scholarly journals Mass Inoculation and Rural Rhythms: Local Agents, Population Data, and Restructured Social Systems during the Cholera Pandemic in China, 1962–1965

Modern China ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 009770042093537
Author(s):  
Xiaoping Fang
Keyword(s):  
Social Systems ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Social Production ◽  
Social Restructuring ◽  
Reciprocal Process ◽  
Mass Inoculation

This article examines the dynamics between the mass inoculation campaigns and China’s restructured rural social system during the 1962–1965 cholera pandemic, with a focus on the role of local agents and population data during the integration of the medical and administrative systems. The inoculation campaigns not only harnessed local agents and household and accounting information provided by the broader social restructuring initiatives but also directly contributed to these by compiling inoculation registers and certificates. These campaigns included the administrative and medical systems and combined social, production, and epidemiological data in a reciprocal process. The mass inoculations therefore functionalized social control; facilitated the formation and top-down imposition of a new, broad-reaching social structure; and contributed to the formation of a sedentary society. In this sense, these inoculation campaigns were a significant social and political exercise rather than just a pathological, medical, and health incident.

Role of Man in Production and Social Systems Based on Digital Technologies

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
V. K. Potemkin
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
Consistent Approach ◽  
Social Improvement

The article presents the results of a theoretical study of the influence processes of the developed digital technologies and the activities of enterprises and organizations on the changing role of man in labor and their social improvement. The necessity of a balanced and consistent approach to create conditions for the use of digital technologies in practical activities and determining the con- sequences not only in enterprises and organizations, but also in the conscious behavior and social realities of all workers, without exception, is substantiated. The main directions of the development of digital technologies are determined, involving the wide participation of workers in their use in enterprises and organizations.

Selecting Railway Investments in 1890s America

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-93
Author(s):  
Joel E. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Investment Strategies ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Accounting Data ◽  
Rational Decisions

ABSTRACT The purpose of financial reporting is to provide information to investors and creditors to help them make rational decisions (Financial Accounting Standards Board [FASB] 2010). Tracing the development of investors' methods should help with understanding the role of financial accounting. This study examines investment practices involving railways in 1890s America. As such, it furthers our knowledge about the development of investment methods and their necessary information. Moreover, it shows that as investment methods grew in sophistication, there was an enhanced demand for greater comparability in accounting data to make meaningful analyses. Competing investment strategies, largely devoid of accounting information, are also discussed.

scholarly journals Extended parenting and the evolution of cognition

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1803) ◽  
pp. 20190495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Uomini ◽  
Joanna Fairlie ◽  
Russell D. Gray ◽  
Michael Griesser
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Cultural Learning

Traditional attempts to understand the evolution of human cognition compare humans with other primates. This research showed that relative brain size covaries with cognitive skills, while adaptations that buffer the developmental and energetic costs of large brains (e.g. allomaternal care), and ecological or social benefits of cognitive abilities, are critical for their evolution. To understand the drivers of cognitive adaptations, it is profitable to consider distant lineages with convergently evolved cognitions. Here, we examine the facilitators of cognitive evolution in corvid birds, where some species display cultural learning, with an emphasis on family life. We propose that extended parenting (protracted parent–offspring association) is pivotal in the evolution of cognition: it combines critical life-history, social and ecological conditions allowing for the development and maintenance of cognitive skillsets that confer fitness benefits to individuals. This novel hypothesis complements the extended childhood idea by considering the parents' role in juvenile development. Using phylogenetic comparative analyses, we show that corvids have larger body sizes, longer development times, extended parenting and larger relative brain sizes than other passerines. Case studies from two corvid species with different ecologies and social systems highlight the critical role of life-history features on juveniles’ cognitive development: extended parenting provides a safe haven, access to tolerant role models, reliable learning opportunities and food, resulting in higher survival. The benefits of extended juvenile learning periods, over evolutionary time, lead to selection for expanded cognitive skillsets. Similarly, in our ancestors, cooperative breeding and increased group sizes facilitated learning and teaching. Our analyses highlight the critical role of life-history, ecological and social factors that underlie both extended parenting and expanded cognitive skillsets. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Life history and learning: how childhood, caregiving and old age shape cognition and culture in humans and other animals’.

scholarly journals Examining the Role of Acculturation in E-Cigarette Use among U.S. Immigrant Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3658
Author(s):  
Sunday Azagba ◽  
Lingpeng Shan
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Length Of Residence ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
The U.S

