Space headache on Earth: Head-down-tilted bed rest studies simulating outer-space microgravity

Cephalalgia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
WPJ van Oosterhout ◽  
GM Terwindt ◽  
AA Vein ◽  
MD Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Primary Headache ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Headache Severity ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Associated Symptoms ◽  
Training Protocols

Background Headache is a common symptom during space travel, both isolated and as part of space motion syndrome. Head-down-tilted bed rest (HDTBR) studies are used to simulate outer space microgravity on Earth, and allow countermeasure interventions such as artificial gravity and training protocols, aimed at restoring microgravity-induced physiological changes. Objectives The objectives of this article are to assess headache incidence and characteristics during HDTBR, and to evaluate the effects of countermeasures. Methods In a randomized cross-over design by the European Space Agency (ESA), 22 healthy male subjects, without primary headache history, underwent three periods of –6-degree HDTBR. In two of these episodes countermeasure protocols were added, with either centrifugation or aerobic exercise training protocols. Headache occurrence and characteristics were daily assessed using a specially designed questionnaire. Results In total 14/22 (63.6%) subjects reported a headache during ≥1 of the three HDTBR periods, in 12/14 (85.7%) non-specific, and two of 14 (14.4%) migraine. The occurrence of headache did not differ between HDTBR with and without countermeasures: 12/22 (54.5%) subjects vs. eight of 22 (36.4%) subjects; p = 0.20; 13/109 (11.9%) headache days vs. 36/213 (16.9%) headache days; p = 0.24). During countermeasures headaches were, however, more often mild ( p = 0.03) and had fewer associated symptoms ( p = 0.008). Conclusions Simulated microgravity during HDTBR induces headache episodes, mostly on the first day. Countermeasures are useful in reducing headache severity and associated symptoms. Reversible, microgravity-induced cephalic fluid shift may cause headache, also on Earth. HDTBR can be used to study space headache on Earth.

Lichen biomarkers upon heating: a Raman spectroscopic study with implications for extra-terrestrial exploration

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Miralles ◽  
C. Capel Ferrón ◽  
V. Hernández ◽  
J. T. López-Navarrete ◽  
S. E. Jorge-Villar
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Usnic Acid ◽  
Spectral Signature ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Calcium Oxalates ◽  
Short Time

AbstractLithopanspermia Theory has suggested that life was transferred among planets by meteorites and other rocky bodies. If the planet had an atmosphere, this transfer of life had to survive drastic temperature changes in a very short time in its entry or exit. Only organisms able to endure such a temperature range could colonize a planet from outer space. Many experiments are being carried out by NASA and European Space Agency to understand which organisms were able to survive and how. Among the suite of instruments designed for extraplanetary exploration, particularly for Mars surface exploration, a Raman spectrometer was selected with the main objective of looking for life signals. Among all attributes, Raman spectroscopy is able to identify organic and inorganic compounds, either pure or in admixture, without requiring sample manipulation. In this study, we used Raman spectroscopy to examine the lichen Squamarina lentigera biomarkers. We analyse spectral signature changes after sample heating under different experimental situations, such as (a) laser, (b) analysis accumulations over the same spot and (c) environmental temperature increase. Our goal is to evaluate the capability of Raman spectroscopy to identify unambiguously life markers even if heating has induced spectral changes, reflecting biomolecular transformations. Usnic acid, chlorophyll, carotene and calcium oxalates were identified by the Raman spectra. From our experiments, we have seen that usnic acid, carotene and calcium oxalates (the last two have been suggested to be good biomarkers) respond in a different way to environmental heating. Our main conclusion is that despite their abundance in nature or their inorganic composition the resistance to heat makes some molecules more suitable than others as biomarkers.

General approaches to assessing the resistance to the effects of ionizing radiation of outer space for foreign electronic component base of development enterprises

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Kozyukov ◽  
N. Gamzatov ◽  
Sergey Grechanyy ◽  
Konstantin Zolnikov ◽  
I. Strukov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Resistance ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Electronic Component ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Selection Of

The analysis of information on the stability of the electronic component base (ECB) in the development of radio-electronic equipment (REE) of spacecraft (spacecraft) is an important and urgent task. The paper considers the main components of the approaches of foreign organizations developing radio space technology to ensure its radiation resistance. The design approaches of Thales Alenia Space, Airbus Defense and Space, and the European Space Agency are presented. The article outlines the main directions for optimizing the procedures for the preliminary selection of ECB, which consist in ensuring the required resistance of REE SC at the ECB level with ensuring the reliability of data on durability, in minimizing the costs of applying resistance enhancement measures (through the use of a promising ECB with increased resistance characteristics), to replace ECB.

