Social capital and neighbourhood cooperation: Implications for development of the urban poor in LDCs

Urban Studies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (13) ◽  
pp. 2727-2745
Author(s):  
Toriqul Bashar ◽  
Glen Bramley
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Structural Relationships ◽  
Starting Point

‘Neighbourhood cooperation’ can be viewed as a key element for livelihood improvement, particularly within areas of urban poverty in Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Such cooperation might be useful for mobilising resources and sharing risks of investing in infrastructures/services and maintaining common goods. This article explores the structural relationships between individual level cooperation and overall social capital, in relation to household and neighbourhood characteristics. These relationships are complex as various factors are interlinked, which influence cooperation at both individual and group levels. Literature on social capital has relied mainly on Western countries; from this starting point, this article analyses the relationships among aspects of social capital. Analytical models are based on Durlauf’s approach of measuring ‘social capital’ and Manski’s perspective on social interaction, which are tested on 1800 households’ data across three locations in Bangladesh. The estimates reveal that individual level cooperation can be influenced directly by households’ socio economic circumstances and indirectly through neighbourhood mediation, while questioning some theoretical generalisations about neighbourhood cooperation. The findings contribute to the literature on neighbourhood effects by revealing that: (a) the relationship between one’s socio economic status and one’s social capital is less clear than expected; and (b) extreme poverty and proximity of living in a neighbourhood can promote norms of trust and cooperation.

scholarly journals Applications of Systems Science to Understand and Manage Multiple Influences within Children’s Environmental Health in Least Developed Countries: A Causal Loop Diagram Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 3010
Author(s):  
Claire F. Brereton ◽  
Paul Jagals
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Causal Loop Diagram ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Loop Diagram ◽  
Causal Loop ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Children’S Environmental Health

Least developed countries (LDCs) are home to over a billion people throughout Africa, Asia-Pacific, and the Caribbean. The people who live in LDCs represent just 13% of the global population but 40% of its growth rate. Characterised by low incomes and low education levels, high proportions of the population practising subsistence living, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of economic diversity and resilience, LDCs face serious health, environmental, social, and economic challenges. Many communities in LDCs have very limited access to adequate sanitation, safe water, and clean cooking fuel. LDCs are environmentally vulnerable; facing depletion of natural resources, the effects of unsustainable urbanization, and the impacts of climate change, leaving them unable to safeguard their children’s lifetime health and wellbeing. This paper reviews and describes the complexity of the causal relationships between children’s health and its environmental, social, and economic influences in LDCs using a causal loop diagram (CLD). The results identify some critical feedbacks between poverty, family size, population growth, children’s and adults’ health, inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), air pollution, and education levels in LDCs and suggest leverage points for potential interventions. A CLD can also be a starting point for quantitative systems science approaches in the field, which can predict and compare the effects of interventions.

scholarly journals Multilevel Social Mechanisms of Post-Disaster Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Tim R. Wind ◽  
Ichiro Kawachi ◽  
Ivan H. Komproe
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Mental Health Research ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Coping Effort ◽  
Post Disaster

This exploratory study empirically shows how community social capital is related to post-disaster depression, whereas most disaster mental health research has focused on posttraumatic stress disorder. We tested the validity of earlier found multilevel social and individual mechanisms of posttraumatic stress for symptoms of post-disaster depression. We used data (n = 231) from a community study after a flood in Morpeth (2008), a rural town in northern England. At the salutary community level, our multilevel analyses showed that, in communities with high social capital, individuals employ less individual social support and coping effort, which protects individuals from developing symptoms of depression. Yet, on the ‘dark’ individual level of our model, we found that perceiving the disaster as less traumatic after a year was related to more feelings of depression in contrast to previous findings for posttraumatic stress. Our explanation of this finding is that, when the appraisal of the disaster as threatening fades into the background, individuals may perceive the full scope of the disaster aftermath and start to feel depressed. We also found that more social support is related to more depression. Although depressed people may attract or receive more social support, this social support can paradoxically become disabling by reinforcing a sense of dependence, thereby undermining self-esteem and leading to feelings of helplessness. Our results imply that to curb post-disaster depression, boosting community level social capital may be an important starting point for building resilience. At the same time, interventionists need to identify risk groups for whom the stressful experience becomes less intrusive and who experience the burden of dependency on an unequal relationship with ones’ social inner circle.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets

2018 ◽  
pp. 456-494
Author(s):  
Saul Estrin ◽  
Tomasz Mickiewicz ◽  
Ute Stephan ◽  
Mike Wright
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Entrepreneurship In Emerging Markets

The level of entrepreneurial activity is higher in emerging markets than in developed economies, driven by high levels of necessity entry and less daunting entry barriers, especially in the informal sector. However, a gap remains in our understanding of its extent and of the drivers of its change. This chapter addresses this gap by conceptualizing and providing evidence about the scale and nature of entrepreneurship in emerging markets. The chapter begins with an empirical analysis of entrepreneurship in emerging economies. In particular, it contrasts the way in which human capital is utilized by entrepreneurs in emerging market economies and in developed countries. The chapter goes on to the theme of human capital, bringing in theory, and considering entrepreneurship in emerging economies at the individual level as well as the role of entrepreneurs’ social capital in the emerging economy context. Furthermore, it considers the scale and impact of the repatriation of human and social capital from abroad, which is found to play an important role in entrepreneurship in many emerging economies, especially when considering innovation. The survey goes on to provide a macro-level analysis, with cross-country comparisons of the effects of institutions and finance on entrepreneurial activity in emerging markets. It concludes by suggesting avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Does the Recent Global Business Growth Exhibit an Inclusive Growth? a Research on Socio-Economic Status of Least Developed Nations in Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 9928-9938
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
National Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Business Growth ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Global Business ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Global Economic Growth

While the global business growth trend is upward, it is essential to ensure that if it is an inclusive growth that every nation is benefited and growing. Asia is the earth's largest continent. It covers 48 countries. This article focuses on the socio-economic status of the nine least developed countries in Asia to validate whether the global economic growth is inclusive. It examines how Socio-economic status fosters or hinders the development of these countries. Regression analysis is used for analyzing the Gross National Income, Foreign direct investment.

A Delphi study on the multimodal therapeutic approach to breast cancer; what we know and what we can learn.

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 520
Author(s):  
Mariateresa Tassinari ◽  
Ilaria Iseppato ◽  
Denita Bace ◽  
Maria Elena Fossati ◽  
Paolo Roberti di Sarsina
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Delphi Study ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Female Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Factorial Method ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Based Medicine

Background & Aims: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in over 140 countries and it is also the major cause of death of women if we include the so-called “least-developed” countries. If, in the view of Evidence-based Medicine (EBM), data regarding the treatment deemed as the most effective is widely available (although still subject to improvement, updating or disagreement), results regarding research input conducted on patients from the person-centered medical perspective are still lacking (where knowing how to give the same importance in all stages and all the actors of the disease is fundamental). In consideration of this lack of attention regarding the centrality of the patient in the therapeutic path, the aim of this study was to understand the considerations that underlie the management of breast cancer between the members of a non-profit organization designed to promote the humanization of medicine by means of sustainable treatments and therapy and to infer how these findings can be implemented. Methods: We conducted a Delphi survey among the members of the Charity Association for Person Centered Medicine-Moral Entity. Participants completed an open-ended questionnaire to answer various questions on female breast cancer with a specific focus on Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (TCAM) issues. Results and Discussion: The attribution of meaning to the concept of “Embodiment” itself both in relation to culture, environment, lifestyle and psychological sphere as well as the attribution of meaning to the concept of care and its practical implications was heterogeneous. It is extremely significant that all the sample responded that a multimodal and multidisciplinary approach that includes not only the biomedical approach is more effective. Conclusion: The urgency for the implementation of a multi-modal and multi-factorial method in breast cancer therapies is the most crucial conclusion, the starting point to rethinking a medical practice which is centered on the patient.

scholarly journals Turystyka, eksport towarowy, pomoc rozwojowa i przekazy jako narzędzia przełamania stagnacji społeczno-gospodarczej w państwach Globalnego Południa o niekorzystnym położeniu geograficznym oraz najsłab

2018 ◽  
Vol 18(33) (4) ◽  
pp. 199-208
Author(s):  
Michał Jasiński ◽  
Anna Górska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Deviation Coefficient ◽  
The Relationship