Evidence suggests that as immigrants’ length of residence in the host country increases, they may integrate their behavior and norms to align with the new community’s cultural norms. The current study examined e-cigarette use among immigrants in the U.S., and whether the length of residence in the U.S. is associated with e-cigarette use among immigrants compared to the native-born population. Data were drawn from the 2014/15 and 2018/19 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare differences in e-cigarette use between native-born populations and immigrants, when immigrants’ length of residence in the U.S. was considered. Among immigrants, the prevalence of ever and current e-cigarette use increased significantly from 2.5% and 0.5% in 2014/2015 to 3.2% and 0.8% in 2018/2019, respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that immigrants had significantly lower odds of ever e-cigarette use compared to the mainland-born citizen (0–5 years in the U.S., adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 0.57, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.46–0.69; 6–10 years, aOR 0.51, 95% CI 0.41–0.63; 11–20 years, aOR 0.45, 95% CI 0.39–0.53; 20+years, aOR 0.68, 95% CI 0.62–0.76). Similar results were found for current e-cigarette use, with immigrants being less likely to be current users. Findings that e-cigarette use among all immigrants—regardless of years living in the U.S.—was consistently lower than among the native-born population run contrary to the notion that as length of stay increases, health behaviors between immigrants and native populations of the host country become similar.

Future Costs of Long-term Care in Japan and Sweden

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mårten Lagergren ◽  
Noriko Kurube ◽  
Yasuhiko Saito
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Term Care ◽  
And Gender

Population aging is expected to increase long-term care (LTC) costs in both Japan and Sweden. This study projected LTC costs for 2010 through 2040 for different assumptions of population change, LTC need by age group and gender, and LTC provided per level of need and cost in Japan and Sweden. Population data were taken from the official national forecasts. Needs projections were based on epidemiological data from the Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging and the Swedish Survey of Living Conditions. Data on LTC provision by need and cost were taken from nine Japanese municipalities collected by assessments in the LTC insurance system and from surveys in eight Swedish municipalities. Total initial costs were calibrated to official national figures. Two projections based on two different scenarios were made for each country from 2010 to 2040. The first scenario assumed a constant level of need for LTC by age group and gender, and the other assumed a continuation of the present LTC need trends until 2025. For Japan, this resulted in a projected cost increase of 93% for the one and 80% for the other; for Sweden it was 52% and 24%, respectively. The results reflected differences in population aging and health development.

scholarly journals Prenatal Androgen Effects as a Proximate Mechanism Underpinning Variation in Social Behavior Among Female Nonhuman Primates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Howlett ◽  
Brandon C. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Female Dominance ◽  
Small Female ◽  
Proximate Mechanism ◽  
Cooperative Behaviors ◽  
Androgen Effects ◽  
Prenatal Androgen

AbstractWhile the role of ecological factors in shaping primate social systems has been a central focus for decades, less attention has been given to phylogenetic relationships and the potential role of underlying proximate mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between one such proximate mechanism, prenatal androgen effects (PAEs), and aspects of social behavior in female nonhuman primates using the 2D:4D ratio as a proxy for PAEs and phylogenetically controlled methods. In general, female 2D:4D ratios were highest in monogamous species (low inferred PAEs) and lowest in polygynandrous and polygynous species (high inferred PAEs). 2D:4D ratios also varied with the form of polygyny/polygynandry, potentially with regard to the need for competitive over cooperative behaviors and the intensity of female reproductive competition. Species characterized by female dominance had lower 2D:4D ratios than species characterized by male dominance or codominance. There were no significant relationships between 2D:4D ratio and either degree of frugivory or group size. Relationships between 2D:4D ratios and the directional consistency index and 2D:4D ratios and rates of female–female agonism were also nonsignificant although sample sizes for both of these variables were small. Female social relationships are a manifestation of complex competitive and cooperative behaviors and the results suggest that PAEs may act as a proximate mechanism underlying the expression of certain aspects of behavior in female primates in ways that are adaptive to their social system.

scholarly journals The correlation between socioeconomic factors and COVID-19 among immigrants in Norway: a register-based study

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482110158
Author(s):  
Marte Kjøllesdal ◽  
Katrine Skyrud ◽  
Abdi Gele ◽  
Trude Arnesen ◽  
Hilde Kløvstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Crowded Housing