Effects of 5 days of head-down bed rest, with and without short-arm centrifugation as countermeasure, on cardiac function in males (BR-AG1 study)

2014 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 624-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Caiani ◽  
P. Massabuau ◽  
L. Weinert ◽  
P. Vaïda ◽  
R. M. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Tissue Doppler ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Ejection Time ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Time Integral ◽  
Space Agency

This study examined cardiac remodeling and functional changes induced by 5 days of head-down (−6°) bed rest (HDBR) and the effectiveness of short-arm centrifugation (SAC) in preventing them in males. Twelve healthy men (mean age: 33 ± 7) were enrolled in a crossover design study (BR-AG1, European Space Agency), including one sedentary (CTRL) and two daily SAC countermeasures (SAC1, 30 min continuously; SAC2, 30 min intermittently) groups. Measurements included plasma and blood volume and left ventricular (LV) and atrial (LA) dimensions by transthoracic echocardiography (2- and 3-dimensional) and Doppler inflows. Results showed that 5 days of HDBR had a major impact on both the geometry and cardiac function in males. LV mass and volume decreased by 16 and 14%, respectively; LA volume was reduced by 36%; Doppler flow and tissue Doppler velocities were reduced during early filling by 18 and 12%, respectively; and aortic flow velocity time integral was decreased by 18% with a 3% shortening of LV ejection time. These modifications were presumably due to decreased physiological loading and dehydration, resulting in reduced plasma and blood volume. All these changes were fully reversed 3 days after termination of HDBR. Moreover, SAC was not able to counteract these changes, either when applied continuously or intermittently.

scholarly journals P586Left ventricular volume and mass adaptation after 58-days head-down bed-rest assessed by cine-MRI, and effectiveness of high-intensity jump training countermeasure

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Egoriti ◽  
F Landreani ◽  
L Costantini ◽  
E Mulder ◽  
D Gerlach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Cine Mri ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Jump Training ◽  
End Diastolic Volume ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Lv Mass

Abstract Aims Prolonged immobilization generates cardiac deconditioning, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and efficient countermeasures (CM) are needed to prevent it. Our aim was to assess by Cine-MRI the effects of long-term strict head-down (−6 degrees) bed-rest (BR) deconditioning, and the effectiveness of high-intensity jump training CM, on left ventricular (LV) function and mass. Methods 23 male participants (29±6 years, 181±6 cm, 77±7 kg) were enrolled. The experiment was conducted at: envihab (Koln, DLR, Germany) as part of the European Space Agency BR studies. Volunteers were randomly allocated to the jump training group (JUMP, n=12) or the control group (CTRL, n=11). A typical training session consisted of 4x10 countermovement jumps and 2x10 hops in a sledge jump system, with 5–6 sessions per week. Steady-state free precession cine-MRI images were obtained (25 frames/cardiac cycle, 8mm thickness, no gap, no overlap) as stack of short-axis images covering the whole LV from base to apex, before (PRE) and after 58-days (HDT58) of BR. Endocardial and epicardial semi-automated contouring was performed using custom software. Results In CTRL group, at HDT58 a reduction in LV mass (9%), end-diastolic (21%), end-systolic (8%) and stroke volume (23%) were observed, while ejection fraction did not change. In JUMP group, the reduction in LV end-diastolic volume was only by 9%, followed by a decrease in end-systolic (10%) and stroke volume (10%), with a preservation of LV mass. In both groups, ejection fraction did not change. Left ventricular changes after 58d BR EDV (ml) ESV (ml) SV (ml) EF (%) Mass (g) CTRL PRE 171 (163; 191) 60 (58; 65) 113 (102; 124) 64 (63; 67) 133 (121; 160) HDT58 143 (131; 149)* 56 (50; 58)* 86 (83; 92)* 62 (60; 63)* 127 (106; 138)* JUMP PRE 156 (140; 204) 70 (61; 84) 91 (78; 117) 58 (56; 60) 118 (104; 134) HDT58 141 (135; 175)* 63 (54; 69)* 90 (78; 92)* 58 (55; 60) 113 (105; 128) Results expressed as median (25th; 75th percentiles). *p<0.05 Wilcoxon non parametric paired test (PRE vs HDT58). CTRL: control group; JUMP: countermeasure group. Conclusions Cardiac adaptation to deconditioning due to immobilization induced by BR resulted in a reduction of cardiac volumes and function, together with a decrease in LV mass. Interestingly, the applied JUMP countermeasure appeared able to partially reverse these effects, in particular by reducing the decrease in end-diastolic volume and preserving LV mass. This information could be useful for better understanding physiologic changes in patients undergoing long periods of immobilization, as well as to apply the studied countermeasure during space flight to reduce cardiac deconditioning. Acknowledgement/Funding Italian Space Agency (contract 2018-7-U.0),CNES/DAR 48ehz747.01950965,BELSPO, via the European Space Agency PRODEX program (PEA 4000110826)

