An Investigation of the Uncertainty of Handbook of Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA) for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Case Study in Beijing

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (25) ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Hongyu Lu ◽  
Guohua Song ◽  
Qi Zhao ◽  
Jingyi Wang ◽  
Weinan He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Positive Acceleration ◽  
Acceleration And Deceleration ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Key Parameter

The reliability of estimation of emissions under the Handbook of Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA) model has not been thoroughly studied and the mechanics of the model have not been fully investigated. The HBEFA structure of typical driving cycles is analyzed in this study regarding its uncertainty for estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The key parameter of the HBEFA model, relative positive acceleration (RPA), is analyzed for its sensitivity to GHG emissions. The results indicate that uncertainties in estimation of GHG emissions do exist in the HBEFA model. The uncertainties are derived from the adoption of selected driving cycles and from the parameter of RPA. Given the uncertainties of estimating the GHG emission factors of driving cycles, it might be difficult for the selected driving cycles to represent all traffic situations. Uncertainties also exist in the selection of the top-20 driving cycles. For the selected samples of driving cycles, the sensitivity of RPA is found to be insufficient in describing the emission differences, due to the insensitivity of RPA to acceleration and deceleration. Different driving characteristics may still yield the same RPA, which indicates the potential inability of RPA to capture specific traffic scenarios such as intersections, ramps, and congestion.

scholarly journals Environmental Impacts of Introducing LNG as Alternative Fuel for Urban Buses – Case Study in Slovakia

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-847
Author(s):  
Martin Jurkovič ◽  
Tomáš Kalina ◽  
Tomáš Skrúcaný ◽  
Piotr Gorzelanczyk ◽  
Vladimír Ľupták
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
European Standard ◽  
Bus Transport

The aim of the paper is to assess the possibility of decreasing the chosen environmental indicators like energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) production and other exhaust pollutants in the selected region in Slovakia by introducing Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) buses into bus transport. The assessment is carried out by comparing the consumption and emissions of current buses (EURO 2) in real operation, with potential buses (EURO 6) and with pilot LNG buses testing on the same lines. Comparison took place under the same conditions over the same period. The study measures the energy consumption and GHG production per bus. The research paper also compares two methodologies of calculation. The first calculation is according to the European Standard EN 16258: 2012 which specifies the general methodology for evaluation and declaration of energy consumption and GHG emissions (all services - cargo, passengers or both). The second calculation is according to the Handbook of Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA). The results of the calculation are compared  by both methods, and the most suitable version of the bus in terms of GHG emissions is proposed.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Craft Beer Industry: an Assessment of Challenges and Benefits of Greenhouse Gas Accounting

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Shin ◽  
Cory Searcy
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Carbon Regulation ◽  
Craft Beer ◽  
Beer Industry ◽  
Bottle Production

A growing number of companies in the brewery industry have made commitments to measure and reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, many brewers, particularly craft brewers with relatively low rates of production, have struggled to meet these commitments. The purpose of this research was to investigate the challenges and benefits of measuring and reducing GHG emissions in the craft brewery industry. The research was conducted in Ontario, Canada, which has seen strong recent growth in the craft brewery industry. A case study and semi-structured interviews among Ontario Craft Brewers were conducted. The case study found that indirect (scope 3 emissions under the WBCSD & WRI GHG Protocol) GHG sources accounted for 46.4% of total GHGs, with major sources from barley agriculture, malted barley transportation, and bottle production. Direct emissions (scope 1) accounted for only 14.9% of GHGs, while scope 2 emissions, comprised mainly of energy consumption, accounted for 38.7% of GHGs. The case study and interviews found that the main challenges in calculating brewery GHGs are secondary data availability, technical knowledge, and finances. The study also found that the main benefits for Ontario breweries to measure their GHGs include sustainability marketing and preserving the environment. The interviews also found a poor understanding of carbon regulation among Ontario Craft Brewers, which is interesting considering that Ontario implemented a provincial cap and trade program in 2017.

scholarly journals Effects of Local Biomass Availability and Road Network Properties on the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Biomass Supply Chain

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jäppinen ◽  
O.-J. Korpinen ◽  
T. Ranta
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Biomass Supply ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
Gis Methods ◽  
Biomass Availability