Aim: Immigrants in Norway have higher COVID-19 notification and hospitalisation rates than Norwegian-born individuals. The knowledge about the role of socioeconomic factors to explain these differences is limited. We investigate the relationship between socioeconomic indicators at group level and epidemiological data for all notified cases of COVID-19 and related hospitalisations among the 23 largest immigrant groups in Norway. Methods: We used data on all notified COVID-19 cases in Norway up to 15 November 2020, and associated hospitalisations, from the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases and the emergency preparedness register at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. We report notified COVID-19 cases and associated hospitalisation rates per 100,000 and their correlation to income, education, unemployment, crowded housing and years of residency at the group level. Results: Crowded housing and low income at a group level were correlated with rates of both notified cases of COVID-19 (Pearson`s correlation coefficient 0.77 and 0.52) and related hospitalisations (0.72, 0.50). In addition, low educational level and unemployment were correlated with a high number of notified cases. Conclusions: Immigrant groups living in disadvantaged socioeconomic positions are important to target with preventive measures for COVID-19. This must include targeted interventions for low-income families living in overcrowded households.

Generative pedagogies from and for the social production of habitat: Learning from HIC-AL School of grassroots urbanism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Wesely ◽  
Adriana Allen ◽  
Lorena Zárate ◽  
María Silvia Emanuelli
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Popular Education ◽  
Global South ◽  
Generative Learning ◽  
Social Production ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Depth Interviews

Re-thinking dominant epistemological assumptions of the urban in the global South implies recognising the role of grassroots networks in challenging epistemic injustices through the co-production of multiple saberes and haceres for more just and inclusive cities. This paper examines the pedagogies of such networks by focusing on the experiences nurtured within Habitat International Coalition in Latin America (HIC-AL), identified as a ‘School of Grassroots Urbanism’ (Escuela de Urbanismo Popular). Although HIC-AL follows foremost activist rather than educational objectives, members of HIC-AL identify and value their practices as a ‘School’, whose diverse pedagogic logics and epistemological arguments are examined in this paper. The analysis builds upon a series of in-depth interviews, document reviews and participant observation with HIC-AL member organisations and allied grassroots networks. The discussion explores how the values and principles emanating from a long history of popular education and popular urbanism in the region are articulated through situated pedagogies of resistance and transformation, which in turn enable generative learning from and for the social production of habitat.

The Role of Social Logistics for the National, Economic and Social Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (39) ◽  
pp. 54-69
Author(s):  
Vanya Banabakova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social Security ◽  
National Security ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
System Approach ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
National Economic

Logistics continuously expands its application areas. In modern conditions, there is a need to apply logistics in areas not related to its traditional applications such as military and business spheres, resulting in the identification of a third area with the name social logistics. Social logistics aims to introduce a social (human) factor into the systems and to apply logistic principles and methods in solving the problems of society. Social logistics can be defined as a set of actions that ensure the effective functioning of social systems (such as a set of social phenomena, processes and subjects), applying the principles of logistics. For the purposes of this paper, a number of scientific approaches and methods have been applied, such as system approach, comparative analysis, critical analysis, synthesis and others. Social logistics plays an important role in national security, including economic and social security. The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of social logistics in enhancing national security, including economic and social security.

An IFRS 1 Application Role in the Relevant of Accounting Information from the Users of Financial Statements Prospective: An Applied and Analytical Study at Asia Cell Communications Company

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahlaa Kamel Abdulhassan ◽  
Salama Ibrahim Ali
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Adoption Process ◽  
Future Expectations ◽  
Suitable Concept

The research aims to study the requirements of a IFRS (1) standard and the statement of a suitable concept and its importance for users of financial statements and the role of applying of IFRS (1) standard also aims to test the ability of applying the standard requirements in companies listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange, and the relevant of the accounting information for the users of those companies in light of applying those standards. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was that of the standard, the application of the IFRS (1) standard requirements, describe the transformation process to IFRSs as a transformational stage, as the stage involves adopting the economic unit of standards  on a set of procedures, methods and accounting treatments that unit should perform for the purpose of preparing financial statements in accordance with international standards and optional and compulsory exceptions that it facilitates the adoption process, in addition, the reports and financial statements aim to provide useful and appropriate accounting information that meets the needs of its users, as the property of predictive value in accounting information improve the ability of companies to predict the results of future expectations, the property of value assurance in accounting information provides the ability to change or correct current or future expectations, and it reduces the degree of uncertainty when it has feedback.

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