scholarly journals Space Mining Governance from the Perspective of International Consultations with regard to Marine Genetic Resources and the Multilateralism-Unilateralism Dichotomy – Preliminary Considerations

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Łukasz Kułaga
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Outer Space Treaty ◽  
Space Economy

The 50 th anniversary of the constitution of international space law – 1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (hereinafter Outer Space Treaty) coincided with enacting legislation regarding the commercial use of the space resources by the United States in November 2015 and preparation of an analogical act on the other side of the Atlantic, in Luxemburg. These domestic initiatives commenced an intensive discussion with regard to its legality, legitimacy and suitability. Until now the debate related to exploitation of the space natural resources was to large extend concentrated on the interpretation of fundamental customary and Outer Space treaty principles and did not take into account new scientific tools, which can significantly contribute to the assessment of the space mining governance. As first such a instrument – this article recognizes current international consultations on the marine genetic resources aimed at creation of new international regime, which can have several important similarities with the space law resources regime. As the second instrument – this article identifies multilateralism-unilateralism dichotomy, which have practical implications for process of finding international framework relating to space mining. The issue of space mining is the subject of discussion on international fora. In particular from March 2017 it started to be discussed by the COPUOS Legal Subcommittee. The outer space technologies constitute a sector of global economy, which is considered as the most prospective one. According to European Commission “The space sector is both a driver to scientific progress and enables systems and services with growth potential (…) These systems and services (…) help us to address major societal challenges such as climate change, scarce resources. health, or the ageing of our population. (…) They stimulate innovation and competitiveness well beyond the space sector, and contribute to economic growth and job creation in almost all economic areas”. This assessment is supported by figures. According to European Space Agency: “In 2015, the global space economy maintained its long-term growth trend, expanding from 14% compared to 2014 and totaling 291.4 billion of euro. Thus, proposing new scientific instruments for international community aiming at evaluation of the space mining will  constitute a valuable tool in the search for appropriate model of governance in this regard.The 50 th anniversary of the constitution of internationalspace law – 1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of Statesin the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon andOther Celestial Bodies (hereinafter Outer Space Treaty) coincided withenacting legislation regarding the commercial use of the space resources bythe United States in November 2015 and preparation of an analogical acton the other side of the Atlantic, in Luxemburg. These domestic initiativescommenced an intensive discussion with regard to its legality, legitimacyand suitability. Until now the debate related to exploitation of the spacenatural resources was to large extend concentrated on the interpretationof fundamental customary and Outer Space treaty principles anddid not take into account new scientific tools, which can significantlycontribute to the assessment of the space mining governance. As first such* Assistant professor, Faculty of Law and Administration, Cardinal Stefan WyszyńskiUniversity in Warsaw.66Łukasz Kułagaa instrument – this article recognizes current international consultationson the marine genetic resources aimed at creation of new internationalregime, which can have several important similarities with the spacelaw resources regime. As the second instrument – this article identifiesmultilateralism-unilateralism dichotomy, which have practical implicationsfor process of finding international framework relating to space mining.The issue of space mining is the subject of discussion on internationalfora. In particular from March 2017 it started to be discussed by the COPUOSLegal Subcommittee. The outer space technologies constitute a sectorof global economy, which is considered as the most prospective one. Accordingto European Commission “The space sector is both a driver to scientificprogress and enables systems and services with growth potential (…) Thesesystems and services (…) help us to address major societal challenges suchas climate change, scarce resources. health, or the ageing of our population.(…) They stimulate innovation and competitiveness well beyond the spacesector, and contribute to economic growth and job creation in almostall economic areas”. This assessment is supported by figures. Accordingto European Space Agency: “In 2015, the global space economy maintainedits long-term growth trend, expanding from 14% compared to 2014 andtotaling 291.4 billion of euro. Thus, proposing new scientific instrumentsfor international community aiming at evaluation of the space mining willconstitute a valuable tool in the search for appropriate model of governancein this regard

