Do Ethical, Authentic, and Servant Leadership Explain Variance Above and Beyond Transformational Leadership? A Meta-Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 501-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia E. Hoch ◽  
William H. Bommer ◽  
James H. Dulebohn ◽  
Dongyuan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Transformational Leadership ◽  
Servant Leadership ◽  
Ethical Leadership ◽  
Authentic Leadership ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Positive Leadership ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Emerging Leadership ◽  
Meta Analyses

This study compares three emerging forms of positive leadership that emphasize ethical and moral behavior (i.e., authentic leadership, ethical leadership, and servant leadership) with transformational leadership in their associations with a wide range of organizationally relevant measures. While scholars have noted conceptual overlap between transformational leadership and these newer leadership forms, there has been inadequate investigation of the empirical relationships with transformational leadership and the ability (or lack thereof) of these leadership forms to explain incremental variance beyond transformational leadership. In response, we conducted a series of meta-analyses to provide a comprehensive assessment of these emerging leadership forms’ relationships with variables evaluated in the extant literature. Second, we tested the relative performance of each of these leadership forms in explaining incremental variance, beyond transformational leadership, in nine outcomes. We also provide relative weights analyses to further evaluate the relative contributions of the emerging leadership forms versus transformational leadership. The high correlations between both authentic leadership and ethical leadership with transformational leadership coupled with their low amounts of incremental variance suggest that their utility is low unless they are being used to explore very specific outcomes. Servant leadership, however, showed more promise as a stand-alone leadership approach that is capable of helping leadership researchers and practitioners better explain a wide range of outcomes. Guidance regarding future research and the utility of these three ethical/moral values–based leadership forms is provided.

The Student Risk Screening Scale: A Reliability and Validity Generalization Meta-Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Kilgus ◽  
Katie Eklund ◽  
Daniel M. Maggin ◽  
Crystal N. Taylor ◽  
Amanda N. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Risk Screening ◽  
Validity Generalization ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Student Risk ◽  
Screening Scale

The purpose of this study was to conduct reliability and validity generalization meta-analyses of evidence regarding the Student Risk Screening Scale (SRSS), a universal screener for externalizing behavior problems. A systematic review of the literature resulted in the identification of 17 studies inclusive of evidence regarding SRSS score (a) internal consistency reliability (i.e., alpha coefficients), and/or (b) criterion-related validity (e.g., correlations between the SRSS and various outcomes). Multilevel meta-analyses indicated that across studies, SRSS scores were associated with adequate internal consistency (α = .83). Analyses further suggested the SRSS was a valid indicator of both social and behavioral outcomes ( r = .52) and academic outcomes ( r = .42). Follow-up analyses suggested that in accordance with theory-driven expectations, the SRSS was a stronger indicator of externalizing problems and broad behavior outcomes relative to alternative outcomes (e.g., internalizing problems). Limitations and directions for future research are discussed, including recommendations for the collection of additional SRSS diagnostic accuracy evidence.

scholarly journals Comparing Bayesian Posterior Passing with Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Pritsker
Keyword(s):  
Publication Bias ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Meta Analyses

Brand, von der Post, Ounsley, and Morgan (2019) introduced Bayesian posterior passing as an alternative to traditional meta-analyses. In this commentary I relate their procedure to traditional meta-analysis, showing that posterior passing is equivalent to fixed effects meta-analysis. To overcome the limitations of simple posterior passing, I introduce improved posterior passing methods to account for heterogeneity and publication bias. Additionally, practical limitations of posterior passing and the role that it can play in future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Obsessive healthy eating and orthorexic eating tendencies in sport and exercise contexts: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Strahler ◽  
Hanna Wachten ◽  
Anett Mueller-Alcazar
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Exercise Behaviors ◽  
Sport And Exercise ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractBackgroundOrthorexia Nervosa (ON) and exercise addiction (ExAdd) are two phenomena believed to overlap. We conducted a meta-analysis exploring the link between ON and (addictive) exercise behaviors.MethodsA systematic review of major databases and gray literature was carried out for studies reporting on ON and (addictive) exercise behaviors. Random effects meta-analyses were undertaken calculating correlations between ON and (addictive) exercise behaviors. A sub-group analysis investigated gender differences.ResultsTwenty-five studies with 10,134 participants (mean age = 25.21; 56.4% female) were included. Analyses showed a small overall correlation between ON and exercise (21 studies, r = 0.12, 95% CI |0.06–0.18|) and a medium overall correlation between ON and ExAdd (7 studies, r = 0.29, 95% CI |0.13–0.45|). Gender differences were negligible.ConclusionsOrthorexic eating correlated slightly and moderately with exercise and ExAdd, respectively, expressing some unique and shared variance of these behaviors. While this does not suggest ON and addictive exercising to be independent, it does not indicate substantial comorbidity. Future research should focus on clinical relevance, underlying mechanisms, vulnerability, and risk factors.