The subject of the article is the identification and assessment of the relationship between tourism, commodity exports, development aid and remittances in the 83 countries of the Global South. These countries have been grouped due to geographical features that significantly inhibit socio-economic development: 1) small islanders developing, and 2) countries without access to the sea (inland). These countries have been identified for the purposes of the article as countries with a geographical disadvantage. In addition, a group of the least developed countries was distinguished. The relationship between the four variables was the starting point, then the relation between these variables and the current level of socio-economic development in the analyzed countries of the South was examined and assessed. The study used characteristics for four variables in particular groups of countries, such as: mean, median, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, skewness, minimum and maximum. The correlation coefficient r-Spearman was used to identify relationships between variables. The survey indicated that in all the analyzed countries, on the basis of the results obtained, a strong positive correlation could be noticed between tourism and commodity exports. In those countries that developed tourism specialization intensively (export of tourist product), this translated into breaking economic stagnation and accelerating development processes.

scholarly journals The Effect of Polarization on Economic Growth, Social Capital, and Democracy: A Cross-Country Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Maham Zahra Mehdi ◽  
Danish Ahmed Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Democracy And Education

In the last decade, one of the biggest global issues that have been debated upon is whether increased rates of migration, diversity, and political polarization stemming from these factors have any impact on the economic growth of countries. Accordingly, this paper explores the effect of polarization on democracy, social capital, education, and economic growth in a cross-country analysis involving developed countries, developing countries, and the least developed countries. A bilateral time series analysis was conducted by treating each country-set in isolation, as well as a group and focusing on the period 2009 to 2018. According to our results, polarization appears to have a negative effect on the economic growth of developing countries. The same results were observed when we analyzed all the countries collectively. An inverse relationship was also established between polarization and social capital in developed countries. Meanwhile, polarization does not have any significant impact on democracy and education for any of the countries under study. It was also determined that when treated independently, democracy, social capital, education, and GDP per capita all appear to have a varying yet negative effect on polarization.

scholarly journals A Bibliometric and Visual Analysis of Global Community Resilience Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 10857
Author(s):  
Qiaoyun Yang ◽  
Dan Yang ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Shilu Liang ◽  
Zhenghu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Community Resilience ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Evaluation Index System ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Knowledge Network ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Urban Resilience

Resilience is an important issue in urban development, and community resilience (CR) is the most typical representative in building urban resilience, which has become the forefront of international resilience research. This paper presents a bibliometric and visual analysis of community resilience research collected from the WoS Core Collection database over the past two decades. H-index, citation frequency, centrality and starting year were adopted to analyze the research objects by bibliometric tools including CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Gephi. The national and institutional characteristics of macro-geographical distribution and the characteristics of disciplines, journals, authors, and author cooperation of micro-knowledge network distribution were revealed. Finally, the potential research directions of community resilience in the future were discussed. The results show that there are three stages in community resilience research. Seven intellectual bases constitute the research background for community resilience, including social capital mechanism, the evolution of resilience knowledge, earthquake resistance and disaster mitigation, substance abuse, resilient development in rural communities, resilience-building in the least-developed countries, and emergency preparedness. Our analysis shows that the hottest community resilience research topics are the concept of resilience, climate resilience, the social capital mechanism, macro-environment and disaster-reduction policies, and an evaluation index system for community resilience.

Quantification of Vitamin A in Fortified Rapeseed, Groundnut and Soya Oils Using a Simple Portable Device: Comparison to High Performance Liquid Chromatography

2013 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Renaud ◽  
Jacques Berger ◽  
Arnaud Laillou ◽  
Sylvie Avallone
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Portable Device ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Control Food ◽  
Assay Precision

Vitamin A deficiency is still one of the major public health problems in least developed countries. Fortification of vegetable oils is a strategy implemented worldwide to prevent this deficiency. For a fortification program to be effective, regular monitoring is necessary to control food quality in the producing units. The reference methods for vitamin A quantification are expensive and time-consuming. A rapid method should be useful for regular assessment of vitamin A in the oil industry. A portable device was compared to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for three plant oils (rapeseed, groundnut, and soya). The device presented a good linearity from 3 to 30 mg retinol equivalents per kg (mg RE.kg- 1). Its limits of detection and quantification were 3 mg RE.kg- 1 for groundnut and rapeseed oils and 4 mg RE.kg- 1 for soya oil. The intra-assay precision ranged from 1.48 % to 3.98 %, considered satisfactory. Accuracy estimated by the root mean squares error ranged from 3.99 to 5.49 and revealed a lower precision than HPLC (0.4 to 2.25). Although it offers less precision than HPLC, the device estimates quickly the vitamin A content of the tested oils from 3 or 4 to 15 mg RE.kg- 1.

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