Probation in America: Armed, private and unaffordable?

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Teague
Keyword(s):  
Prison Population ◽  
Community Corrections ◽  
The State ◽  
Probation Officers ◽  
Community Supervision ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Prison Industrial Complex ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

While America is renowned for its enormous prison industrial complex, less academic attention has been paid to the state of probation intervention. The probation population has long been rising more swiftly than the prison population, and one in 45 adults in the USA is now subject to community supervision. This article explores the development of American probation and considers a series of key contextual issues, including the fragmented nature of the US probation system and the philosophies which underpin it, supervision fees, privatization, and the arming of probation officers, in order to illuminate how the community corrections system functions. The Justice Reinvestment initiative is also considered, and the impact of budgetary pressures upon probation is taken into account.

Corporate culture as a driver of the corporate security of foreign military-industrial enterprises

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 2363-2380
Author(s):  
S.B. Zainullin ◽  
O.A. Zainullina
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Corporate Security ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Military

Subject. The military-industrial complex is one of the core industries in any economy. It ensures both the economic and global security of the State. However, the economic security of MIC enterprises strongly depends on the State and other stakeholders. Objectives. We examine key factors of corporate culture in terms of theoretical and practical aspects. The article identifies the best implementation of corporate culture that has a positive effect on the corporate security in the MIC of the USA, the United Kingdom, the European Union, Japan ans China. Methods. The study employs dialectical method of research, combines the historical and logic unity, structural analysis, traditional techniques of economic analysis and synthesis. Results. We performed the comparative analysis of corporate culture models and examined how they are used by the MIC corporations with respect to international distinctions. Conclusions and Relevance. The State is the main stakeholder of the MIC corporations, since it acts as the core customer represented by the military department. It regulates and controls operations. The State is often a major shareholder of such corporations. Employees are also important stakeholders. Hence, trying to satisfy stakeholders' needs by developing the corporate culture, corporations mitigate their key risks and enhance their corporate security.

The impact of labor freedom on geographic cost of living differentials

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-395
Author(s):  
Richard Cebula ◽  
James E. Payne ◽  
Donnie Horner ◽  
Robert Boylan
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of labor market freedom on state-level cost of living differentials in the USA using cross-sectional data for 2016 after allowing for the impacts of economic and quality of life factors. Design/methodology/approach The study uses two-stage least squares estimation controlling for factors contributing to cost of living differences across states. Findings The results reveal that an increase in labor market freedom reduces the overall cost of living. Research limitations/implications The study can be extended using panel data and alternative measures of labor market freedom. Practical implications In general, the finding that less intrusive government and greater labor freedom are associated with a reduced cost of living should not be surprising. This is because less government intrusion and greater labor freedom both inherently allow markets to be more efficient in the rationalization of and interplay with forces of supply and demand. Social implications The findings of this and future related studies could prove very useful to policy makers and entrepreneurs, as well as small business owners and public corporations of all sizes – particularly those considering either location in, relocation to, or expansion into other markets within the USA. Furthermore, the potential benefits of the National Right-to-Work Law currently under consideration in Congress could add cost of living reductions to the debate. Originality/value The authors extend the literature on cost of living differentials by investigating whether higher amounts of state-level labor market freedom act to reduce the states’ cost of living using the most recent annual data available (2016). That labor freedom has a systemic efficiency impact on the state-level cost of living is a significant finding. In our opinion, it is likely that labor market freedom is increasing the efficiency of labor market transactions in the production and distribution of goods and services, and acts to reduce the cost of living in states. In addition, unlike previous related studies, the authors investigate the impact of not only overall labor market freedom on the state-level cost of living, but also how the three sub-indices of labor market freedom, as identified and measured by Stansel et al. (2014, 2015), impact the cost of living state by state.

The dollar, trade, technology and inequality in the USA

1998 ◽  
Vol 166 ◽  
pp. 78-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Anderton ◽  
Paul Brenton
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Relative Wage ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Wage Bill ◽  
Sudden Rise ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Trade Competitiveness ◽  
The Impact ◽  
High Skill

The US experienced a considerable increase in inequality between skilled and less-skilled workers during the early 1980s—a period which corresponds with a large temporary appreciation of the dollar. This article investigates the reasons behind this rise in inequality by evaluating the impact of trade with low-wage countries (LWCs) and technological change on the wage bill share of skilled workers (which is designed to capture movements in inequality arising from changes in both the relative wage and employment opportunities of the less-skilled). We find that an increase in US imports from LWCs—encouraged by the large appreciation of the dollar in the early 1980s—seems to explain some of the rise in US inequality in low-skill-intensive sectors, but that technological change (proxied by R&D expenditure) explains the rise in inequality in high-skill-intensive sectors. However, given that the timing of the sudden rise in US R&D expenditure corresponds with the appreciation of the dollar, it may be the case that the deterioration in US trade competitiveness during this period contributed to the rapid increase in the rate of technological change via mechanisms such as ‘defensive innovation’. Hence one might also argue that the technology-based explanation for the rise in US inequality could actually be a trade-based explanation.

