scholarly journals Multilevel Social Mechanisms of Post-Disaster Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Tim R. Wind ◽  
Ichiro Kawachi ◽  
Ivan H. Komproe
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Mental Health Research ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Coping Effort ◽  
Post Disaster

This exploratory study empirically shows how community social capital is related to post-disaster depression, whereas most disaster mental health research has focused on posttraumatic stress disorder. We tested the validity of earlier found multilevel social and individual mechanisms of posttraumatic stress for symptoms of post-disaster depression. We used data (n = 231) from a community study after a flood in Morpeth (2008), a rural town in northern England. At the salutary community level, our multilevel analyses showed that, in communities with high social capital, individuals employ less individual social support and coping effort, which protects individuals from developing symptoms of depression. Yet, on the ‘dark’ individual level of our model, we found that perceiving the disaster as less traumatic after a year was related to more feelings of depression in contrast to previous findings for posttraumatic stress. Our explanation of this finding is that, when the appraisal of the disaster as threatening fades into the background, individuals may perceive the full scope of the disaster aftermath and start to feel depressed. We also found that more social support is related to more depression. Although depressed people may attract or receive more social support, this social support can paradoxically become disabling by reinforcing a sense of dependence, thereby undermining self-esteem and leading to feelings of helplessness. Our results imply that to curb post-disaster depression, boosting community level social capital may be an important starting point for building resilience. At the same time, interventionists need to identify risk groups for whom the stressful experience becomes less intrusive and who experience the burden of dependency on an unequal relationship with ones’ social inner circle.

Effects of Social Capital on Collective Action for Community Development

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1011-1028
Author(s):  
Hyoung-Yong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Community Development ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Network Dynamic ◽  
Hierarchical Generalized Linear Model ◽  
Individual Level

I applied a multilevel and multidimensional approach to assess the effects of social capital on collective action. Using data from a national survey on social capital in the United States, I tested the effects of individual-level social networks (bonding, bridging, and linking), community-level social trust, and cross-level interaction on residents' collective actions toward community development. Results from the hierarchical generalized linear model generally supported the network dynamic model, showing that social networks are critical to the underprivileged who lack resource mobilization opportunities. Specifically, the bridging and linking qualities of social networks produced a strong influence on collective action more than any other variable. However, the effect of community-level social trust was small and did not explain the extent to which individual-level social networks exerted influence on collective action.

scholarly journals Contextual Effects of Social Integration and Disintegration on Health Status: Evidence from South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Bi Jo ◽  
Rang Hee Kwon ◽  
Minsoo Jung
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Contextual Effects ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Social Disintegration ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background: Many studies have shown that various social integration variables represented by social capital are beneficial to communities, including collective health. However, the rapid decline in fertility rates and the breakup of familyism in developed countries require a new approach to social disintegration, but the literature is insufficient. Here, we explored the contextual effects of social integration and social disintegration on the health of individuals.Methods: The research data consist of merged datasets of 6909 respondents who were quota-sampled by approximately 30 people from 229 local governments in Korea. The individual-level independent variable is a social integration measure consisting of 26 questions in four areas. The community-level independent variables are five integral and aggregate variables extracted from 81 indicators. The dependent variable is self-rated health status. Potential confounders are gender, age, annual income, educational attainment, district type, and the number of beds in medical institutions per 1,000 people.Results: The results showed that at the individual level, the higher the inclusive attitude of in- and out-of-networks, after adjusting for potential confounders, the less likely the respondent belongs to the unhealthy group (p <0.001). At the community level, the higher the proportion of single-person households in a community after adjusting for potential confounders, the less likely the respondent belongs to the unhealthy group (p <0.05). The effect size was 0.22.Conclusion: Thus far, social integration has been preferred, with the positive aspects of social capital being emphasized. However, this study shows that in some cases, social disintegration can instead positively influence an individual's health. Therefore, further studies of the various conditions of social context effects on health are necessary.Keywords: Social integration, Social disintegration, Contextual

