Societal Conditions and the Gender Difference in Well-Being

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miron Zuckerman ◽  
Chen Li ◽  
Edward F. Diener
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Quadratic Relation ◽  
Women And Gender ◽  
And Gender

Findings from a meta-analysis on gender differences in self-esteem (Zuckerman et al., 2016) suggest that the relation between the degree to which societal conditions are favorable to women and gender difference in self-esteem might be quadratic; when conditions improve, women’s self-esteem (relative to that of men) trends downward but when conditions continue to improve, women’s self-esteem begins to trend upward. Testing whether these relations generalize to subjective well-being, the present study found a quadratic relation between improving societal conditions and the gender difference in life satisfaction and positive affect (women are lower than men when societal conditions are moderately favorable compared to when they are at their worst and at their best); the relation was linear for negative emotion (women report more negative emotions than men when societal conditions are better). Directions for future research that will address potential explanations for these results are proposed.

scholarly journals Happy to Help? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of performing acts of kindness on the well-being of the actor

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Scott Curry ◽  
Lee Rowland ◽  
Caspar J. Van Lissa ◽  
Sally Zlotowitz ◽  
John McAlaney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Multiple Control ◽  
Total N ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Behavioural Sciences

Do acts of kindness improve the well-being of the actor? Recent advances in the behavioural sciences have provided a number of explanations of human social, cooperative and altruistic behaviour. These theories predict that people will be ‘happy to help’ family, friends, community members, spouses, and even strangers under some conditions. Here we conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the experimental evidence that kindness interventions (for example, performing ‘random acts of kindness’) boost subjective well-being. Our initial search of the literature identified 489 articles; of which 24 (27 studies) met the inclusion criteria (total N=4,045). These 27 studies, some of which included multiple control conditions and dependent measures, yielded 52 effect sizes. Multi-level modelling revealed that the overall effect of kindness on the well-being of the actor is small-to-medium (δ = 0.28). The effect was not moderated by sex, age, type of participant, intervention, control condition or outcome measure. There was no indication of publication bias. We discuss the limitations of the current literature, and recommend that future research test more specific theories of kindness: taking kindness-specific individual differences into account; distinguishing between the effects of kindness to specific categories of people; and considering a wider range of proximal and distal outcomes. Such research will advance our understanding of the causes and consequences of kindness, and help practitioners to maximise the effectiveness of kindness interventions to improve well-being.

LOVE TYPES AND SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungsik Kim ◽  
Elaine Hatfield
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Satisfaction With Life Scale ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Passionate Love ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Life Scale ◽  
And Gender

This cross-cultural research explored the relationship between Hatfield & Rapson's (1993) love types and subjective well-being. College students from an individualistic culture (USA) and a collectivist culture (Korea) completed the Passionate Love Scale (PLS; Hatfield & Rapson), the Companionate Love Scale (CLS; Sternberg, 1986), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Pivot & Diener, 1993), and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS; Watson, Clarke, & Tellegen, 1988). It was found that two love types are related to subjective well-being in a different way: life satisfaction was more strongly predicted by companionate love than by passionate love, whereas positive and negative emotions were more accounted for by passionate love than by companionate love. No culture and gender difference was found in this overall relationship, but gender difference was found in the extent of the association between companionate love and satisfaction with life, and between passionate love and emotional experiences, respectively.

scholarly journals The Turkish Adaptation of the Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being: A Validity and Reliability Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (17) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Individual

Eudaimonic well-being is described as the individual endeavor to discover and develop one’s best potentials and abilities, to determine suitable objectives for these potentials and being internally motivated to reach these objectives. It is thus differentiated from the concepts of subjective well-being and psychological well-being. In the current study, it was aimed to adapt the Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being (QEWB) to the Turkish language and determine the psychometric properties of this self-report measurement. The sample of this study consisted of 424 university students with a mean age of 21.12 (SD=1.47; 77.1% female, 22.9% male). Exploratory factor analysis results showed a three-factor structure. The results of correlation analysis supported that the QEWB-TR had convergent (positive correlations with psychological well-being, subjective well-being, life satisfaction, positive emotion, and global self-esteem measurements) and discriminant validity (negative correlations with negative emotion, contingent self-esteem, external locus of control, depression, anxiety, and stress measurements). The reliability analyses revealed that this measurement had good internal consistency (.84) and the split-half reliability (.75) coefficients. In conclusion, the findings of the current study revealed that the QEWB-TR was a reliable and valid scale to assess eudaimonic well-being of individuals in Turkey. Keywords The Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being, scale adaptation, validity, reliability

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Subjective Age and the Association With Cognition, Subjective Well-Being, and Depression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicia Alonso Debreczeni ◽  
Phoebe E Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Subjective Age ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Objectives A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to quantify the degree to which subjective age is associated with cognition, subjective well-being, and depression. Method A systematic search was performed in three electronic social scientific databases, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science in May 2018. A manual forward and backward citation search of articles meeting the criteria for inclusion, including a mean participant age of 40+ years, was conducted in November 2019. Twenty-four independent data sets were included in the meta-analysis. Results Overall, a younger subjective age was related to enhanced subjective well-being and cognitive performance, and reduced depressive symptoms (r = .18). This association was stronger among collectivist (r = .24) than individualist (r = .16) cultures. Mean chronological age across samples (ranging from 55 to 83 years), type of subjective age scoring, and gender did not influence the strength of the overall association. Further analysis revealed that subjective age was individually associated with depressive symptoms (r = .20), subjective well-being (r = .17), and cognition (r = .14), and none had a stronger association with subjective age than the other. Discussion The results indicate a small yet significant association between subjective age and important developmental outcomes.