scholarly journals A Vast Strangeness

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-21
Author(s):  
Josef Jacques
Keyword(s):  
Prison Population ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
State Control ◽  
Prison Industrial Complex ◽  
Visual Effect

This series of photographs illustrates both the scale and the vast strangeness of California’s Prison Industrial Complex. The prisons are photographed at night from a distance so that the lights from the prison illuminate the landscape. The light that controls the prison population stands as an indicator of state control. The visual effect references the images from the test sites of nuclear bombs, an enormous display of technocratic power reflecting a truly destructive invasion into otherwise peaceful pastoral settings.

scholarly journals RAND Corporation: Robert Komer activities

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-196
Author(s):  
Alexander Ivanovich Lyozin
Keyword(s):  
Department Of Defense ◽  
The State ◽  
Rand Corporation ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Think Tank ◽  
The Us ◽  
Lyndon Johnson ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Development Support ◽  
The U.S

RAND Corporation is a think tank in the USA. It is a corporation in which experts of different fields of science write analytical works devoted to that or other problem. RAND has strong authority in the USA. Many works on Vietnam were done by the state order of the USA (from the Ministry of Defense), including Robert Komers works (conducted by the request of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency at the U.S. Department of Defense). It is the research of this expert that is discussed in this paper. The paper looks at the biography of Robert Komer in the context from the conflict in Vietnam to cooperation with the RAND Corporation. In Vietnam, on the personal instructions of the US President Lyndon Johnson, Komer was the head of the program of appeasement or officially: the program of Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS). Having completed his activities in Vietnam, Komer shared his experience and knowledge in reports for the RAND Corporation. His works are addressed to the problems of the counterpartisan war. The paper describes the work of Robert Komer in the framework of the RAND Corporation. In conclusion, the relevance is emphasized. Due to the events such as the US invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, Komers activities in the implementation of the CORDS program in Vietnam have gained increased interest from many modern experts.

scholarly journals Warlords, the United States, and the state of anarchy in Afghanistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Shah Azami
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
Illegal Mining ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

As part of its “War on Terror”, the United States (US) provided immense sums of money and advanced equipment to Afghan warlords in order to defeat and dismantle the Taliban and al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. Nearly two decades after the 2001 US-led intervention in Afghanistan that toppled the Taliban regime, the US continues supporting the warlords in various ways. As the intervention was also aimed at establishing a functioning state and reconstruction of the war-torn country, the US needed the support of local warlords to achieve its goals. However, over time, warlords and warlordism became a major challenge to the postTaliban state-building project and in many ways undermined the overall security and the state monopoly on violence. These warlords, who had been mostly expelled and defeated by the Taliban regime, returned under the aegis of the B52 bombers, recaptured parts of the country and reestablished their fiefdoms with US support and resources. They not only resist giving up the power and prestige they have accumulated over the past few years, but also hamper the effort to improve governance and enact necessary reforms in the country. In addition, many of them run their private militias and have been accused of serious human rights abuses as well as drug trafficking, arms smuggling, illegal mining and extortion in the areas under their control or influence. In many ways, they challenge the government authority and have become a major hurdle to the country’s emerging from lawlessness and anarchy. This paper explores the emergence and reemergence of warlords in Afghanistan as well as the evolution of chaos and anarchy in the country, especially after the US-led intervention of late 2001. It also analyzes the impact of the post-9/11 US support to Afghan warlords and its negative consequences for the overall stability and the US-led state-building process in Afghanistan.

The speed of change and performance risk: examining the impacts of IT spending in the US hotel industry

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Hua ◽  
Tingting Zhang ◽  
Melissa F. Jahromi ◽  
Agnes DeFranco
Keyword(s):  
Business Performance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Performance Risk ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Revenue Volatility ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Purpose This study aims to investigate the impact of the speed of change (trend) in information technology (IT) expenditures on performance risk indicated by revenue volatility in the US hotel industry. Design/methodology/approach To systematically investigate the impacts of IT expenditures on hotel performance risks, this study collects the same store proprietary data of 1,471 hotel properties from CBRE, a leading hotel consulting firm in the USA, from 2011 to 2017, with a total of 10,297 observations. Findings Econometric analyses are performed and results indicate a significant and positive impact of the speed of change of IT systems expenditures on the performance risk after comprehensively controlling for confounding factors following prior research. Originality/value With the increased importance of IT in day-to-day activities, hospitality business owners have started to quickly adjust their investment in IT infrastructure and superstructure to enhance their business performance. However, their fast-changing expenditures may introduce more risks to their businesses based on the speed–accuracy tradeoff, systems theory and the Schumpeterian Growth Model. This study is one of the pioneer projects that ever assessed the impact of IT expenditure and speed of change on performance risks of hotels.

