Intergroup Contact Reduces Dehumanization and Meta-Dehumanization: Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal, and Quasi-Experimental Evidence From 16 Samples in Five Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 014616722094900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emile Bruneau ◽  
Boaz Hameiri ◽  
Samantha L. Moore-Berg ◽  
Nour Kteily
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total N ◽  
American Students ◽  
Quasi Experimental

In 16 independent samples from five countries involving ~7,700 participants, we employ a mixture of cross-sectional, longitudinal, and quasi-experimental methods to examine the effect of intergroup contact on (a) the blatant dehumanization of outgroups, and (b) the perception that outgroup members dehumanize the ingroup (meta-dehumanization). First, we conduct a meta-analysis across 12 survey samples collected from five countries regarding eight different target groups (total N = 5,388) and find a consistent effect of contact quality on dehumanization and meta-dehumanization. Second, we use a large longitudinal sample of American participants ( N = 1,103) to show that quality of contact with Muslims at Time 1 predicts dehumanization of Muslims and meta-dehumanization 6 months later. Finally, we show that sustained semester-long “virtual contact” between American and Muslim college students is associated with reduced American students’ ( N = 487) dehumanization of, and perceived dehumanization by, Muslims.

The effectiveness of hope-fostering interventions in palliative care: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 026921632199472
Author(s):  
Natalia Salamanca-Balen ◽  
Thomas V Merluzzi ◽  
Man Chen
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Symptom Burden ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Spiritual Well Being ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Background: The concept of hope is an important theme in chronic illness and palliative care and has been associated with increased psycho-spiritual well-being and quality of life. Psycho-spiritual interventions have been described in this population, but no systematic review of hope-enhancing interventions or hopelessness-reducing interventions has been conducted for persons with palliative care diseases. Aim: To describe and assess the effectiveness of interventions in palliative care that measure hope and/or hopelessness as an outcome. Design: This systematic review and meta-analysis was pre-registered (Prospero ID: CRD42019119956). Data sources: Electronic databases, journals, and references were searched. We used the Cochrane criteria to assess the risk of bias within studies. Results: Thirty-five studies (24 randomized controlled trials, 5 quasi-experimental, 6 pre-post studies) involving a total of 3296 palliative care patients were included. Compared with usual/standard cancer care alone, interventions significantly increased hope levels at a medium effect size ( g = 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.28–0.93) but did not significantly reduce hopelessness ( g = −0.08, 95% CI = −0.18 to 0.02). It was found that interventions significantly increase spirituality ( g = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.02–1.37) and decrease depression ( g = −0.29, 95% CI = −0.51 to −0.07), but had no significant effect over anxiety, quality of life, and symptom burden. Overall, quality of evidence across the included studies was rated as low. Conclusions: Evidence suggests that interventions can be effective in increasing hope in palliative care patients.

scholarly journals What does my neighbourhood have to do with my weight? A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between neighbourhood socioeconomic status and body weight

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e017567
Author(s):  
Shimels Hussien Mohammed ◽  
Mulugeta Molla Birhanu ◽  
Tesfamichael Awoke Sissay ◽  
Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold ◽  
Balewgizie Sileshi Tegegn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽  
Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Using Data

IntroductionIndividuals living in poor neighbourhoods are at a higher risk of overweight/obesity. There is no systematic review and meta-analysis study on the association of neighbourhood socioeconomic status (NSES) with overweight/obesity. We aimed to systematically review and meta-analyse the existing evidence on the association of NSES with overweight/obesity.Methods and analysisCross-sectional, case–control and cohort studies published in English from inception to 15 May 2017 will be systematically searched using the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Sciences and Google Scholar. Selection, screening, reviewing and data extraction will be done by two reviewers, independently and in duplicate. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) will be used to assess the quality of evidence. Publication bias will be checked by visual inspection of funnel plots and Egger’s regression test. Heterogeneity will be checked by Higgins’s method (I2statistics). Meta-analysis will be done to estimate the pooled OR. Narrative synthesis will be performed if meta-analysis is not feasible due to high heterogeneity of studies.Ethics and disseminationEthical clearance is not required as we will be using data from published articles. Findings will be communicated through a publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presentations at professional conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017063889.

