Treatment Integrity Failures during Timeout from Play

Timeout is an effective behavior-reduction strategy with considerable generality. However, little is known about how timeout is implemented under natural conditions, or how errors in implementation impact effectiveness. During Experiment 1, we observed teachers implementing timeout during play to evaluate how frequently the teachers implemented timeout following target behavior (omission errors) and other behaviors (commission errors) for four children. Teachers rarely implemented timeout; thus, omission errors were frequent, but commission errors rarely occurred. During Experiment 2, we used a reversal design to compare timeout implemented with 0% omission integrity, 100% integrity, and the level of omission integrity observed to occur during Experiment 1 for two of the participants. Timeout implemented with reduced-integrity decreased problem behavior relative to baseline, suggesting that infrequent teacher implementation of timeout may have been sufficient to reduce problem behavior.

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Using Owner Return as a Reinforcer to Operantly Treat Separation-Related Problem Behavior in Dogs

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10071110 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1110 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Erica N. Feuerbacher ◽

Kristy L. Muir

Keyword(s):

Problem Behavior ◽

Putting Children’s Memory and Suggestibility in their Place

10.1093/oso/9780190612016.003.0007 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Deborah Goldfarb ◽

Gail S. Goodman ◽

Rakel P. Larson ◽

Alejandra Gonzalez ◽

Mitchell L. Eisen

Keyword(s):

Sexual Abuse ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Child Sexual Abuse ◽

Legal System ◽

Commission Errors ◽

Memory Accuracy ◽

Eyewitness Reports ◽

Children's Memory ◽

The Many ◽

Omission Errors

Children bring their own unique abilities, backgrounds, and circumstances into legal settings. Thus, discussions of children’s memory and suggestibility require a nuanced approach to the many factors that can affect their eyewitness reports. The authors contend that children’s memory accuracy and inaccuracy in forensic contexts are affected by individual differences, the nature of the event, and the context in which the memory is elicited. In this chapter, the proposed framework is applied to extant research on children’s memory and suggestibility, focusing on children with histories of maltreatment. In doing so, the chapter considers suggestibility in relation to commission errors and omission errors, the latter concerning suggestibility to say that an event (such as child sexual abuse) did not occur when the crime actually did take place. It concludes that, just as a legal system cannot stand when the innocent are jailed, justice fails when victims feel they cannot come forward.

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Satellite Remote Sensing of Wheat Infected by Wheat streak mosaic virus

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-10-0256 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 4-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

M. Mirik ◽

D. C. Jones ◽

J. A. Price ◽

F. Workneh ◽

R. J. Ansley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Ground Truth ◽

The United States ◽

Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus ◽

United States Department ◽

Department Of Agriculture ◽

Commission Errors ◽

Tm Image ◽

Omission Errors

The prevalence of wheat streak mosaic, caused by Wheat streak mosaic virus, was assessed using Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images in two counties of the Texas Panhandle during the 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 crop years. In both crop years, wheat streak mosaic was widely distributed in the counties studied. Healthy and diseased wheat were separated on the images using the maximum likelihood classifier. The overall classification accuracies were between 89.47 and 99.07% for disease detection when compared to “ground truth” field observations. Omission errors (i.e., pixels incorrectly excluded from a particular class and assigned to other classes) varied between 0 and 12.50%. Commission errors (i.e., pixels incorrectly assigned to a particular class that actually belong to other classes) ranged from 0 to 23.81%. There were substantial differences between planted wheat acreage reported by the United States Department of Agriculture-National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA-NASS) and that detected by image analyses. However, harvested wheat acreage reported by USDA-NASS and that detected by image classifications were closely matched. These results indicate that the TM image can be used to accurately detect and quantify incidence of wheat streak mosaic over large areas. This method appears to be one of the best currently available for identification and mapping disease incidence over large and remote areas by offering a repeatable, inexpensive, and synoptic strategy during the course of a growing season.