Internet Use and Psychological Well-Being

2012 ◽  
pp. 302-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiungjung Huang
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Networking Site ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Site Use ◽  
Meta Analyses

The direction of the correlation between Internet use and psychological well-being is debatable. The displacement hypothesis indicates the correlation is negative, as Internet use for communication replaces face-to face-interaction. Conversely, the augmentation hypothesis suggests that the correlation is positive because Internet use for communication complements existing social interaction. While previous empirical findings about the relationship between Internet use and psychological well-being have been diverse, two previous meta-analyses and the present meta-analysis about the use of social networking sites and psychological well-being supported neither position, and found no relationship between Internet use and psychological well-being. Investigation of causal predominance between Internet use and psychological well-being, increased attention to measurement problems of social networking site use and older adults, and consideration of effects of indicators and moderators should be addressed in future research.

Is hospitalization a risk factor for cognitive decline in older age adults?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Lucia Chinnappa-Quinn ◽  
Steve Robert Makkar ◽  
Michael Bennett ◽  
Ben C. P. Lam ◽  
Jessica W. Lo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽  
Meta Analyses

ABSTRACT Objectives: Many studies document cognitive decline following specific types of acute illness hospitalizations (AIH) such as surgery, critical care, or those complicated by delirium. However, cognitive decline may be a complication following all types of AIH. This systematic review will summarize longitudinal observational studies documenting cognitive changes following AIH in the majority admitted population and conduct meta-analysis (MA) to assess the quantitative effect of AIH on post-hospitalization cognitive decline (PHCD). Methods: We followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Selection criteria were defined to identify studies of older age adults exposed to AIH with cognitive measures. 6566 titles were screened. 46 reports were reviewed qualitatively, of which seven contributed data to the MA. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results: The qualitative review suggested increased cognitive decline following AIH, but several reports were particularly vulnerable to bias. Domain-specific outcomes following AIH included declines in memory and processing speed. Increasing age and the severity of illness were the most consistent risk factors for PHCD. PHCD was supported by MA of seven eligible studies with 41,453 participants (Cohen’s d = −0.25, 95% CI [−0.02, −0.49] I2 35%). Conclusions: There is preliminary evidence that AIH exposure accelerates or triggers cognitive decline in the elderly patient. PHCD reported in specific contexts could be subsets of a larger phenomenon and caused by overlapping mechanisms. Future research must clarify the trajectory, clinical significance, and etiology of PHCD: a priority in the face of an aging population with increasing rates of both cognitive impairment and hospitalization.

Not All Transformational Leadership Behaviors Are Equal: The Impact of Followers’ Identification With Leader and Modernity on Taking Charge

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Stacie Furst-Holloway ◽  
Larry Gales ◽  
Suzanne S. Masterson ◽  
Brian D. Blume
Keyword(s):  
Transformational Leadership ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Intellectual Stimulation ◽  
Performance Expectations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Taking Charge ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates how each dimension of transformational leadership directly and indirectly influences followers’ change-oriented behaviors. Using a sample of 329 independent leader–follower dyads from a wide range of Chinese organizations, we examine followers’ identification with leader as an intervening variable between the four dimensions of transformational leadership (“core” transformational behaviors, high-performance expectations, individualized support, and intellectual stimulation) and followers’ taking charge behaviors. Results showed that intellectual stimulation had the highest relative effect size that was largely due to its direct effect on taking charge. Individualized support only exerted a significant indirect effect. Additionally, the negative direct and positive indirect effects of high-performance expectations rendered its total effect nonsignificant. Furthermore, the direct, indirect, and total effects of “core” transformational behaviors were nonsignificant. We also found that followers’ value of modernity moderated the effect of identification with leader on taking charge. The indirect effects of intellectual stimulation, individualized support, and high-performance expectations were significant when modernity was high but nonsignificant when it was low. Implications for theory, practice, and future research are discussed.