scholarly journals Contextual Effects of Social Integration and Disintegration on Health Status: Evidence from South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Bi Jo ◽  
Rang Hee Kwon ◽  
Minsoo Jung
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Contextual Effects ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Social Disintegration ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background : Many studies have shown that various social integration variables represented by social capital are beneficial to communities, including collective health. However, the rapid decline in fertility rates and the breakup of familyism in developed countries require a new approach to social disintegration, but the literature is insufficient. Here, we explored the contextual effects of social integration and social disintegration on the health of individuals. Methods : The research data consist of merged datasets of 6909 respondents who were quota-sampled by approximately 30 people from 229 local governments in Korea. The individual-level independent variable is a social integration measure consisting of 26 questions in four areas. The community-level independent variables are five integral and aggregate variables extracted from 81 indicators. The dependent variable is self-rated health status. Potential confounders are gender, age, annual income, educational attainment, district type, and the number of beds in medical institutions per 1,000 people. Results : The results showed that at the individual level, the higher the inclusive attitude of in- and out-of-networks, after adjusting for potential confounders, the less likely the respondent belongs to the unhealthy group (p <0.001). At the community level, the higher the proportion of single-person households in a community after adjusting for potential confounders, the less likely the respondent belongs to the unhealthy group (p <0.05). The effect size was 0.22. Conclusion : Thus far, social integration has been preferred, with the positive aspects of social capital being emphasized. However, this study shows that in some cases, social disintegration can instead positively influence an individual's health. Therefore, further studies of the various conditions of social context effects on health are necessary.

scholarly journals A Framework To Estimate Loss And Damage (L&D) To Floods In a Changing Climate, Using Capital-Based Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devdyuti Bose ◽  
Trupti Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Specific Reference ◽  
Sustainable Livelihood ◽  
Capital Asset ◽  
Loss Assessment ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Loss And Damage ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Post Disaster

Abstract Although there exist many mitigation and adaptation responses for disaster management, with specific reference to floods, still there are some residual impacts which arise from insufficient mitigation and inadequate adaptation, known as loss and damage (L&D). Literature has identified familiar methodologies, namely Damage and Loss Assessment, Post Disaster Needs Assessment, Catastrophe Simulation, Hazus-MH, and econometric models to quantify “loss” and “damage” separately, but, given that the starting point of L&D, being the livelihood vulnerability context of the individuals, there is a need for comprehensive approach to quantify residual “loss and damage” on the livelihood assets. This study has adopted a bottom-up approach, Sustainable Livelihood Framework and revised to provide the quantitative estimates of loss and damage of floods to the five types of capital assets (human, social, physical, financial, natural), at the individual level. A panel regression model can be used to determine the losses inflicted to each capital asset, which can be further used to derive first and second order loss and damage estimates for identifying room(s) for flood recovery interventions. A set of individual specific and community specific characteristics play an important role in determining the influence of floods on each indicator of each type of capital asset. However, this model can find differential impacts of different types of disaster in different regions across different individuals, depending on their exposure.

scholarly journals Social Capital and Mental Health in Rural and Urban China: A Composite Hypothesis Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Lin ◽  
Ruodan Lu ◽  
Liang Guo ◽  
Bing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Civic Participation ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Individual

The objective of this study is to follow the composite theory approach to analyze the effect of social capital on self-rated mental health in rural and urban China. Our nationally representative sample includes 10,968 respondents from 130 county-level communities. Two-level random-coefficient linear regressions, which model individual and community variations in subjective mental health, were estimated by taking the hierarchical structure of the dataset into account. We found that a significant proportion of the total variations in self-rated mental health were explained at the community level. We also found an association between low contextual civic trust and poor self-rated mental health after adjusting for individual social capital and individual socioeconomic-demographic variables. The study also revealed that: (1) in rural areas a positive relationship between civic and political trust and mental health existed both at the individual and the community level, respectively; and (2) in urban areas, only political trust at the individual level contributed to better mental health. In addition, the individual and community level political participation exhibited a positive impact on mental health measures in both rural and urban China. The individual level civic participation was positively associated to the outcome variable. However, the community-level civic participation seemed to negatively impact mental health in urban area. Our findings emphasize the importance of both individual and community-level healthcare interventions in China. Finally, this study also found that human capital covariates remained important predictors of self-rated mental health status even after controlling social capital both at individual and community levels. This study suggested that the composite thesis could provide a more convincing narrative than other theories in explaining the effects of both human and social capital on health.