Main Contents and Comment on the 1968 Rescue Agreement

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-23
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Space Communications ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Un General Assembly

This chapter describes the historical background, basic provisions, main contents, and key changes of the 1968 Space Rescue Agreement (Title: Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched Into Outer Space). The author points out the legal problems and the solution on the 1965 Rescue Agreement. The Rescue Agreement requires that any state party that becomes aware that the personnel of a spacecraft are in distress must notify the launching authority and the Secretary General of the United Nations. The UN General Assembly adopted the text of the Rescue Agreement on 19 December 1967 through Resolution 2345 (XXII). The Agreement opened for signature on 22 April 1968, and it entered into force on 3 December 1968. As of January 2019, 98 states have ratified the Rescue Agreement, 23 have signed, and three international intergovernmental organizations (the European Space Agency, the Intersputnik International Organization of Space Communications, and the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites) have declared their acceptance of the rights and obligations conferred by the agreement.

Semi-privacy and Color Application as Elements of Habitability in Concept Designs for Extra-terrestrial Habitation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Kerber ◽  
Ariane Wanske ◽  
Michaela Musilova ◽  
Bernard Foing
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Private Space ◽  
Ground Support ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction&lt;br&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Concepts for designs of extra-terrestrial habitats are experiencing a growing importance in the space industry. New technologies and innovative materials bring the need for novel spatial arrangements in these habitats. Two of the most important components to improve habitability in extra-terrestrial habitats - the situation of privacy and color application - have been addressed in a lunar simulation (EMMIHS-II) at the Hawai&amp;#180;i Space Exploration Analog and Simulations (HI-SEAS) habitat. This analog astronaut mission was initiated by the European Space Agency&amp;#8217;s (ESA) EuroMoonMars (EMM) and International Lunar Exploration Working Group (ILEWG) in cooperation with the International MoonBase Alliance (IMA).&lt;br&gt;The question of how much privacy is necessary to create a liveable environment in an extra-terrestrial habitat has engaged space architects for the last decades. [1]&amp;#160;The same keen interest has been attributed to the importance of color in guiding architectural conceptions in the often colour-less environment of outer space. [2]&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;Less attention has been paid to the issue of semi-private space. Past analog astronaut missions at the HI-SEAS facility came across not only a lack of private space but also a scarcity of areas crew members could retreat to without completely leaving the common space. [2]&amp;#160;Such semi-private areas bear great potential both from a spatial and psychological point of view.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methodology&lt;br&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;The research results presented here are based on several experiments conducted during the EMMIHS-II lunar simulation at the HI-SEAS Mars/Moon Research Facility.Potential benefits on crew cohesion, work effectiveness and personal mood were studied through setting up a semi-private area and assessing its use by the crew.&lt;br&gt;Further experiments investigated the analog astronauts&amp;#8217; reaction to disparate color situations inside the habitat and this semi-private space.&lt;br&gt;The findings will serve as a basis for future architectural design concepts in extra-terrestrial habitats and also offer the potential for further investigations during future analog missions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acknowledgements&lt;br&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;First, we would like to thank our fellow EMMIHS-II crew members (M. Musilova, A. J. D&amp;#8217;Angelo, A. P. Castro de Paula Nunes, C.R. Pouwels) and the EMMIHS-II mission sponsors. In addition, our gratitude goes out to the HI-SEAS Mission Control, ground support at ESA/ESTEC and the ILEWG EuroMoonMars manager, Prof. B. H. Foing, for enabling this research.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;br&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;[1]&amp;#160;K. Kennedy, S. Capps (2000). Designing Space Habitation. Space 2000. 10.1061/40479(204)6.&lt;br&gt;[2] I. Schlacht, H. Birke (2011). Space design: Visual interface of space habitats. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing. 15. 497-509. 10.1007/s00779-010-0326-4.&lt;br&gt;[3] S. H&amp;#228;uplik-Meusburger, K. Binsted et al (2017). Habitability Studies and Full Scale Simulation Research: Preliminary themes following HISEAS mission IV.&lt;br&gt;[4] Musilova, M., Rogers, H., Foing, B.H. et al (2019). EMM IMA HI-SEAS campaign February 2019. EPSC-DPS2019-1152.&lt;br&gt;[5] EuroMoonMars Instruments, Research, Field Campaigns and Activities 2017-2019. Foing, B.H., EuroMoonMars 2018-2019 Team. 2019 LPI Contrib. No. 3090.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Detailed Modeling of Cork-Phenolic Ablators in Preparation for the Post-flight Analysis of the QARMAN Re-entry CubeSat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Miccoli ◽  
Alessandro Turchi ◽  
Pierre Schrooyen ◽  
Domenic D’Ambrosio ◽  
Thierry Magin
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
A Priori ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Advection Equation ◽  
High Enthalpy ◽  
Space Agency