Evaluation of Quality of Root Canal Obturation, Coronal Restoration and Periapical Health in Failed Endodontically Treated Teeth

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Syed Adeel Ahmed ◽  
Safia Anwar ◽  
Imtiaz ul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
P Value ◽  
Periapical Lesion ◽  
Endodontically Treated Teeth ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total N ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Tabulation

Objective: To investigate the implication of quality of obturation and coronal restoration on periapical tissue in failed endodontically treated teeth. Study Design and Setting: This cross-sectional research was performed in the Operative Department of BUMDC on 187 patients reporting with root canal failure from March 2019 to August 2019. Methodology: Patients of both genders aged between 20-60 years were considered for this study. Single and multirooted teeth indicated for repeated endodontic treatment due to under filled, overfilled obturation, voids in obturation, absence and presence of coronal restoration were included. One operator carried out clinical examination of the teeth and periapical radiograph was taken for each patient by using E-Speed film and evaluated by the same operator using an illuminated viewer box. SPSS 17 for windows software was used for data entering and chi- square test was applied for statistical calculation of the outcomes. Results: Total n=187 endodontic treated failed teeth were evaluated, out of which 52.9% were of females and 47.1% to males. The number of obturations with acceptable length were 81(43.3%), with adequate density were 107 (57.2%) and with consistent taper were 116(62%). Periapical lesion was observed in 118(63.1%) cases. Quality of obturation significantly affects the periapical health. Cross tabulation showed a significant association (p-value <0.000) between inadequate coronal restoration and changes in periapical area. Conclusion: The successful prognosis of the root canal treatment relies on the good quality of obturation and adequate coronal filling.

scholarly journals Communication quality in telephone triage conducted by general practitioners, nurses or physicians: a quasi-experimental study using the AQTT to assess audio-recorded telephone calls to out-of-hours primary care in Denmark

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e033528
Author(s):  
Dennis Schou Graversen ◽  
Linda Huibers ◽  
Morten Bondo Christensen ◽  
Flemming Bro ◽  
Helle Collatz Christensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioners ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Telephone Triage ◽  
Communication Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Out Of Hours ◽  
Computerised Decision Support System ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Medical Specialities

ObjectivesTo compare the quality of communication in out-of-hours (OOH) telephone triage conducted by general practitioners (GPs), nurses using a computerised decision support system and physicians with different medical specialities, and to explore the association between communication quality and efficiency, length of call and the accuracy of telephone triage.DesignNatural quasi-experimental cross-sectional study.SettingTwo Danish OOH services using different telephone triage models: a GP cooperative and the medical helpline 1813.Participants1294 audio-recorded randomly selected OOH telephone triage calls from 2016 conducted by GPs (n=423), nurses using CDSS (n=430) and physicians with different medical specialities (n=441).Main outcome measuresTwenty-four physicians assessed the calls. The panel used a validated assessment tool (Assessment of Quality in Telephone Triage, AQTT) to measure nine aspects of communication, overall perceived communication quality, efficiency and length of call.ResultsThe risk ofpoorquality was significantly higher in calls triaged by GPs compared with calls triaged by nurses regarding ‘allowing the caller to describe the situation’ (GP: 13.5% nurse: 9.8%), ‘mastering questioning techniques’ (GP: 27.4% nurse: 21.1%), ‘summarising’ (GP: 33.0% nurse: 21.0%) and ‘paying attention to caller’s experience’ (GP: 25.7% nurse: 17.0%). The risk ofpoorquality was significantly higher in calls triaged by physicians compared with calls triaged by GPs in five out of nine items. GP calls were significantly shorter (2 min 57 s) than nurse calls (4 min 44 s) and physician calls (4 min 1 s). Undertriaged calls were rated lower than optimally triaged calls for overall quality of communication (p<0.001) and all specific items.ConclusionsCompared with telephone triage by GPs, the communication quality was higher in calls triaged by nurses and lower in calls triaged by physicians with different medical specialities. However, calls triaged by nurses and physicians were longer and perceived less efficient. Quality of communication was associated with accurate triage.