scholarly journals Association between community-level social capital and frailty onset among older adults: a multilevel longitudinal study from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES)

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2021-217211
Author(s):  
Taiji Noguchi ◽  
Chiyoe Murata ◽  
Takahiro Hayashi ◽  
Ryota Watanabe ◽  
Masashige Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Civic Participation ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Prospective Association ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundLittle is known about the prospective association between community-level social capital and individual-level frailty onset. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the impact of community-level social capital on frailty onset among older adults using 3-year longitudinal data.MethodsThis prospective cohort study recruited non-institutionalised older adults from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study, established in 2013 and robust older adults were followed up for 3 years. We assessed three aspects of community-level social capital (civic participation, social cohesion and reciprocity), and employed a multilevel logistic regression analysis; frailty was evaluated using the Kihon Checklist questionnaire, which has been widely used as a screening tool for frailty in Japan.ResultsIn total, 21 940 older adults (from 384 communities) who were robust at baseline (2013) completed the follow-up survey (2016). Participants’ mean age (SD) was 71.8 (4.9) years, and 51.2% were female. In the follow-up period, frailty onset occurred in 622 participants (2.8%). Regarding community-level social capital variables, civic participation was inversely associated with frailty onset (OR=0.94, 95% CI 0.90 to 0.97, p=0.001), after adjusting for individual-level and community-level covariates. The potential intermediate factors of individual social relationships and health behaviours did not largely change the results. This association was found regardless of individual socioeconomic status.ConclusionsLiving in a community with rich civic participation, such as engagement in social activities, was associated with lower frailty onset among older adults. Community development that fosters social participation is essential for frailty prevention.

Social capital and neighbourhood cooperation: Implications for development of the urban poor in LDCs

Urban Studies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (13) ◽  
pp. 2727-2745
Author(s):  
Toriqul Bashar ◽  
Glen Bramley
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Structural Relationships ◽  
Starting Point

‘Neighbourhood cooperation’ can be viewed as a key element for livelihood improvement, particularly within areas of urban poverty in Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Such cooperation might be useful for mobilising resources and sharing risks of investing in infrastructures/services and maintaining common goods. This article explores the structural relationships between individual level cooperation and overall social capital, in relation to household and neighbourhood characteristics. These relationships are complex as various factors are interlinked, which influence cooperation at both individual and group levels. Literature on social capital has relied mainly on Western countries; from this starting point, this article analyses the relationships among aspects of social capital. Analytical models are based on Durlauf’s approach of measuring ‘social capital’ and Manski’s perspective on social interaction, which are tested on 1800 households’ data across three locations in Bangladesh. The estimates reveal that individual level cooperation can be influenced directly by households’ socio economic circumstances and indirectly through neighbourhood mediation, while questioning some theoretical generalisations about neighbourhood cooperation. The findings contribute to the literature on neighbourhood effects by revealing that: (a) the relationship between one’s socio economic status and one’s social capital is less clear than expected; and (b) extreme poverty and proximity of living in a neighbourhood can promote norms of trust and cooperation.

scholarly journals Social capital and pneumococcal vaccination (PPSV23) in community-dwelling older Japanese: a JAGES multilevel cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. e043723
Author(s):  
Kousuke Iwai-Saito ◽  
Yugo Shobugawa ◽  
Katsunori Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Japanese Older Adults ◽  
Social Capitals