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Automation Bias, Accountability, and Verification Behaviors

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193129604000413 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 204-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Kathleen L. Mosier ◽

Linda J. Skitka ◽

Mark D. Burdick ◽

Susan T. Heers

Keyword(s):

Information Seeking ◽

Cognitive Biases ◽

Decision Aids ◽

Psychological Research ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Social Psychological ◽

Commission Errors ◽

Social Psychological Research ◽

Glass Cockpit ◽

Omission Errors

Automated procedural and decision aids may in some cases have the paradoxical effect of increasing errors rather than eliminating them. Results of recent research investigating the use of automated systems have indicated the presence automation bias, a term describing errors made when decision makers rely on automated cues as a heuristic replacement for vigilant information seeking and processing (Mosier & Skitka, in press). Automation commission errors, i.e., errors made when decision makers take inappropriate action because they over-attend to automated information or directives, and automation omission errors, i.e., errors made when decision makers do not take appropriate action because they are not informed of an imminent problem or situation by automated aids, can result from this tendency. A wide body of social psychological research has found that many cognitive biases and resultant errors can be ameliorated by imposing pre-decisional accountability, which sensitizes decision makers to the need to construct compelling justifications for their choices and how they make them. To what extent these effects generalize to performance situations has yet to be empirically established. The two studies presented represent concurrent efforts, with student and “glass cockpit” pilot samples, to determine the effects of accountability pressures on automation bias and on verification of the accurate functioning of automated aids. Students (Experiment 1) and commercial pilots (Experiment 2) performed simulated flight tasks using automated aids. In both studies, participants who perceived themselves “accountable” for their strategies of interaction with the automation were significantly more likely to verify its correct functioning, and committed significantly fewer automation-related errors than those who did not report this perception.

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A-13 Sustained Attention, Impulsivity, and Tangentiality of Speech Among Young Adults and Older Adults

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acz034.13 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 872-872

Author(s):

J Helphrey ◽

L Smith ◽

D Rodriguez ◽

D Rose III ◽

J Sawyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Young Adults ◽

Sustained Attention ◽

Performance Test ◽

Continuous Performance Test ◽

Procedural Memory ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Continuous Performance ◽

Commission Errors ◽

Omission Errors

Abstract Objective Previous research has linked off-topic verbosity (OTV) among older adults with lower performance on neuropsychological tests tapping attention and executive functioning. However, most of this research has utilized relatively brief neurocognitive measures. Continuous performance tests (CPTs) measure sustained attention and impulsivity. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between sustained attention, impulsivity, and tangentiality of speech among young adults and older adults. Method Young adult college students (age 18-29; n= 61) and healthy, community-dwelling older adults (age 60-99; n = 81) were administered the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test – 3 and provided a sample of speech (one episodic memory and one procedural memory). These speech samples were transcribed and rated for tangentiality by three independent reviewers. Results Among all participants, greater tangentiality of speech was associated with omission errors (r = .22, p = .01) but not with commission errors. This same pattern was found among older adults: omission errors (r = .23, p = .04) were associated with greater tangentiality but commission errors were not. Among young adults, these relationships were not statistically significant. Conclusions Results suggest that tangentiality of speech is associated with inattentiveness but not impulsivity, and this relationship may be more marked among older adults than young adults. OTV among older adults may stem from difficulty sustaining attention over time rather than diminished capacity for inhibiting impulses.

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Burned-Area Detection in Amazonian Environments Using Standardized Time Series Per Pixel in MODIS Data

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs10121904 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1904 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Níckolas Santana ◽

