scholarly journals When Brands (Don’t) Take My Stance: The Ambiguous Effectiveness of Political Brand Communication

2021 ◽  
pp. 009365022110016
Author(s):  
Marc Jungblut ◽  
Marius Johnen
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Individual Behavior ◽  
Political Interest ◽  
Brand Communication ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Absolute Effect ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Collective Punishment

Brands increasingly take a stance on political issues, whereas consumers increasingly choose to either support a brand by buying their products (“buycotting”), or turn away from a brand (“boycotting”) for political reasons. While buycotts can be understood as a rewarding and cooperative form of mostly individual behavior, boycotts are a conflict-oriented form of collective punishment. Even though research has acknowledged these conceptual differences, studies have failed to analyze the difference in the absolute effect of consumers’ disapproval and approval. Moreover, research to date has not identified boundary conditions that might explain variation in the difference between consumers’ willingness to boycott or buycott. This research investigates this different effectiveness by conducting two experiments with different sets of brands, issues, and countries. Our results suggest that boycotting outweighs buycotting, implying that political brand communication is a risky strategy. Furthermore, we identify consumers’ political interest and category involvement as moderators of this imbalance.

scholarly journals Analysis of Thermodynamic Parameter Variability in a Chamber of a Furnace for Thermo-Chemical Treatment

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2903
Author(s):  
Magda Joachimiak
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Cylinder Length ◽  
Unsteady Heat Conduction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relative Differences

This paper presents results of research on unevenness of cylinder heating in a furnace for thermo-chemical treatment. Experimental research was conducted with respect to nitriding. Various heating speeds and settings of the fan operation in the furnace were considered. Boundary conditions were calculated in the form of temperature and the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) on the cylinder boundary in four planes along the cylinder length. Calculations were performed with the use of the inverse problem for non-linear and unsteady heat conduction equations. Boundary conditions from individual planes were compared with the mean value of them all. The variability of the calculated boundary conditions (temperature and HTC) along the cylinder length was investigated based on values of the absolute and relative differences for temperature and HTC. Estimates: mean value, mean value from the absolute value and the maximum values for the absolute and the relative differences of temperature and HTC were also calculated. Estimates were the measurements of the unevenness of cylinder heating in a furnace for thermo-chemical treatment. Based on the results of our research, it was found that an increase of the fan rotational speed from 50% to 100%, with the same heating speed, resulted in a significant leveling of temperature in the analyzed planes. The difference in temperature along the cylinder length was reduced from 6.8 °C to 3.3 °C. The increase of the heating speed from 5 °C/min to 10 °C/min resulted in an increase of the unevenness of the cylinder heating. Values of the absolute differences of temperature in the analyzed planes with reference to the mean temperature changed from an interval from −2.7 °C to 2.3 °C to a range from −4 °C to 5 °C. In processes with a heating speed greater than 5 °C/min, more intensive heating in the end part of the cylinder (close to the cylinder) was achieved than it was in other planes. It was proven by temperature values, which were higher, even, by 5.4 °C, and by HTC values, higher by 11.4 W/m2K, when compared with mean values. Obtained results can form the basis for nitriding process optimization.

Translocation Relative to Range

Methodology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Höfler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Difference ◽  
Binary Outcomes ◽  
Number Needed To Treat ◽  
Likert Scales ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Variance Parameters ◽  
Standardized Index ◽  
Maximum Possible Magnitude

A standardized index for effect intensity, the translocation relative to range (TRR), is discussed. TRR is defined as the difference between the expectations of an outcome under two conditions (the absolute increment) divided by the maximum possible amount for that difference. TRR measures the shift caused by a factor relative to the maximum possible magnitude of that shift. For binary outcomes, TRR simply equals the risk difference, also known as the inverse number needed to treat. TRR ranges from –1 to 1 but is – unlike a correlation coefficient – a measure for effect intensity, because it does not rely on variance parameters in a certain population as do effect size measures (e.g., correlations, Cohen’s d). However, the use of TRR is restricted on outcomes with fixed and meaningful endpoints given, for instance, for meaningful psychological questionnaires or Likert scales. The use of TRR vs. Cohen’s d is illustrated with three examples from Psychological Science 2006 (issues 5 through 8). It is argued that, whenever TRR applies, it should complement Cohen’s d to avoid the problems related to the latter. In any case, the absolute increment should complement d.

