unmarried women. The implications of unbalanced sex ratios are discussed with reference to changes in marriage and the family. Markedly skewed sex ratios may shift the balance of power between the sexes and produce a demographic reaffirmation of the double standard.

scholarly journals INTRASEXUAL COMPETITION AMONG HUMANS: PROSOCIAL TOWARDS THE OPPOSITE SEX AND PROSELF TOWARDS THE SAME SEX?

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Pajestka
Keyword(s):  
Intrasexual Competition ◽  
Value Orientation ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Social Value Orientation ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Orientation Measurement ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
Opposite Sex

In a research conducted on a sample of participants from three countries (N = 256): Poland, Ukraine and Denmark, a hypothesis of the moderating impact of other person sex on the level of social value orientation of men and women was tested. The study applied the now rarely used method of measuring social value orientation: the Warsaw Method, which was expected to reveal more subtle differences between men and women than those observed in the studies using the most popular social value orientation measurement tools, such as decomposed games. The direction of the observed relationship proved to be compatible with the predictions resulting from the phenomenon of intrasexual competition for a partner, however only in the case of men. Men were more prosocial in interaction with women than with other men, and more pro-self- interacting with men rather than women. Similar relationships assumed in the case of women were only partially confirmed: women were more pro-self in interaction with same-sex partners compared to interactions with opposite sex partners (however, the relationship was statistically significant only within the individualistic value orientation), but at the same time they were prosocial (but only within the cooperative value orientation). Keywords: intrasexual competition, social value orientation, sex differences.

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