AbstractThis work deals with the analysis of the cork P50, an ablative thermal protection material (TPM) used for the heat shield of the qarman Re-entry CubeSat. Developed for the European Space Agency (ESA) at the von Karman Institute (VKI) for Fluid Dynamics, qarman is a scientific demonstrator for Aerothermodynamic Research. The ability to model and predict the atypical behavior of the new cork-based materials is considered a critical research topic. Therefore, this work is motivated by the need to develop a numerical model able to respond to this demand, in preparation to the post-flight analysis of qarman. This study is focused on the main thermal response phenomena of the cork P50: pyrolysis and swelling. Pyrolysis was analyzed by means of the multi-physics Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code argo, developed at Cenaero. Based on a unified flow-material solver, the Volume Averaged Navier–Stokes (VANS) equations were numerically solved to describe the interaction between a multi-species high enthalpy flow and a reactive porous medium, by means of a high-order Discontinuous Galerkin Method (DGM). Specifically, an accurate method to compute the pyrolysis production rate was implemented. The modeling of swelling was the most ambitious task, requiring the development of a physical model accounting for this phenomenon, for the purpose of a future implementation within argo. A 1D model was proposed, mainly based on an a priori assumption on the swelling velocity and the resolution of a nonlinear advection equation, by means of a Finite Difference Method (FDM). Once developed, the model was successfully tested through a matlab code, showing that the approach is promising and thus opening the way to further developments.

scholarly journals Applicability of NGGM near-real time simulations in flood detection

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
A. F. Purkhauser ◽  
J. A. Koch ◽  
R. Pail
Keyword(s):  
European Space Agency ◽  
Earth System ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Future Mission ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Flood Detection ◽  
The One ◽  
Real Time Simulations ◽  
Grace Mission ◽  
Gravity Mission

Abstract The GRACE mission has demonstrated a tremendous potential for observing mass changes in the Earth system from space for climate research and the observation of climate change. Future mission should on the one hand extend the already existing time series and also provide higher spatial and temporal resolution that is required to fulfil all needs placed on a future mission. To analyse the applicability of such a Next Generation Gravity Mission (NGGM) concept regarding hydrological applications, two GRACE-FO-type pairs in Bender formation are analysed. The numerical closed loop simulations with a realistic noise assumption are based on the short arc approach and make use of the Wiese approach, enabling a self-de-aliasing of high-frequency atmospheric and oceanic signals, and a NRT approach for a short latency. Numerical simulations for future gravity mission concepts are based on geophysical models, representing the time-variable gravity field. First tests regarding the usability of the hydrology component contained in the Earth System Model (ESM) by the European Space Agency (ESA) for the analysis regarding a possible flood monitoring and detection showed a clear signal in a third of the analysed flood cases. Our analysis of selected cases found that detection of floods was clearly possible with the reconstructed AOHIS/HIS signal in 20% of the tested examples, while in 40% of the cases a peak was visible but not clearly recognisable.

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