Comparing the Well-Being of Para and Olympic Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Macdougall ◽  
Paul O’Halloran ◽  
Nora Shields ◽  
Emma Sherry
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Rigorous Study ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Olympic Sport

This systematic review included 12 studies that compared the well-being of Para and Olympic sport athletes. Meta-analyses revealed that Para athletes, compared with Olympic sport athletes, had lower levels of self-acceptance, indicated by athletic identity, d = -0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) [-0.77, -0.16], and body-image perceptions, d = -0.33, 95% CI [-0.59, -0.07], and differed from Olympic sport athletes in terms of their motivation, indicated by a greater mastery-oriented climate, d = 0.74, 95% CI [0.46, 1.03]. Given an inability to pool the remaining data for meta-analysis, individual standardized mean differences were calculated for other dimensions of psychological and subjective well-being. The results have implications for professionals and coaches aiming to facilitate the well-being needs of athletes under their care. Future research would benefit from incorporating established models of well-being based on theoretical rationale combined with rigorous study designs.

Fictitious online victimization: Exploration and creation of a measurement instrument

2020 ◽  
pp. 146144482096007
Author(s):  
Sara Erreygers ◽  
Michelle Symons ◽  
Heidi Vandebosch ◽  
Sara Pabian
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Online Victimization ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Positive Correlations

Reports of a handful of tragic cyberbullying cases, where assumed victims have committed suicide, have revealed that purported cyberbullying attacks are sometimes actually created by the victim himself or herself (using a fake name or posting anonymously). This phenomenon has been named self-cyberbullying, fictitious cyberbullying, digital self-harm, or digital Munchausen. To date, only a few studies have examined this phenomenon to a limited extent. Via a qualitative and quantitative survey, this study further explored forms, motives, contents, means, platforms, and pretended identities of fictitious online victimization in adolescents. In addition, in order to support future research on this topic, first steps were taken to develop and validate an index to assess fictitious online victimization. Positive correlations were found with traditional and cyberbullying and self-harm and negative correlations with self-esteem, subjective well-being, and life satisfaction. These results add to our understanding of the phenomenon and may lay the groundwork for future studies.

scholarly journals Attachment, Self-Esteem and Subjective Well-Being Among Survivors of Childhood Sexual Trauma

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily L. Barnum ◽  
Kristin M. Perrone-McGovern
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Sexual Trauma ◽  
Attachment Security ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Childhood Sexual Trauma ◽  
Midwestern University

The current study is a quantitative exploration of the relationships between attachment security, childhood sexual trauma, sexual self-esteem, and subjective well-being. It was predicted that higher levels of secure attachment, lower presence of childhood sexual trauma and higher levels of sexual self-esteem would contribute to higher levels of subjective well-being. Participants were 213 undergraduate students at a Midwestern university. Theories of attachment (Bowlby, 1973) and well-being (Lent, 2004) provided a framework to guide the hypotheses of the present study. We hypothesized that higher attachment security would be related to higher sexual self-esteem and higher subjective well-being, and that participants who scored higher on a scale measuring childhood sexual trauma would have lower sexual self-esteem and lower subjective well-being. It was found that high levels of attachment security and sexual self-esteem predicted high levels of subjective well-being, whereas presence of childhood sexual trauma predicted lower levels of sexual self-esteem. Results from hierarchical regression analyses fully supported the hypotheses of the present study. Future research should analyze possible coping mechanisms that may contribute to subjective well-being restoration as well as coping efficacy.

Self-esteem, Gender, and the Relationship Between Extraversion and Subjective Well-Being

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1243-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Li ◽  
Jijun Lan ◽  
Chengting Ju
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Chinese University ◽  
Neo Five Factor Inventory ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The Relationship

We examined the moderating effects of self-esteem and gender on the relationship between extraversion and subjective well-being in Chinese university students. Participants were 542 students (217 men, 325 women; age range = 17–24 years), who completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the extraversion subscale of the NEO-Five Factor Inventory, and the General Well-Being Schedule to evaluate self-esteem, extraversion, and subjective well-being, respectively. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that self-esteem moderated the association between extraversion and subjective well-being. Among students high in self-esteem, those with high extraversion had higher subjective well-being than did those with low extraversion. Across all participants (high- and low-extraversion groups), subjective well-being was low when self-esteem was low. Gender moderated the link between extraversion and subjective well-being, tending to be a more significant determinant of subjective well-being in men than in women.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document