The Issue of Sustainability in Third World Food Production (The Distinguishedl Lecture)

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (4I) ◽  
pp. 511-534
Author(s):  
Winfried Von Urff
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Third World ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
World Food ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference

In spite of the fact that food production in developing countries doubled over the last 25 years undernutrition is still widely spread. At the beginning of the eighties, according to FAO, 335 to 494 million people in developing countries suffered from serious undernutrition the difference being due to different concepts to determine undernutrition on which scientist were unable to find a consensus.) Unfortunately there is no recent comprehensive analysis of the food situation comparable to those of previous World Food Surveys but it can be taken for sure that the absolute number of undernourished has increased. According to unofficial FAO sources a figure of 870 million was estimated for 1990 (22 percent of the total population in developing countries) using the same concept that led to the figure of 494 million in 1979-81 (23 percent of the total population in developing countries) which means that most probably the number of undernourished increased at a rate slightly less than population growth.

scholarly journals Mode Shape-Based Damage Detection Method (MSDI): Experimental Validation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4589
Author(s):  
Ivan Duvnjak ◽  
Domagoj Damjanović ◽  
Marko Bartolac ◽  
Ana Skender
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Damage Detection ◽  
Mode Shape ◽  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Main Principle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Levels

The main principle of vibration-based damage detection in structures is to interpret the changes in dynamic properties of the structure as indicators of damage. In this study, the mode shape damage index (MSDI) method was used to identify discrete damages in plate-like structures. This damage index is based on the difference between modified modal displacements in the undamaged and damaged state of the structure. In order to assess the advantages and limitations of the proposed algorithm, we performed experimental modal analysis on a reinforced concrete (RC) plate under 10 different damage cases. The MSDI values were calculated through considering single and/or multiple damage locations, different levels of damage, and boundary conditions. The experimental results confirmed that the MSDI method can be used to detect the existence of damage, identify single and/or multiple damage locations, and estimate damage severity in the case of single discrete damage.

On Fourier Series in Eigenfunctions of Elliptic Boundary Value Problems

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-410
Author(s):  
M. S. Agranovich ◽  
B. A. Amosov
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Series ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Fourier Coefficients ◽  
Elliptic Boundary ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Adjoint Problem ◽  
Elliptic Boundary Value ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

Abstract We consider a general elliptic formally self-adjoint problem in a bounded domain with homogeneous boundary conditions under the assumption that the boundary and coefficients are infinitely smooth. The operator in 𝐿2(Ω) corresponding to this problem has an orthonormal basis {𝑢𝑙} of eigenfunctions, which are infinitely smooth in . However, the system {𝑢𝑙} is not a basis in Sobolev spaces 𝐻𝑡 (Ω) of high order. We note and discuss the following possibility: for an arbitrarily large 𝑡, for each function 𝑢 ∈ 𝐻𝑡 (Ω) one can explicitly construct a function 𝑢0 ∈ 𝐻𝑡 (Ω) such that the Fourier series of the difference 𝑢 – 𝑢0 in the functions 𝑢𝑙 converges to this difference in 𝐻𝑡 (Ω). Moreover, the function 𝑢(𝑥) is viewed as a solution of the corresponding nonhomogeneous elliptic problem and is not assumed to be known a priori; only the right-hand sides of the elliptic equation and the boundary conditions for 𝑢 are assumed to be given. These data are also sufficient for the computation of the Fourier coefficients of 𝑢 – 𝑢0. The function 𝑢0 is obtained by applying some linear operator to these right-hand sides.

scholarly journals II. On the electro-chemical equivalent of silver, and on the absolute electromotive force of clark cells

1883 ◽  
Vol 36 (228-231) ◽  
pp. 448-450
Keyword(s):  
Electromotive Force ◽  
British Association ◽  
General Character ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference

The investigations upon this subject which have been carried on by Mrs. Sidgwick and myself during the last year and a half, though not yet quite finished, are so far advanced that no doubt remains as to the general character of the results; and as these results have application in the daily work of practical electricians, it is thought desirable to communicate them without further delay. The currents are measured by balancing the attraction and repulsion of coaxal coils against known weights, as described before the British Association in 1882, a method which has fully answered the favourable expectations then expressed. To what was said on that occasion it will be sufficient for the present to add that the readings are taken by reversal of the current in the fixed coils, and the difference of weights thus found (about 1 gram) represents the double force of attraction, free from errors depending upon the connections of the suspended coil, and other sources of disturbance.

scholarly journals On the numerical solution for nonlinear elliptic equations with variable weight coefficients in an integral boundary conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 738-758
Author(s):  
Regimantas Čiupaila ◽  
Kristina Pupalaigė ◽  
Mifodijus Sapagovas
Keyword(s):  
Eigenvalue Problem ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Integral Boundary Conditions ◽  
Nonlinear Elliptic Equations ◽  
Integral Boundary ◽  
Nonlinear Elliptic ◽  
Variable Weight ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Convergence Of Iterative Method

In the paper the two-dimensional elliptic equation with integral boundary conditions is solved by finite difference method. The main aim of the paper is to investigate the conditions for the convergence of the iterative methods for the solution of system of nonlinear difference equations. With this purpose, we investigated the structure of the spectrum of the difference eigenvalue problem. Some sufficient conditions are proposed such that the real parts of all eigenvalues of the corresponding difference eigenvalue problem are positive. The proof of convergence of iterative method is based on the properties of the M-matrices not requiring the symmetry or diagonal dominance of the matrices. The theoretical statements are supported by the results of the numerical experiment.

scholarly journals Intraocular Lens Power Calculation According to the Difference between Anterior and Total Keratometry Using Scheimpflug Imaging