Osmar de Carvalho Júnior ◽

Roberto Gomes ◽

Renato Guimarães

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Seasonal Difference ◽

Thematic Mapper ◽

Burned Area ◽

Amazon Forest ◽

Spectral Indices ◽

Area Index ◽

Commission Errors ◽

Normalized Burn Ratio ◽

Omission Errors

Fires associated with the expansion of cattle ranching and agriculture have become a problem in the Amazon biome, causing severe environmental damages. Remote sensing techniques have been widely used in fire monitoring on the extensive Amazon forest, but accurate automated fire detection needs improvements. The popular Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MCD64 product still has high omission errors in the region. This research aimed to evaluate MODIS time series spectral indices for mapping burned areas in the municipality of Novo Progresso (State of Pará) and to determine their accuracy in the different types of land use/land cover during the period 2000–2014. The burned area mapping from 8-day composite products, compared the following data: near-infrared (NIR) band; spectral indices (Burnt Area Index (BAIM), Global Environmental Monitoring Index (GEMI), Mid Infrared Burn Index (MIRBI), Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR), variation of Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR2), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)); and the seasonal difference of spectral indices. Moreover, we compared the time series normalization methods per pixel (zero-mean normalization and Z-score) and the seasonal difference between consecutive years. Threshold-value determination for the fire occurrences was obtained from the comparison of MODIS series with visual image classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and Operational Land Imager (OLI) data using the overall accuracy. The best result considered the following factors: NIR band and zero-mean normalization, obtaining the overall accuracy of 98.99%, commission errors of 32.41%, and omission errors of 31.64%. The proposed method presented better results in burned area detection in the natural fields (Campinarana) with an overall accuracy value of 99.25%, commission errors of 9.71%, and omission errors of 27.60%, as well as pasture, with overall accuracy value of 99.19%, commission errors of 27.60%, and omission errors of 34.76%. Forest areas had a lower accuracy, with an overall accuracy of 98.62%, commission errors of 23.40%, and omission errors of 49.62%. The best performance of the burned area detection in the pastures is relevant because the deforested areas are responsible for more than 70% of fire events. The results of the proposed method were better than the burned area products (MCD45, MCD64, and FIRE-CCI), but still presented limitations in the identification of burn events in the savanna formations and secondary vegetation.

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Development and validation of a new MODIS snow-cover-extent product over China

10.5194/hess-2021-556 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaohua Hao ◽

Guanghui Huang ◽

Zhaojun Zheng ◽

Xingliang Sun ◽

Wenzheng Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Snow Cover ◽

China Meteorological Administration ◽

Commission Errors ◽

Clear Sky ◽

Percentage Points ◽

Snow Cover Extent ◽

Terra Modis ◽

Development And Validation ◽

Academy Of Sciences ◽

Omission Errors

Abstract. Based on the MOD09GA/MYD09GA 500-m surface reflectance, a new MODIS snow-cover-extent (SCE) product over China has been produced by the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources (NIEER), Chinese Academy of Sciences. The NIEER MODIS SCE product contains two preliminary clear-sky SCE datasets — Terra-MODIS and Aqua-MODIS SCE datasets, and a final daily cloud-gap-filled (CGF) SCE dataset. The formers are generated mainly through optimizing snow-cover discriminating rules over different land-cover types, and the latter is produced after a series of gap-filling processes such as aggregating the two preliminary datasets, reducing cloud gaps with adjacent information in space and time, and eliminating all gaps with auxiliary data. Validation against 362 China Meteorological Administration (CMA) stations shows during snow seasons the overall accuracies (OA) of the three datasets are all larger than 93 %, the omission errors (OE) are all constrained within 9 %, and the commission errors (CE) are all constrained within 10 %. Biases ranging from the lowest 0.98 to the medium 1.02, to the largest 1.03 demonstrate on a whole the SCEs given by the new product are neither overestimated nor underestimated significantly. Based on the same ground reference data, we found the new product’s accuracies are clearly higher than those of standard MODIS snow products, especially for Aqua-MODIS and CGF SCE. For examples, compared with the CE of 23.78 % that the standard MYD10A1 product shows, the CE of the new Aqua-MODIS SCE dataset is 6.78 %; the OA of the new CGF SCE dataset is up to 93.15 %, versus 89.54 % of the standard MOD10A1F product and 84.36 % of the standard MYD10A1F product. Besides, as expected snow discrimination in forest areas is also improved significantly. An isolated validation at four forest CMA stations demonstrates the OA has increased by 3–10 percentage points, the OE has dropped by 1–8 percentage points, and the CE has dropped by 4–21 percentage points. Therefore, our product has virtually provided more reliable snow knowledge over China, and thereby can better serve for hydrological, climatic, environmental, and other related studies there.