ObjectiveInequalities exist between the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination (PPSV23) rate in each municipality among Japanese older adults. Exploring individual-level and community-level intervenable factors is necessary to improve the vaccination rates. We examined the associations between community-level and individual-level social capital and the PPSV23 vaccination among older Japanese adults using multilevel Poisson regression analyses.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingWe used data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study, conducted between 3 October 2016 and 10 January 2017 in 631 districts, 39 municipalities and 18 prefectures.ParticipantsThe target population comprised persons aged 65 years or older who are physically and cognitively independent (that is, not certified as needing long-term care). Further, 180 021 older adults from 39 Japanese municipalities were enrolled.Primary outcome measureThe primary outcome was the PPSV23 vaccination among the Japanese older adults aged 65 years or older who did not have physical or cognitive disabilities.ResultsAfter adjusting for municipality-, community-, individual-levels effects with multiple imputation, 137 075 individuals who participated in one/more of the civic participation (participation of social groups), social cohesion (social tie), or reciprocity (mutual exchange of social support) were significantly associated with more vaccinations than those without the three social capitals among the 137 075 older adults (13.0% (95% CI 11.0% to 14.9%), 5.0% (95% CI 2.4% to 7.6%) or 33.9% (95% CI23.6% to 44.2%) increase, respectively, p>0.001 for all). The rich (≥+1 SD) community-level civic participation was significantly associated with 3.4% increase [95% CI 0.02% to 6.78%, p<0.05] of the PPSV23 vaccination among the older adults compared to those with the poor or standard one.ConclusionsOlder adults with one/more of the three social capitals at the both levels received more PPSV23 vaccinations than those without those social capitals. Therefore, fostering of those social capitals may improve the inequality of the PPSV23 vaccination rate among older adults in each municipality.

scholarly journals Contextual Effects of Social Integration and Disintegration on Health Status: Evidence from South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minsoo Jung ◽  
Eun-Bi Jo ◽  
Rang Hee Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Contextual Effects ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Social Disintegration ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background: Many studies have shown that various social integration variables represented by social capital are beneficial to communities, including collective health. However, the rapid decline in fertility rates and the breakup of familism in developed countries require a new approach to social disintegration, but the literature is insufficient. We explored the contextual effects of social integration and social disintegration on the health of individuals.Methods: The research data consist of merged datasets of 6909 respondents who were quota-sampled by approximately 30 people from 229 local governments in Korea. The individual-level independent variable is a social integration measure consisting of 26 questions in four areas. The community-level independent variables are five integral and aggregate variables extracted from 81 indicators. The dependent variable is self-rated health status.Results: The results showed that at the individual level, the higher the inclusive attitude of in- and out-of-networks, after adjusting for potential confounders, the less likely the respondent belongs to the unhealthy group (p <0.001). At the community level, the higher the proportion of single-person households in a community after adjusting for potential confounders, the less likely the respondent belongs to the unhealthy group (p <0.05).Conclusion: Thus far, social integration has been preferred, with the positive aspects of social capital being emphasized. However, this study shows that in some cases, social disintegration can instead positively influence an individual's health. Therefore, further studies of the various conditions of social context effects on health are necessary.

Social Support, Emotional Intelligence, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole L. Hofman ◽  
Austin M. Hahn ◽  
Christine K. Tirabassi ◽  
Raluca M. Gaher
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Exposure to traumatic events and the associated risk of developing Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms is a significant and overlooked concern in the college population. It is important for current research to identify potential protective factors associated with the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms unique to this population. Emotional intelligence and perceived social support are two identified protective factors that influence the association between exposure to traumatic events and PTSD symptomology. The current study examined the mediating role of social support in the relationship between emotional intelligence and PTSD symptoms. Participants included 443 trauma-exposed university students who completed online questionnaires. The results of this study indicated that social support mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and reported PTSD symptoms. Thus, emotional intelligence is significantly associated with PTSD symptoms and social support may play an integral role in the relationship between emotional intelligence and PTSD. The current study is the first to investigate the role of social support in the relationship between emotional intelligence and PTSD symptoms. These findings have important treatment and prevention implications with regard to PTSD.

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