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1181-1188
Author(s):  
Joong Hee Kim ◽  
Kyong Jin Cho ◽  
Ho Seok Chung
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Power Calculation ◽  
Intraocular Lens Power Calculation ◽  
Refractive Power ◽  
Simple Regression Analysis ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lens Power ◽  
Simple Regression

Purpose: We investigated the change in the absolute error according to the difference between anterior and total keratometry, to determine the criterion for the difference in keratometry, and to determine the indication for using total keratometry. Methods: Sagittal and total refractive power were measured with 2-, 3-, and 4-mm Pentacam® rings, and the absolute error of each was calculated in patients who underwent cataract surgery in our hospital. The correlation between the difference value the sagittal minus the total refractive power and each absolute error was analyzed by simple regression analysis. The analysis was performed by dividing the patients into two groups based on 0.6, which is the average of the difference between the sagittal and total refractive power for the 3-mm ring. Results: Sagittal power was larger than total refractive power for all rings and the absolute error obtained by applying the total refractive power was larger than the sagittal power for the 2- and 4-mm rings (p < 0.001). The simple regression analysis revealed that the absolute error using sagittal power was positively correlated with the difference between sagittal power and total refractive power. In the group with less than 0.6, the absolute error using the total refractive power of all rings was larger than the sagittal power (p < 0.001). In the group exceeding 0.6, the absolute error using the total refractive power was less than using the sagittal power for the 3 mm ring (p = 0.028). Conclusions: The greater the difference between sagittal and total refractive power, the greater the absolute error using sagittal power. Accuracy was higher in the group exceeding 0.6 after applying total refractive power measured at the 3 mm ring compared to sagittal power.

Thermodynamic Properties of Simple Systems

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg M. Anderson ◽  
David A. Crerar
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Pure Substance ◽  
Energy Term ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Energy Transfers ◽  
Absolute Energy ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Simple Systems ◽  
Constituent Elements

We have now introduced several thermodynamic parameters that are useful in dealing with energy transfers (U, H, G, etc.). We wish now to see how these quantities are measured and where to find values for them. In later chapters we will see how they are used in detail. However, we have an immediate problem in that we cannot measure the energy parameters U, H, G and A, as discussed in Chapter 4. Because we do not know the absolute values of either the total or molar version of these variables, we are forced to deal only with their changes in processes or reactions of interest to us. But we obviously cannot tabulate these changes for every reaction of potential interest; there are too many. We must tabulate some sort of energy term for each pure substance so that the changes in any reaction between them can be calculated. In the example in §5.7 of water at — 2°C changing to ice at — 2°C, we said that AG was negative. How can we know this without carrying out a research program on the thermodynamic properties of ice and supercooled water? We begin by explaining how this is done. The problem created by not having absolute energy values is handled very conveniently by determining and tabulating, for every pure compound, the difference between the (absolute) G or H of the compound itself and the sum of the (absolute) G or H values of its constituent elements. In other words, AG or AH is determined for the reaction in which the compound is formed from its elements (in their stable states). These differences can be determined experimentally in spite of not knowing the absolute values involved.

Moments of the Flow Variables, Part II : The Effective Conductivity

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoram Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Effective Conductivity ◽  
Effective Property ◽  
Flow Equation ◽  
Laplace’S Equation ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Laplace's Equation ◽  
Head Gradient ◽  
The Difference

Many applications require primary information such as average fluxes as a prelude to more complex calculations. In water balance calculations one may be interested only in the average fluxes. For both cases the concept of effective conductivity is useful. The effective hydraulic conductivity is defined by where the angled brackets denote the expected value operator. The local flux fluctuation is defined by the difference qi(x) — (qi(x)). Its statistical properties as well as those of the velocity will be investigated in chapter 6. To qualify as an effective property in the strict physical sense, Kef must be a function of the aquifer’s material properties and not be influenced by flow conditions such as the head gradient and boundary conditions (Landauer, 1978). Our goal in this chapter is to explore the concept of the effective conductivity Kef and to relate it to the medium’s properties under as general conditions as possible. Additionally, we shall explore the conditions where this concept is irrelevant and applicable, the important issue being that Kef is defined in an ensemble sense, but for applications we need spatial averages. Several methods for deriving Kef will be described below. The general approach for defining Kef includes the following steps. First, H is defined as an SRF and is expressed with the aid of the flow equation in terms of the hydro-geological SRFs (conductivity, mostly) and the boundary conditions. The H SRF is then substituted in Darcy’s law and an expression in the form equivalent to (5.1) is sought. If and only if the coefficient in front of the mean head gradient is not a function of the flow conditions will it qualify as Kef. The derivation of the effective conductivity employs the flow equation. In steady-state incompressible flow, for example, Laplace’s equation is employed. Solutions derived under Laplace’s equation are applicable, under appropriate conditions, for other physical phenomena governed by the same mathematical model. For example, the electrical field in steady state is also described by Laplace’s equation.

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