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Automation Bias and Errors: Are Teams Better than Individuals?

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193129804200304 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 201-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kathleen L. Mosier ◽

Melisa Dunbar ◽

Lori McDonnell ◽

Linda J. Skitka ◽

Mark Burdick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Information Seeking ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Pilot Performance ◽

Fire Event ◽

Commission Errors ◽

Explicit Training ◽

Available Information ◽

Decision Environments ◽

Omission Errors ◽

Better Than

A series of recent studies has identified two classes of errors that commonly emerge in highly automated decision environments: (1) omission errors, defined as failures to respond to system irregularities or events because automated devices fail to detect or indicate them; and (2) commission errors, which occur when people incorrectly follow an automated directive or recommendation, without verifying it against other available information, or in spite of contra-indications from other sources of information. These errors are hypothesized to be the result of “automation bias,” the use of automation as a heuristic replacement for vigilant information seeking and processing. Two concurrent studies, using students and professional pilots as participants, demonstrated the persistence of automation bias in crews compared with solo performers, despite display enhancements and explicit training to verify automated functioning. Training that focused on automation bias and associated errors successfully reduced omission errors in students. Pilot performance during the experimental legs was most highly predicted by performance on the control leg and by event importance. The previously found “phantom memory” phenomenon associated with a false engine fire event persisted in crews.

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Left Hemisphere's Inability to Sustain Attention over Extended Time Periods in Schizophrenics

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.142.5.477 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 142 (5) ◽

pp. 477-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Shin-ichi Niwa ◽

Ken-ichi Hiramatsu ◽

Tomomichi Kameyama ◽

Osamu Saitoh ◽

Kenji Itoh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Left Hemisphere ◽

Extended Time ◽

Commission Errors ◽

Response Set ◽

Integration Mechanisms ◽

Time Periods ◽

Omission Errors

SummaryEach hemisphere's ability to sustain attention over extended time periods was investigated in 14 schizophrenics and 17 controls using dichotic detection tasks. Schizophrenics produced significantly higher rates of omission errors, as compared to that of commission errors. The rates of omission errors for schizophrenics fluctuated markedly, while the rates of commission errors remained fairly constant. Primarily due to the fluctuation of omission errors, the detection index decreased progressively when schizophrenics were engaged in right-ear tasks. These results suggest that schizophrenics demonstrate a deficit concerning ‘response set’, especially in the left hemisphere. It is feasible that there may be a correlation with disturbances in integration mechanisms of both hemispheres in schizophrenics.

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Everyday Action Impairment in Parkinson's Disease Dementia

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s135561771200046x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 787-798 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Tania Giovannetti ◽

Priscilla Britnell ◽

Laura Brennan ◽

Andrew Siderowf ◽

Murray Grossman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Executive Control ◽

Functional Independence ◽

Parkinson’S Disease Dementia ◽

Everyday Functioning ◽

Error Type ◽

Commission Errors ◽

Everyday Action ◽

Omission Errors

AbstractThis study examined everyday action impairment in participants with Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) by comparison with participants with Parkinson's disease-no dementia (PD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in reference to a neuropsychological model. Participants with PDD (n = 20), PD (n = 20), or AD (n = 20) were administered performance-based measures of everyday functioning that allowed for the quantification of overall performance and error types. Also, caregiver ratings of functional independence were obtained. On performance-based tests, the PDD group exhibited greater functional impairment than the PD group but comparable overall impairment relative to the AD group. Error patterns did not differ between PDD and PD participants but the PDD group demonstrated a higher proportion of commission errors and lower proportion of omission errors relative to the AD group. Hierarchical regression analyses showed omission errors were significantly predicted by neuropsychological measures of episodic memory, whereas commission errors were predicted by both measures of general dementia severity (MMSE) and executive control. Everyday action impairment in PDD differs quantitatively from PD but qualitatively from AD and may be characterized by a relatively high proportion of commission errors—an error type associated with executive control deficits. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–12)

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