The USA: New Stage of Development

2014 ◽  
pp. 88-97
Author(s):  
N. Zagladin
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Political System ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Democratic Parties ◽  
The U.S

In today’s world the U.S. ruling elite has proved unable to maintain its claim to world leadership by relying on military force. It was also necessary to make corrections in the budget and tax policy and to limit further increase of the state debt. The problems of choosing political alternatives, however, have provoked a serious conflict between the republican and the democratic parties, involving public movements. In fact, the US political system is in the state of crisis that exerts influence on Russian-American relations.

MO545INSIDE ANEMIA OF CKD: ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF POLICY INTERVENTIONS ON ANAEMIA OF CKD IN THE USA BY MICROSIMULATION MODELLING

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lise Retat ◽  
Laura Webber ◽  
Juan Jose Garcia Sanchez ◽  
Claudia Cabrera ◽  
Susan Grandy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Costs ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Service Planning ◽  
Microsimulation Model ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Direct Healthcare Costs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intervention Scenario

Abstract Background and Aims Anaemia is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with increased mortality, cardiovascular complications, reduced quality of life and increased use of healthcare resources. Mathematical modelling based on robust epidemiological and clinical data is a useful approach for predicting the future burden of disease and the impact of different intervention scenarios; this is important for health service planning. This analysis uses a microsimulation model, Inside ANEMIA of CKD, to predict the effects of a hypothetical intervention scenario that reduces the prevalence of anaemia of CKD on related healthcare costs in the USA from 2020 to 2025. Method A virtual cohort representing the US population was created within the Inside ANEMIA of CKD microsimulation model framework using demographics and epidemiological data drawn from the US Census Bureau, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. In the cohort, virtual individuals were ascribed an age–sex-stratified CKD status (defined by estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria levels, as per international guidelines) and anaemia status (defined by haemoglobin level as mild, moderate or severe, as per WHO criteria) based on US prevalence data. Key comorbidities (type 2 diabetes, heart failure and hypertension) were also assigned, reflecting US-specific population statistics. Healthcare costs related to CKD and anaemia of CKD were taken from the published literature. The study modelled the effects on healthcare costs of a hypothetical intervention scenario in which the prevalence of moderate and severe anaemia is reduced by 20% per year from 2020 to 2025 compared with no intervention (baseline). In each scenario (i.e. intervention or baseline), the modelling analysis estimated healthcare costs related to CKD and anaemia (including inpatient, outpatient, pharmacy costs) for patients with moderate or severe anaemia of CKD. The model did not adjust for the potential costs of the intervention. Results Preliminary results predict that, with the hypothetical intervention, there could be 1.40 million fewer patients with moderate or severe anaemia of CKD in the USA in 2025 compared with no intervention (1.45 million versus 2.85 million). This represents a 49% reduction in cases of moderate or severe anaemia of CKD in 2025 with the intervention versus no intervention. The intervention is projected to lead to a reduction of approximately US$18 billion in annual direct healthcare costs in 2025 for patients with moderate or severe anaemia of CKD compared with no intervention (US$26 billion versus US$44 billion). Conclusion The Inside ANEMIA of CKD microsimulation model predicts that a hypothetical intervention which reduces the prevalence of moderate and severe anaemia of CKD would reduce direct healthcare costs. This suggests that interventions effective at reducing the prevalence of anaemia of CKD would help to reduce the economic burden on healthcare services.

ISRAELI STUDIES AT THE INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES: PAGES OF HISTORY (THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY)

2020 ◽  
pp. 219-232
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Karasova ◽  
◽  
Andrey V. Fedorchenko ◽  
Dmitry A. Maryasis ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Political Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Impact

The article presents a historical overview of Israeli studies at the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in the first two decades of the 21st century. The paper demonstrates the main research fields and publications of the Department for the Study of Israel and Jewish Communities, as well as the list of its heads and research fellows. The article shows how, having successfully overcome the difficulties of the 1990s that were rather hard on Russian Academy as a whole, the staff of the Israeli Studies Department in their numerous publications, speeches at Russian and international academic forums tried to respond to the new challenges in a scholarly way. In the 2000s the number of works published on the history of relations between the USSR / Russia and Israel increased, and this trend continued in subsequent years. Access to the archives for the first time made it possible to analyze the formation and development of Soviet-Israeli relations before the break (in 1953). The department expanded the directions of its academic activity. Its topics included such directions as the study of the collective memory of Jews in modern Russia, cultural identity, cultural memory, religious and secular identity of Russian Jews, attitude towards disability and people with disabilities, study of youth communities in Israel, Russia and Europe, the impact of the US-Israeli relations on the US Jewish community. Development of basic methodology for researching the state of Jewish charity in Moscow was one of the new tasks for the fellows of the Department to solve. The novelty of the tasks also included new methodology of researching the economic and socio-political development of Israel using social networks data. The Department continued to study all aspects of the life of the State of Israel — economic, socio-political and cultural processes developing in the Israeli state, including new features in regional policy and the concept of Israeli security. At present, members of the department’s, in addition to their current activities, are implementing a number of promising projects aimed at strengthening the department’s position as the leading center of Israeli studies in the post-Soviet space.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document