This study presents two case studies of 100 GWh of forest biomass supply: Rovaniemi in northern Finland and Mikkeli in south-eastern Finland. The study evaluates the effects of local biomass availability and road network properties on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of these two supply chains. The local forest biomass availability around the case study locations, truck transportation distances, and road network properties were analyzed by GIS methods to produce accurate and site-dependent data for the transportation emission calculations. The GHG emissions were then assessed by LCA methods. The total transportation distance to Rovaniemi was 22% larger than to Mikkeli, but the transportation derived GHG emissions were 31% larger. The results highlight the fact that local conditions should always be taken into account when assessing the sustainability of biomass-based energy production.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Craft Beer Industry: An Assessment of Challenges and Benefits of Greenhouse Gas Accounting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Shin ◽  
Cory Searcy
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Carbon Regulation ◽  
Craft Beer ◽  
External Sources

A growing number of companies in the brewery industry have made commitments to measure and reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, many brewers, particularly craft brewers with relatively low rates of production, have not made such commitments. The purpose of this research was to investigate the challenges and benefits of measuring and reducing GHG emissions in the craft brewery industry. The research was conducted in Ontario, Canada, which has seen strong recent growth in the craft brewery industry. A case study and semi-structured interviews among Ontario Craft Brewers were conducted. The case study found that indirect (scope 3 GHGs under the WBCSD & WRI GHG Protocol) GHG sources accounted for 46.4% of total GHGs, with major sources from barley agriculture, malted barley transportation, and bottle production. Direct emissions (scope 1) accounted for only 14.9% of GHGs, while scope 2 emissions, comprised mainly of energy consumption, accounted for 38.7% of GHGs. The case study used case company primary data, and secondary data such as emission factors from external sources. The case study and interviews found that the main challenges in calculating brewery GHGs are secondary data availability, technical knowledge, and finances. The semi-structured interviews, which used prepared interview questions and probes to encourage follow-up answers, also found that the main benefits for Ontario breweries to measure their GHGs include sustainability marketing and preserving the environment. The interviews also found a poor understanding of carbon regulation among Ontario Craft Brewers, which is interesting considering that Ontario implemented a provincial cap and trade program in 2017.

Measuring greenhouse gas emissions from point sources in agriculture

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M McGinn
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Mass Difference ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Relative Change ◽  
Emission Studies

Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural sources have a significant role in the overall enhancement of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) effect. In research, measurements of GHG emissions are made to improve upon emission factors used in national inventories, identify and promote mitigation practices, and drive policy on GHG emissions in agriculture. These measurements are fundamental to the process of better management of GHG emissions. There is a variety of measurement techniques used in GHG research depending on the measurement environment and available resources. Techniques that use chambers or micrometeorological measurements are commonly employed for calculating emissions of GHG from point sources in agriculture, such as livestock and manure-holding facilities. This review examines these techniques, their limitations, and discusses methods to quantify their accuracy and precision. Emerging techniques like the use of dispersion models provide opportunities to directly determine emissions from whole farms. A few micrometeorological techniques (integrated horizontal flux and mass difference) are ideal for point sources such as manure storage facilities. For smaller sources, chambers are still recommended. In designing GHG emission studies, employing more than one technique when measuring GHG emissions is recommended, as often differences can exist due to technique. Ideally, a controlled release of the target gas, and its recovery, should also be conducted to evaluate techniques prior to their application. Although many techniques are often sensitive enough to quantify mitigation practices, i.e., the relative change in emissions, it is more difficult to determine “ true”emission factors as required for inventory work. It follows that the precision and accuracy of the techniques must accompany their application when estimating GHG emissions. Key words: Greenhouse gas, techniques, chambers, methane, agriculture, cattle

Analysis on Influence Factors of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Magnesium Production Process

2016 ◽  
Vol 847 ◽  
pp. 321-327
Author(s):  
Yan Cui Cao ◽  
Feng Gao ◽  
Zhi Hong Wang ◽  
Xian Zheng Gong ◽  
Xiao Qing Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Magnesium Production

