Gender differences in the content of preschool children’s recollections

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pirko Tõugu ◽  
Tiia Tulviste ◽  
Kristi Suits
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Past Event ◽  
The Past ◽  
Preschool Period

Personal recollections constitute autobiographical memory that develops intensively during the preschool years. The two-wave longitudinal study focuses on gender differences in preschool children’s independent recollections. The same children ( N = 275; 140 boys, 135 girls) were asked to talk about their previous birthday and the past weekend at the ages of 4 and 6. Interactions were coded for content. Boys talked more about themselves and about different nonsocial aspects of the events. Girls talked more about the other people with whom they had jointly experienced the past event. It seems that gender differences in children’s recollections appear early and increase during the preschool period.

The Limited Compatibilism of Epiphenomenalism with Responsibility

2020 ◽  
pp. 413-434
Author(s):  
Michael S. Moore
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
General Control ◽  
Past Event ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hard Determinism ◽  
The Future

The second response to the epiphenomenal challenge is to deny that epiphenomenalism has any implications that are skeptical of responsibility. Such a compatibilist response is seemingly ruled out by adopting the classical compatibilist response to the challenge of hard determinism. Whether this is in fact so is explored in this chapter, the thesis being that in a certain range of cases we are responsible for effects that we do not cause so long as those effects are on one horn of an epiphenomenal fork the existence of which we know and the other horn of which we can control. Because such responsibility across the horns of an epiphenomenal fork can involve control of the past, and because a general control of the past to the extent that we can control the future is implausible, some care is taken to limit the scope of what in the past we can control by our present decisions. These limits are cast in terms of there being a strong necessitation of a past event by a present decision which necessitation is known to the actor as he acts to make it have been the case that such past event occurred.

Time perspective and autobiographical memory: Individual and gender differences in experiencing time and remembering the past

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Ely ◽  
Andrea Mercurio
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Big Five Inventory ◽  
Time Perspectives ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Memory Questionnaire

This study examined the degree to which time perspectives were associated with the processes and content of autobiographical memory. A sample of 230 young adults (118 women) completed the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999 ), the Big Five Inventory (BFI; John and Srivastava, 1999 ), and responded in writing to seven memory prompts as well as to items from the Autobiographical Memory Questionnaire (AMQ; Rubin et al., 2003 ). The Past Positive and Future subscales of the ZTPI predicted many aspects of memory even when controlling for BFI traits. There were gender differences in time perspectives and gender moderated a number of the correlations between time perspectives and autobiographical memory.

scholarly journals Erotism as a Means of Forgetfulness in Gao Xingjian’s Le Livre d’un homme seul

K@iros ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Bienvenu NANKEU
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Past Event ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship

Forgetfulness is not necessarily a lapse of memory. There exists a type of forgetfulness which has to do with a quest of knowledge. It is a happy or voluntary forgetfulness. Individuals or human beings are in quest of this type of forgetfulness when they find themselves “threatened” either by a sorrowful or atrocious past, when they feel pains to brood over a past event. This therefore creates in the mind of individuals a state of depression, making their conscience stricken with unhappiness and painfulness. The narrator in Gao Xingjian’s Le Livre d’un homme seul shows a strong willingness to forget about Chinese Industrial Revolution. In his determination to forget about the past, the narrator resorts to erotism and the company of women as an outlet. The following question can therefore be asked: what relationship does the writer establish between these two notions which are apparently distinct? How does he move from erotism to forgetfulness? This paper attempts to provide answers to these questions while questioning the notions of erotism and forgetfulness in order to bring out the relationship that the novelist establishes between these two worlds where everything seems to be opposed, one being psychic and spiritual; the other being sensual and physical.

scholarly journals Not all measures of naturalistic memory are sensitive to ageing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Mair ◽  
marie poirier ◽  
Martin A. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Test Word ◽  
Word List ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Face

Published age effects in naturalistic memory are inconsistent. This study examined whether a set of typical naturalistic memory measures produced equivalent results in a single participant sample. Four naturalistic memory tests (everyday memory, autobiographical memory from the past year, autobiographical memory from age 11-17, word-cued autobiographical memory) and one laboratory test (word-list recall) were administered to 20 young and 20 older adults. There was significant variance in the tests’ sensitivity to age: word-cued autobiographical memory produced the largest deficit in older adults, similar in magnitude to word-list recall. In contrast, older adults performed comparatively well on the other measures, which were more ecologically valid. Retention interval, executive function, and event characteristics influenced performance, but none of these factors could account for the pattern of age effects. Further research is needed to understand the face validity of these naturalistic memory tasks, and future investigations should be mindful of their ecological validity.

scholarly journals DIALOG ANTAR UMAT BERAGAMA

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-400
Author(s):  
Zainol Hasan
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Past Event ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
The Past