scholarly journals Acute hunger does not always undermine prosociality

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan A. Häusser ◽  
Christina Stahlecker ◽  
Andreas Mojzisch ◽  
Johannes Leder ◽  
Paul A. M. Van Lange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Lay Theories ◽  
Total N ◽  
Public Goods Games ◽  
Decrease Blood Glucose ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Stark Contrast

Abstract It has been argued that, when they are acutely hungry, people act in self-protective ways by keeping resources to themselves rather than sharing them. In four studies, using experimental, quasi-experimental, and correlational designs (total N = 795), we examine the effects of acute hunger on prosociality in a wide variety of non-interdependent tasks (e.g. dictator game) and interdependent tasks (e.g. public goods games). While our procedures successfully increase subjective hunger and decrease blood glucose, we do not find significant effects of hunger on prosociality. This is true for both decisions incentivized with money and with food. Meta-analysis across all tasks reveals a very small effect of hunger on prosociality in non-interdependent tasks (d = 0.108), and a non-significant effect in interdependent tasks (d = −0.076). In study five (N = 197), we show that, in stark contrast to our empirical findings, people hold strong lay theories that hunger undermines prosociality.

scholarly journals Urinary incontinence and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damiano Pizzol ◽  
Jacopo Demurtas ◽  
Stefano Celotto ◽  
Stefania Maggi ◽  
Lee Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sf 36

Abstract Background Urinary incontinence (UI) and low quality of life (QoL) are two common conditions. Some recent literature proposed that these two entities can be associated. However, no attempt was made to collate this literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing data to estimate the strength of the association between UI and QoL. Methods An electronic search of major databases up to 18th April 2020 was carried out. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional and case–control studies comparing mean values in QoL between patients with UI and controls was performed, reporting random-effects standardized mean differences (SMDs) ± 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as the effect size. Heterogeneity was assessed with the I2. Results Out of 8279 articles initially screened, 23 were finally included for a total of 24,983 participants, mainly women. The mean age was ≥ 50 years in 12/23 studies. UI was significantly associated with poor QoL as assessed by the short-form 36 (SF-36) total score (n = 6 studies; UI: 473 vs. 2971 controls; SMD = − 0.89; 95% CI − 1.3 to − 0.42; I2 = 93.5) and by the sub-scales of SF-36 and 5/8 of the domains included in the SF-36. Similar results were found using other QoL tools. The risk of bias of the studies included was generally high. Conclusions UI is associated with a poor QoL, with a strong level of certainty. This work, however, mainly based on cross-sectional and case–control studies, highlights the necessity of future longitudinal studies for better understanding the importance of UI on QoL.

scholarly journals Enhancing the Reporting Quality of Meta-Analyses for Trustworthy Decision of Breast Cancer Intervention: A Cross-Sectional Survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Zhu ◽  
Shanshan Lin ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Joey S.W. Kwong ◽  
Chang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Reporting Quality ◽  
Reporting Guideline ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Cancer Intervention ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Background Meta-analysis of RCTs has been widely employed to evaluate effectiveness of the interventions for breast cancer, but little is known of their reporting validity. Related studies showed that meta-analysis may mislead clinical practice when the reporting is uninformative. The purpose of the study was to assess the reporting quality of meta-analyses of RCTs for breast cancer intervention, and explore potential factors associated with the reporting.Method We searched Medline, Embase and Cochrane Database of Systematic reviews from inception to November 2019 for published meta-analysis of RCTs for breast cancer intervention. The PRISMA checklist (27-items) was used for the measuring of the reporting quality. The adherence of eligible meta-analyses under each reporting item from PRISMA were evaluated and those with an adherence ≥ 80% were regarded as well reported while less than 30% were poor reported. The proportion of reporting issues were summarized and compared in pre-defined settings measured by rate difference (RD).Result A total of 296 meta-analyses were included. For the 27 reporting items, there were only 6 items were identified as well-reported, while as much as 9 items were poorly reported by these meta-analyses. The reporting issues mainly embodied in the methods and results section. Our further analysis suggested that those published more recently (RD=-0.07, 95% CI: -0.12 to -0.03), complied with reporting guideline (RD=-0.04, 95% CI: -0.07 to -0.02), and pre-specified protocol (RD=-0.09, 95% CI: -0.09 to -0.01) were associated with less reporting issues.Conclusion The reporting of the meta-analyses for breast cancer intervention was uninformative to support the decision-making. Although improvement has seen over times, further efforts are still needed. Some easy-to-implement measures could be considered such as referring to a reporting guideline, develop a protocol in advance to help further researchers to improve the reporting of their meta-analysis.

Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis on Asthma Treatments. A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 949-957
Author(s):  
Irene X. Y. Wu ◽  
Yihong Deng ◽  
Huan Wang ◽  
Yancong Chen ◽  
Charlene H. L. Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

scholarly journals Improvement but no normalization of quality of life and cognitive functioning after treatment for Cushing’s syndrome

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonie H A Broersen ◽  
Cornelie D Andela ◽  
Olaf M Dekkers ◽  
Alberto M Pereira ◽  
Nienke R Biermasz
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Cushing’S Syndrome ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cushing's Syndrome ◽  
Treatment Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Cushing’s syndrome is characterized by glucocorticoid excess, which induces physical and mental symptoms, impairments in functional status and perceived health, resulting in impaired quality of life. Biochemical remission is urgently required; however, quality of life and cognitive function may remain impaired. Objective To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating changes in health-related quality of life and cognitive functioning in patients with Cushing’s syndrome after treatment. Methods Eight electronic databases were searched in March 2017, and PubMed again in May 2018, to identify potentially relevant articles. Eligible studies were (randomized controlled) trials, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies assessing quality of life or cognitive functioning in patients treated for Cushing’s syndrome. Differences were expressed as standardized mean difference, and reported with 95% confidence intervals. We compared patients before and after treatment (improvement), and patients after treatment and healthy controls (normalization). Results We included 47 articles with 2,643 patients. Most patients had Cushing’s disease and were in remission after treatment. Quality of life and cognitive functioning improved after treatment in all studied domains. Compared to a healthy control population, quality of life did not normalize. Cognitive functioning normalized in part, but not all, of the studied domains. Conclusions Treatment of Cushing’s syndrome improves quality of life and cognitive functioning. As normalization was not achieved in quality of life and in some aspects of cognitive functioning, special and continuous attention should be given to these aspects for patients after treatment. Effective interventions for further improvement and possibly normalization are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Environmental, Social and Economic Sustainability Indicators Applied to Food Services: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayanne Maynard ◽  
Mayara Vidigal ◽  
Priscila Farage ◽  
Renata Zandonadi ◽  
Eduardo Nakano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Sustainability Indicators ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Food Services ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Specific Search

Sustainability is the integration of actions focused on three pillars: environmental, social, and economical. Implementing sustainable development ranges from the pursuit of quality of life, and from environmental balance to break with the current pattern of development. Therefore, the objective of this work was to understand and analyze the sustainability indicators implemented in the production of meals in food services. The authors developed specific search strategies for Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, Lilacs, Google Scholar, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global to perform the systematic review. The authors evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies using the Meta-analysis Statistical Assessment and Review Instrument (MASTARI). A total of 31 cross-sectional studies were analyzed. Twenty four (77.41%) of the studies had activities that covered the three indicators (environmental, social, and economic); 22.59% (n = 7) used two indicators in which 12.90% (n = 4) presented environmental and economic indicators and 9.67% (n = 3) with environmental and social indicators. This research indicates that the studies in food services are seeking to insert indicators that cover the three pillars of sustainable meal production. It is worth mentioning that in the literature, many works encompasses the importance of sustainability, but few explore which indicators are most applied or detail their implementation in food services. More studies are needed to estimate better the indicators being applied in food services.

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