Magnesium is a promising lightweight and green metallic engineering material, but the environmental impact of primary magnesium production stage, especially greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions cannot be ignored. In this study, the life cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions caused by the production of primary magnesium in the years of 2003-2013 in China were calculated; the factor decomposition was conducted to analyze the GHG emissions of magnesium production process by using logarithmic mean Divisia index method (LMDI), including energy GHG emission factors, energy structure, energy consumption per ton of primary magnesium, production, emissions per unit of dolomite and ferrosilicon, and dolomite and ferrosilicon consumptions per ton of primary magnesium. The results showed that GHG emissions of primary magnesium production increased 260.29*104 t CO2eq in total from 2003 to 2013. The variety magnesium production contributed the biggest part of GHG emissions, accounting for 418.17%. The energy structure took second place on the contribution of GHG emissions, accounting for-161.49%. The nest part was energy consumption per ton of primary magnesium, accounting for-138.97%. While, the contribution of energy GHG emission factors, emissions per unit of dolomite and ferrosilicon, and dolomite and ferrosilicon consumptions per ton of primary magnesium was relatively small, which were 0.88%, 0.00% -2.72% -4.73% and-11.13%, respectively. Thus, it is the key methods to reduce GHG emissions by optimizing the energy structure and decreasing the energy consumption.

scholarly journals Methodology for Quantitative Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction of Solar-Powered Wi-Fi

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 2829
Author(s):  
Samah Temim ◽  
Farid Bensebaa ◽  
Larbi Talbi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Practical Case ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Access Points ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Solar Powered

In this paper, a modeling framework to quantify the reduction of potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when using solar-powered Wi-Fi as an internet access point is developed and tested. This framework includes newly developed MATLAB code and the use of the ATOLL tool for energy consumption and network optimization, respectively. A practical case study is described with scenarios enabling different signal coverage on a university campus. These scenarios are based on technical requirements, including number of access points, budget link, and access duration. Four hundred tons of GHG can be reduced each year if solar Wi-Fi is deployed in solar campuses, which represents 5.5 × 10−5 percent of the total GHG produced by the telecommunications sector. A direct relationship between the number of access points and coverage signal quality on the one hand and energy consumption on the other hand is established. We use this case study to forecast the potential GHG mitigation if a wider deployment of the community Wi-Fi is achieved. This methodology could also be used to estimate GHG reductions when other wireless technologies are deployed.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Coolbox/Waterloop and Natural Refrigerants Solutions for Commercial Refrigeration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário Rui Ribeiro de Almeida ◽  
Cláudia S.S.L. Casaca
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Emission Studies

This paper presents some natural and artificial solutions for reducing the use of HFCs in commercial refrigeration systems to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. Additionally, the case study of a medium size supermarket is addressed. For this, a series of cooling systems have been sized which are divided into Coolbox/Waterloop systems and centralized systems. Three centralized systems with R410a, R717 and R744/R717 were dimensioned as well as a Coolbox/Waterloop system with R410a. This way is possible to ensure a comparison not only between fluids but also between the Coolbox/Waterloop technology and the centralized solution. After sizing the systems, the comparative energy, economic and carbon emission studies of the systems, in which their application has been found to be possible, are presented. After analysing the systems covered and the studies performed, it is concluded not only about the best applicable system, but also about the limitations found in each of the others. Keywords: Natural refrigerants, Commercial refrigeration, Coolbox, Waterloop

scholarly journals Reducing Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions to Meet Climate Targets—A Comprehensive Quantification and Reasonable Options

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5260
Author(s):  
Christoph Kern ◽  
Andreas Jess
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
End Users ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Climate Targets ◽  
Ghg Reduction

A model is presented which covers the global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions) and the energy consumption (fuels, electricity) in five sectors of end users, industry, transport, buildings, agriculture, and fugitive emissions. The electricity sector is also considered, but the associated GHG emissions are reallocated to the five end users. Different GHG reduction measures were calculated ranging from substitution of coal for electricity generation by renewables, electrification of road transport and buildings, restructuring of the sector industry to finally a 50% reduction of both food waste and meat consumption. To elucidate the consequences of global warming, future emission scenarios were also incorporated. One major conclusion is that the world can only reach the 2-degree climate target if electricity is only produced by renewables, and if transportation, buildings, and the industry are completely electrified by 2050. Compared to today, the electricity production by renewables will then rise by a factor of 11, and the total electricity demand by a factor of 2.4.

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