The past event is book and  history. Both of them are not only scary stories not only for mourned but also for a changing reference. Actulally, this earth is not possible to be transformed quickly, but it can be changed depend on the human’s sprite to determine wheater it is to dezided to be misereble or properity. A conflict between horisontal contardiction and socity should be stop. The human needs peace of life and not disaster. As the result, all of conflick mus be end of, whatever that are elements, such as the conflick between religion and the other one. In addition,  a history has already recorded that the distiction of religions have created a lot of problems and victims. It is  terrible and irony that the existence of a religion must be a tool and place to peace and safe. However, in this condition is contraray that a religion is being tool to execute each others. Ther are many nation child to be victims and even they are dead without no rasons. This case must be stop. The gate of pluralism  is to find Kalimatun Sawa’, a dialuge is to solve relegions problems . In this arena, conflict can be recovered.

Reminiscing With Mothers and Others: Autobiographical Memory in Young Two-Year-Olds

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
The Past ◽  
Information Requests ◽  
Remote Past

Abstract This study investigated effects of maternal elicitation style, repeated recall sessions, and retention interval on 2-year-olds' autobiographical memory. Ten mothers and their children from 24 to 30 months of age verbally recalled the same four events once a week for 4 weeks. Two weeks later, an experimenter interviewed children about the same events as well as about four new events. Half of the events had taken place in the recent past (up to 6 months); the other half were from the remote past (6 to 10 months). Children recalled specific information about events occurring up to 10 months in the past, although they recalled more information about recent events than about remote events. Chil-dren were very much dependent on an adult partner to cue their recall. If specific cues were not provided, children rarely volunteered information. Chil-dren's conversations with their mothers affected their recall with the experi-menter: Children responded to more information requests, produced more offers of information, and recalled more specific information about events they had previously discussed with mothers than when recalling new events with the experimenter. However, children recalled more information with their mothers than with the experimenter, and prior discussions with mothers did not increase the amount of information children recalled with the experimenter. Two mater-nal elicitation styles were identified that were related to differences in children's responsiveness and amount of recall: Children of high elaboration mothers were more responsive and recalled more information than children of low elaboration mothers. (Psychology)

scholarly journals Age effects in autobiographical memory depend on the measure

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0259279
Author(s):  
Ali Mair ◽  
Marie Poirier ◽  
Martin A. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Retention Interval ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Word List ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Event Type ◽  
Memory Tests ◽  
The Past

Studies examining age effects in autobiographical memory have produced inconsistent results. This study examined whether a set of typical autobiographical memory measures produced equivalent results in a single participant sample. Five memory tests (everyday memory, autobiographical memory from the past year, autobiographical memory from age 11–17, word-cued autobiographical memory, and word-list recall) were administered in a single sample of young and older adults. There was significant variance in the tests’ sensitivity to age: word-cued autobiographical memory produced the largest deficit in older adults, similar in magnitude to word-list recall. In contrast, older adults performed comparatively well on the other measures. The pattern of findings was broadly consistent with the results of previous investigations, suggesting that (1) the results of the different AM tasks are reliable, and (2) variable age effects in the autobiographical memory literature are at least partly due to the use of different tasks, which cannot be considered interchangeable measures of autobiographical memory ability. The results are also consistent with recent work dissociating measures of specificity and detail in autobiographical memory, and suggest that specificity is particularly sensitive to ageing. In contrast, detail is less sensitive to ageing, but is influenced by retention interval and event type. The extent to which retention interval and event type interact with age remains unclear; further research using specially designed autobiographical memory tasks could resolve this issue.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Applications of Through-Focus Dark Field Image Shifts to Phase Identification

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
Prakash Rao
Keyword(s):  
Dark Field Image ◽  
Thin Foil ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stereo Image ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
The Past ◽  
Field Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dark Field Electron ◽  
Recent Extension

Image shifts in out-of-focus dark field images have been used in the past to determine, for example, epitaxial relationships in thin films. A recent extension of the use of dark field image shifts has been to out-of-focus images in conjunction with stereoviewing to produce an artificial stereo image effect. The technique, called through-focus dark field electron microscopy or 2-1/2D microscopy, basically involves obtaining two beam-tilted dark field images such that one is slightly over-focus and the other slightly under-focus, followed by examination of the two images through a conventional stereoviewer. The elevation differences so produced are usually unrelated to object positions in the thin foil and no specimen tilting is required.In order to produce this artificial stereo effect for the purpose of phase separation and identification, it is first necessary to select a region of the diffraction pattern containing more than just one discrete spot, with the objective aperture.

Gender differences in airway obstruction in men and women with acromegaly: A longitudinal study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvère Störmann ◽  
Katharina Schilbach ◽  
Felix Amereller ◽  
Angstwurm Matthias W ◽  
Jochen Schopohl
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Airway Obstruction ◽  
Men And Women
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