TBLT implementation and evaluation: A meta-analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Bryfonski ◽  
Todd H. McKay
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Language Program ◽  
Language Programs ◽  
Language Classrooms ◽  
L2 Development ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Traditional Grammar ◽  
Authentic Language ◽  
Main Effects

Task-based language teaching (TBLT) is an empirically investigated pedagogy that has garnered attention from language programs across the globe. TBLT provides an alternative to traditional grammar translation or present-practice-produce pedagogies by emphasizing interaction during authentic tasks. Despite several previous meta-analyses investigating the effect of individual tasks or short-term task-based treatments on second language (L2) development, no studies to date have synthesized the effects of long-term implementation of TBLT in authentic language classrooms. The present study uses meta-analytic techniques to investigate the effectiveness of TBLT programs on L2 learning. Findings based on a sample of 52 studies revealed an overall positive and strong effect ( d = 0.93) for TBLT implementation on a variety of learning outcomes. The study further examined a range of programmatic and methodological features that moderated these main-effects (program region, institution type, needs analysis, and cycles of implementation). Additionally, synthesizing across both quantitative and qualitative data, results also showed positive stakeholder perceptions towards TBLT programs. The study concludes with implications for the domain of TBLT implementation, language program evaluation, and future research in this domain.

scholarly journals A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN TRUST

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S477-S477
Author(s):  
Phoebe E Bailey ◽  
Tarren Leon
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Effect Of Age

Abstract This systematic review and meta-analysis quantifies the magnitude and breadth of age-related differences in trust. Thirty-eight independent data sets met criteria for inclusion. Overall, there was a moderate effect of age group on trust (g = 0.22), whereby older adults were more trusting than young adults. Three additional meta-analyses assessed age-related differences in trust in response to varying degrees of trustworthiness. This revealed that older adults were more trusting than young adults in response to neutral (g = 0.31) and negative (g = 0.33), but not positive (g = 0.15), indicators of trustworthiness. The effect of age group on trust in response to positive and neutral cues was moderated by type of trust (financial vs. non-financial) and type of responding (self-report vs. behavioral). Older adults were more trusting than young adults in response to positive and neutral indicators of trustworthiness when trust was expressed non-financially, but not financially. There was also an age-related increase in self-reported, but not behavioral, trust in response to neutral cues. Older adults were more trusting than young adults in response to negative indicators of trustworthiness regardless of the type of trust or type of responding. The reliability of information about trustworthiness (superficial vs. genuine cues) did not moderate any effects of age on trust. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.

Exposure to work stress and use of psychotropic medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Milner ◽  
Anna J Scovelle ◽  
Tania L King ◽  
Ida Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychotropic Medication ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Job Demands ◽  
Psychotropic Medications ◽  
Job Stressors ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Meta Analyses

BackgroundThere is good evidence that job stressors are prospectively related to mental health problems, particularly depressive symptoms. This review aimed to examine whether job stressors were also related to use of psychotropic medications.MethodsUsing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses approach, we examined seven electronic databases that indexed literature from a wide range of disciplines. Inclusion criteria were (1) the study included a job stressor or psychosocial working condition as an exposure, and (2) psychotropic medication was an outcome. All effect-size estimates were considered but needed to present either a SE or 95% CIs to be included in meta-analyses. Data were pooled between studies using the relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) and 95% CIs.ResultsThere were 18 unique studies with non-overlapping exposures eligible for inclusion in the quantitative meta-analysis. High job demands were associated with a statistically significant increased risk of psychotropic medication use (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.31). There was also an elevated RR in relation to work–family conflict (RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.48). In studies reporting OR, high job demands were associated with an OR of 1.39 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.71).ConclusionsThe findings of this review highlight the need for policy and programme attention to reduce harmful exposure to psychosocial job stressors. Health-service use measures should be considered as outcomes and may represent more severe mental health conditions.

scholarly journals Network meta-analyses in reproductive medicine: challenges and opportunities

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1723-1731
Author(s):  
Rui Wang ◽  
Anna Lene Seidler ◽  
Lisa Askie ◽  
Robert J Norman ◽  
Siladitya Bhattacharya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Medicine ◽  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Recent Addition ◽  
Simultaneous Comparisons ◽  
Multiple Treatments ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Network meta-analysis allows researchers to synthesise both direct and indirect evidence, thus enabling simultaneous comparisons of multiple treatments. A relatively recent addition to evidence synthesis in reproductive medicine, this approach has become increasingly popular. Yet, the underlying assumptions of network meta-analyses, which drive the validity of their findings, have been frequently ignored. In this article, we discuss the strengths and limitations of network meta-analyses. In addition, we present an overview of published network meta-analyses in reproductive medicine, summarize their challenges and provide insights into future research opportunities.

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